Various Topographies:
 Various types of topographies have been created on
the surface caused by the endogenous and
exogenous forces of the Earth.
 Based on structure, topography is mainly divided into
mountains, plateaus and plains.
(A) Mountains:
 Mountain is a landform that rises prominently above
its surroundings, exhibiting steep slopes, a relatively
confined summit area considerable local reliefs.
 Mountains are of four types based on structure-
(i) Block Mountains
 Block Mountains are those formed as a result of
faulting caused by tensile and compressive forces
generated by endogenic forces.
 The strain causes cracks or crevices due to which
some parts get elevated while some parts of the surface
sink.
 The elevated part of the mountain is called the Block
Mountain and the sunk portion (lowland region) in
the middle is called the Rift Valley.
 The Vosges Mountains (France), Black Forest
(Germany) and Salt Range (Pakistan) are the prime
examples of Block Mountains.
 Note: The Sierra Nevada Mountains of California
(USA) are the most extensive Block Mountains
in the world.
 The Jordan River Valley is the longest rift valley
in the world extending from the basin of the Red Sea
to the Zambezi River (approx. 4800 km).
(ii) Residual Mountain
 Residual mountains are those which have been formed
by the erosion of hard rock caused by wind, rain, frost
and running water.
 Vindhyachal, Nilgiri, Parasnath, Rajmahal Hills of India
and the Sierras of Central Spain and Mesas of USA
are some examples of Residual Mountains.
(iii) Accumulated Mountain
 The mountains formed out of the accumulation of
volcanic materials, pebbles, stones, sands and
clays are called Volcanic Mountains or Mountains of
Accumulation.
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 Sand dunes or hills of sand that are shaped by winds
as they blow across deserts are examples of
Mountains of Accumulation.
(iv) Fold Mountain
 Fold mountains are created where two or more of
Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together.
 Fold mountains are also known as wave-like
mountain.
 Numerous anticlinal and synclinal folds are found in
the fold mountains.
 The distributional pattern of fold mountains across the
globe shows that they are generally found along the
margins of the continents either in north- south or east-
west direction.
 The Himalayas in India, the Urals in Russia, the
Rockies in North America and the Andes in South
America are examples of fold mountains.
 The Aravalli Range, an eroded stub of ancient
mountains, is the oldest range of fold mountains
in India.
 Guru Shikhar, a peak in Mount Abu in Rajasthan, is
the highest point of the Aravalli range.
 Aravalli range is also an example of residual mountains.
 The structure of the fold mountain is based on the
plate tectonic theory which was propounded by
McKenzie, Parker and Morgan in 1967.
 The seafloor spreading hypothesis is related to
geophysicist Harry H. Hess.
 The Himalayas consist of parts of the Tethys Sea.
 Based on plate tectonic theory, it is believed that today
where the Himalayan mountains are located; there
was once a vast Tethys Sea. Northward displacement
of the southern plateau pushed the base of the Tethys
Sea which resulted in the formation of the Himalayas.
 The world's longest above-water mountain range
is the Andes, about 7200 km long.
 Drakensberg mountain range is the highest
mountain range in Southern Africa, with peaks that
rise up to 3,482 metres.
 The Pyrenees mountains form the natural land
border between Spain and France.
 Mount McKinley (also known as Denali) is the
highest mountain in the North American continent.
 The Black Mountains and the White Mountains
are located in the United States of America.
 The Great Himalayas Which is the longest mountain
 Their height generally varies
The Ladakh Plateau is
mountain range is the range in the world and on between 300 to 500 metres. the highest in India,
world’s highest mountain which mountain range is the in fact it is a part
highest peak Mount Everest  The Plateau of Pamir is called of the Tibet Plateau.
range and home to the situated? the roof of the world. Which plateau is called
planet’s highest Mountain the roof of the world?
 The Plateau of Patagonia
peaks with Mount Everest
being the highest peak in (South America) is called the
the world. reservoir of minerals.
 British Columbia is called  Different categories of platean
the Sea of Mountains. are as follows - Piedmont
Plateau, Inter-mountain
Major Mountain Ranges of the World
Plateau, Domed Plateau,
Name Location Highest Point
Coastal Plateau, Continental
1. Cordillera de Los South-West Aconcagua Plateau, Glacial Plateau, Fluvial Plateau, Aeolian
Andes America
2. Rocky Mountain North-West Mount Albert Plateau and Volcanic Plateau.
Range America  The flatness of the mountains or the elevation in the
3. Himalaya-Karakoram South-Central Mount Everest
middle of the plain is called Mountainous Plateau
-Hindukush Asia
4. Great Dividing East Australia Kosciuszko or Piedmont Plateau.
Range  The Piedmont Plateau of the United States and the
5. Trans Antarctica Antarctica Vinson Massif
Mountains
Patagonia Plateau of South America are prime
6. Tien Shan South Central Pik Pobedy examples of the mountainous plateau.
Asia  The plateau formed in the mountain ranges is called
7. Altai Mountains Central Asia Belukha
8. Ural Mountain Central Russia Narodnaya the Inter-Montane Plateau.
Range  The Bolivian and the Peruvian plateaus are prime
9. Kamchatka East Russia Klyuchevskaya examples of the inter-mountain plateau.
Range Sopka
10.Atlas Mountain North-West Toubkal  The fold plateaus are formed by folding action on the
Africa terrain.
11. Verkhoyansk Range East Russia Mus-Khaya
 Chotanagpur and Ramgarh plateau in India and the
12. Western Ghats Western India Anamudi
13. Sierra Madre Oriental Mexico Potosi Ozark plateau in the United States are prime examples
14. Zagros Mountain Iran Dena of the domed plateau.
Range (Qash-Mastan)
 The plateau situated on the coastal part of the sea is
15. Elburz Iran Damavand
16. Scandinavian Western Norway Galdhopiggen called the coastal plateau.
Range  Infinite deposits of lavas raise the level of the surface
17. Drakensberg South Africa Thabana Ntlenyana
18. Caucasus Russia Elbrus
causing coastal plateau to be formed.
19. Alaska Range USA Mount McKinley  The coastal plateau is also known as shield.
(South Peak) (Denali)  The Canadian Shield, Brazilian Shield, Siberian Shield,
20. Cascade Range USA-Canada Mount Rainier
21. Apennine Italy Corno Grande Baltic or Fenno Scandian Shield are the prime
22. Appalachian Eastern Mount Mitchell examples of the coastal plateau.
USA-Canada  A Glacial plateau is formed by the erosion process
23. Alps Central Europe Mount Blanc
24. Sierra Madre del Sur Mexico Cerro Nube undergoing extensive glacial mountains.
B. Plateaus  The Prussian Plateau in Germany is the prime example
of the glacial plateau.
 A plateau is that part of the land which is more or less
 The fluvial plateau is formed both by the sedimentary
flat and level and stays at an elevated level. It often
comes with its steep slopes or vertical cliffs on one or action caused due to deposits by the river and the
more sides. vertical movement of Earth.
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 The Vindhya Plateau and the Shillong Plateau in India Earth's surface caused when denudation by water run-
and the Shan Plateau in Myanmar are examples of off, rivers, winds and glaciers wear out the rugged
fluvial Plateau. surface and smoothen them.
 The Potawar Plateau in Pakistan and the Loess  The following are the types of erosional plains-
Plateau in China are prime examples of Aeolian (a) Loess Plains- Loess plains are formed by the deposits
Plateau. of soil and sand, etc. brought by the winds.
 The Volcanic Plateau is formed due to the eruption of (b) Desert Plains- The plains where sand accumulates
the volcanoes. in large quantity are desert plains and are developed
 Volcanic Plateaus are found in New Zealand, South by wind action.
Africa, Northern and Southern Argentina, Brazil,
(c) Glacial Plains- These are formed by the movement
Western United States, France and Siberia.
of ice from highlands to low lands.
 The Columbian Plateau of the United States is an
(d) Karst Plains- The Karst plains are formed by
example of a volcanic plateau.
dissolution of water with limestone in rocky regions.
Plains:
(e) Peneplains- A peneplain (almost a plain) is a low-
 Plains are broad, nearly level What is the Loess plain and
stretches of land that has no the Ganges Sutlej and relief plain which is formed as a result of erosional
Mississippi rivers form which cycle.
significant changes in the type of plains?
level of elevation. Plains are (ii) Depositional Plains- The depositional plain is an
generally at a lower level than erosional plain that is formed by the deposits brought
the land around them. by rivers, winds, glaciers and waves.
 Plains are of two types: the  The depositional plain is also known as alluvial plain
erosional plain and the and delta plain.
depositional plain.  The Ganges-Sutlej, Mississippi and the Hwang Ho
(i) Erosional plains- Erosional plains are formed on the Plains are examples of depositional plains.

External Factors that bring changes on the surface and the consequent topography
Factors Erosional Landforms Depositional Landforms
1. River V-shaped valley, gorge, canyon, waterfall, Delta, alluvial fan, alluvial cone,
River estuary/Meander, River terrace. floodplains, natural embankments.

2. Ground Water Doline, Polje, Uvala, lapies, Ponores, natural Stalactite, Stalagmite, Cave pillar,
bridge, Blindvalley, Karst/solution Dripstone, Globulite, Helictite,
valley, sinking creeck. heligmites, drapes or curtains, flow
stones.

3. Sea Water Coastal clips, grooves, coastal caves, cisterns, Pulin / Beach, Tombolo, Spit,
natural chimney or vault holes natural arches, Coastal barrier, Barrier island, Ringed
stacks, arched altars, miniature cisterns. barrier.

4. Glacier Cirque, Tarn, U-shaped valley, Horn, Arete, Drumlin, Kame, Esker, Kettle, Moraine.
Fjord, Roche, Terminus.

5. Wind Deflation hollows, Piedmonts mushroom Loess, dunes, Barchans, Bajada,

rock, Yardang, Zeugen, Dreikanter, Stone Sand dunes.
Lattice, Wind Bridges.

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Grasslands:
 Grasslands are found in the region extending from the
equator to the poles.
 The grasslands are divided into two categories based
on the nature of the grass :
(i) Tropical Grasslands
 The equatorial region between north and south latitudes
at 10 to 25 degrees has extensions of tropical
grasslands.
 These grasslands are called Savannah in Africa, Llanos
in Venezuela and Colombia, Campos in Brazil, Paraguay,
Argentina and Uruguay, Parkland in North America and
Selvas in the Amazon Basin.
(ii) Temperate grasslands
 Temperate grasslands are found in central regions
between latitudes at 30 to 45 degrees North and
South.
 Due to the high terrestrial expansion in the Northern
Hemisphere, the expansion of these plains is found
somewhere up to 50° North latitude.
 These grasslands are called the Prairie in the United
States and Canada, the Pampas in Argentina, Uruguay
and Brazil, Veld in South Africa, Steppes in Eurasia
and the Downs in Australia.
5. Continents and Major Peninsulas
 Seven continents together constitute the Earth.
 These are- 1. Asia, 2. Europe, 3.North America,
4.South America, 5.Africa, 6.Australia and 7.
Antarctica.
Asian Continent
 The word Asia is derived from the Hebrew word 'Asu'.
 The meaning of Asia is 'Rising Sun'.
 The Asian continent is known as 'The Mainland of
All Religions'.
 Asia is the largest continent in the world.
 It has approximately 29.8 per cent of the Earth’s
land area.
 It is also the world’s most populous continent residing
in it with roughly 60 per cent of the total population.
 Its area is 44579000 square kilometres.
 Three major latitudinal circles (Equator, Cancer and
Arctic) pass through it.
 Asia makes up the eastern part of the Eurasian
supercontinent; Europe occupies the western part.
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 The border between the two continents is unclear and
debatable. However, most geographers define Asia’s
western border following the line that runs along the
Ural Mountains, the Caucasus Mountains, and the
Caspian sea and the Black Sea.
 The Arctic borders Asia in the North, the Pacific in
the East and the Indian Ocean in the South.
 The Red Sea and the Suez Canal separate Asia
and Africa.
 The Bering Strait separate Asia and North America.
 Gondwana Land (Peninsular India), Angara Land
(Russia and China) of the ancient era, are located in
Asia.
 The Arabian peninsula, Deccan peninsula and
Indo-China peninsula are the three significant
peninsulas located in Asia.
 Russia is the biggest country in Asia in terms of area.
 Maldives is the smallest country in Asia in terms of
area.
 China is the biggest country in Asia in terms of
population (World Population Prospects Report, 2019).
 The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian
peninsula.
 The world's highest plateau in Asia is the Tibetan
Plateau (average elevation 4500 m).
 The Tibetan Plateau (25 lakh sq km) in Central Asia
is the most extensive in the world.
 Singapore is the most densely populated country
in the world (World Population Prospects Report,
2019).
 Java is the most densely populated island in Asia.
 A landlocked country is surrounded by land and does
not have an opening to ocean or sea. There are
currently 45 landlocked countries in the world.
 Landlocked countries of Asia are- Nepal, Bhutan,
Mongolia, Laos, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan,
Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and
Uzbekistan.
 Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in
Asia.
 Laos is the only landlocked country in south-east Asia.
 The average depth of the Dead Sea in Asia is 120
metres. It is the deepest lake in the world.
 The world's deepest oceanic trench with a depth
of 11033 mtrs, the Mariana trench, is located in Asia,
near the Philippines Island.
 The Asian part of Russia is called Siberia where Lake
Baikal is located.
 The longest river in Asia is the Yangtze.
 The Baikal Lake in Asia is the world's oldest and
deepest (depth 1620 m) lake.
 The Caspian Sea (371000 square kilometres) is the
world's largest lake (the inland water body) located in
Asia.
 Note: The Caspian Sea is a landlocked body of water
between Europe and Asia. Baikal Lake is the largest
lake in Asia after the Caspian Sea.
 In Ladakh and Tibet, Pangong Lake is situated at
the height of almost 4,350m, is the world’s highest
salt water lake.
 In Asia, 90% of the rainfall comes from summer
monsoon.
 India’s Mawsynram in Meghalaya has the highest
average rainfall per year which is the highest in the
world.
 Aden (Yemen) in Asia is the driest place on the
Earth.
 In Asia, the Qinghai-Tibet (Lhasa) Rail Track of
China is the highest (height 5072 m) railway track
in the world.
 Indian Railway is building the world's highest railway
line at a height of 5,360 meters above sea level, the
465 km Bilaspur - Kullu Manali - Leh broad-gauge
line.
 Rivers Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween, Indus,
Brahmaputra and Ganges, etc. flow into the Indian
Ocean.
 Syr Darya-Amu Darya flows into the Aral Sea and
forms Aral Sea Basin.
 Yenisei, Lena and the Ob are the main rivers of Asia
flowing into the Arctic Ocean.
 The Mekong River is called the Danube and the
Ganges of Southeast Asia.
 China is the world's top fishing nation.
 India has the highest number of post offices in
the world.
 The major rivers of Asia flowing into the Pacific Ocean
are Huang Ho, Yangtze (Chang River) and the
Mekong.
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 The plains of Asia's rivers are known as the Cradle
of Civilization.
 The countries with the Mediterranean climate in Asia
are Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Cyprus and Lebanon.
 China is the largest producer of tobacco, wheat, rice
and tea in the world (FAO 2019).
 Thailand is the world's most natural rubber
producing country (FAO 2019).
 India is the largest sugarcane producing country in
Asia (FAO : 2019).
 The most arable land in Asia is in India.
 According to the International Sericulture Commission,
China was the largest producer of silk in the world in
2019 followed by India.
 China is the world's largest shipbuilder in terms
of gross tonnage. (UNCTAD 2019)
 The Nagasaki City in Japan is located on the island
of Kyushu.
 The Trans Siberian Railroad from St. Petersburg
(Leningrad) to Vladivostok is the largest (9332
km) rail route in Asia. (NCERT, 2019-20)
 Japan's Seikan Rail Tunnel Length (53.85km) is
Asia's longest and deepest rail tunnel in the world.
 The longest platform in the world is in Gorakhpur
(UP) in India.
 China is the largest tin producing country in Asia.
(IMYB, 2019)
 The Suez Canal connects the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea.
 Verkhoyansk in Siberia is Asia's coldest (- 67.8°C)
place.
 Mitribah, Kuwait is the hottest
place in Asia (WMO - 21 July, The Bering Strait
connects which
2016). ocean?
 The Bering Strait is located in the
middle of Alaska and the
Kamchatka Peninsula.
 The strait connecting the Arctic
Ocean and the Pacific Ocean is the
Bering Strait.
 The Bering Strait is located parallel to the International
Date Line.
 Myanmar is famous for its beautiful Buddhist temples.
 Laos - Thailand - Myanmar are known as the Golden
Triangle.
 Pakistan has the highest number of canals in the world 36. Bhutan Ngultrum Thimphu
under irrigation. 37. Myanmar Kyat Naypyidaw
38. Malaysia Ringgit Kuala Lumpur
 Russia and Turkey are two countries each of whom
39. Mongolia Togrog Ulaanbaatar
shares two continents, Asia and Europe. 40. Laos Lao kip Vientiane
 Bhutan is known as the Land of Thunderbolt. 41. Vietnam Dong Hanoi
 Myanmar is called the country of the Golden 42. UAE Dirham Abu Dhabi
Pagoda. 43. Macau Pataca Macau
 Japan is called the country of sunrise. 44. Philippines Peso Manila
 China is called the world's rice bowl.
 Lebanon is called Switzerland of the East or the Currencies and Capitals of Major Countries of Oceania
Middle East. Country Currency Capital
Currency and Capital of Major Countries of the 1. Fiji Dollar Suva
Continent of Asia. 2. New Zealand Dollar Wellington
3. Nauru Dollar Yaren
Country Currency Capital 4. Australia Dollar Canberra
1. Singapore Dollar Singapore 5. Tuvalu Dollar Funafuti
2. Hong Kong Dollar Victoria 6. Micronesia Dollar Palikir
3. Brunei Dollar Bandar Seri 7. Solomon Islands Dollar Honiara
Begawan 8. Marshall Islands Dollar Majuro
4. Guam Dollar Hagatna 9. Kiribati Dollar Tarawa
5. Taiwan Dollar Taipei 10. Palau Dollar Melekeok
6. Syria Pound Damascus 11. French Polynesia Franc Papeete
7. Cyprus Euro Nicosia 12. New Caledonia Franc Noumea
8. Iraq Dinar Baghdad 13. Tonga Pa’anga Nuku'alofa
9. Kuwait Dinar Kuwait City 14. Vanuatu Vatu Port Vila
10. Jordan Dinar Amman 15. Papua New Guinea Kina Port Moresby
11. Bahrain Dinar Manama 16. Samoa Tala Apia
12. Oman Riyal Muscat
13. Qatar Riyal Doha European Continent :
14. Cambodia Riel Phnom Penh  Europe is sixth among the seven continents in terms
15. Yemen Rial Sana'a of area.
16. Saudi Arab Riyal Riyadh
 The total area of this continent is 9938000 (6.8% of
17. India Rupee New Delhi
18. Nepal Rupee Kathmandu the world's area) sq. km.
19. Pakistan Rupee Islamabad  The Caucasus and the Ural Mountains separate
20. Sri Lanka Rupee Colombo (Sri Asia and the Europe.
Jayawardenepura  Europe is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea,
Kotte as legislative the Black Sea in the south, the Arctic Sea in the
capital) north and the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
21. Maldives Rufiyaa Male
 Europe is the most urbanised continent in the world.
22. Indonesia Rupiah Jakarta
23. North Korea Won Pyongyang  There are 51 countries in Europe. Traditionally there
24. South Korea Won Seoul are 44 countries in Europe because some of the
25. Kyrgyzstan Som Bishkek countries are spread in both
26. Uzbekistan Som Tashkent Europe and Asia. e.g. What is the capital of France
27. Israel New Shekel Jerusalem Azarbaijan, Russia. and on which river is it situated?
28. Afghanistan Afghani Kabul  Europe is known as a
29. Kazakhstan Tenge Nur-Sultan peninsula among
30. China Yuan Beijing
peninsulas.
31. Japan Yen Tokyo
32. Turkey Lira Ankara  Scandinavia, Iberian,
33. Turkmenistan Manat Ashgabat Balkans and Apennine
34. Tajikistan Somoni Dushanbe are among the largest
35. Bangladesh Taka Dhaka peninsulas in Europe.
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 The British Isles and Iceland are the largest among
the islands in Europe.
 Europe is smaller than all other continents except
Australia in terms of area.
 Paris, the capital of France, is located on the banks of
the Seine river.
 Paris is also known as the city of fashion.
 Paris is considered a beautiful city in the world.
 Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic are known as
Emerald Islands, because of the abundance of grass
here.
 London is the largest city in Europe.
 The largest museum in the world is the British
Museum (London).
 London is located on the banks of the River Thames.
 The longest river in Europe is the Volga (3530 km).
 The Volga and Ural rivers flow into the Caspian Sea.
 The Danube (2845 Km) is the most important river in
Europe.
 It flows through Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
Moldova, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Austria and
Ukraine.
 The capitals falling on the banks of the Danube are
Vienna (Austria), Bratislava (Slovakia), Belgrade
(Serbia) and Budapest (Hungary).
 The Danube falls into the Black Sea near the Ukraine
border.
 Alps (France) and the Caucasus are prominent among
the new fold mountains in Europe.
 Elbrus (5642 m) is the highest mountain peak in
Europe.
 Mount Blanc (France)
Which is the highest peak of the Alps
is the highest peak in Mountains and London and on
the Alps Mountains. which river bank it is situated?
 Mount Blanc is located
on the border of France and
Italy.
 The Seine River (France) falls into the
English Channel (Le Havre).
 Po River is known as the Ganges of Italy.
 Venice (Italy) is known as the Queen of the
Adriatic.
 Etna and Stromboli in Italy are active volcanoes.
 Vesuvius is an active volcano located in Naples,
Italy. Earlier, it was a dormant volcano.
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 Rome is known as the Eternal Cty.
 Ukraine is called the world's granary or
breadbasket.
 The Rhine River waterway is Europe's busiest
interstate waterway.
 Finland is called the country of lakes.
 Denmark is the largest centre of dairy products in the
world.
 Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is known as
the key to the Baltic Sea.
 The Harz Mountains and the Black Forest are the rift
mountains of Europe.
 The Oriental rail route from Paris in France to
Constantinople in Turkey is the most crucial in Europe.
 The lowest natural depression of Europe is the Caspian
Sea.
 In Europe, Russia is the largest country in the world
in terms of area.
 Norway is called the country of the midnight sun.
 The world's champagne wine is produced on large
scale in France.
 France is called the Country of the Peasants and
the Queen of the Seas.
 Italy is called as India of Europe.
 The landlocked countries in Europe are Hungary,
Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Luxemburg, Serbia, Andorra, Macedonia, Moldova,
San Marino, Belarus, Liechtenstein and Kosovo.
 Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg are countries
included in the Benelux Nations.
 The European Union (EU) has 27 member countries.
 Geothermal energy is the primary source of power in
Iceland.
 The temperate grasslands of Europe are also called
Pustaz in Hungary and Steppe in Ukraine.
 The combined territory of Europe and Asia is called
Eurasia.
 Great Saint Bernard Pass connects the routes between
Italy and Switzerland.
 Brenner Pass connects the routes between Italy and
Austria.
 London first opened an underground railway in 1863,
which is now the world's fourth longest underground
railway.
 Antwerp (Belgium) is the world's largest diamond
trading centre.
 The countries belonging to the Caucasus State are
Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia.
 The port of the five seas is called Moscow (Caspian  Portugal and Spain together form the Iberian
Sea, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Ladoga Peninsula.
Lake).
 Land reclaimed from the sea in Netherlands by building
 Eastern Europe is called Green Europe or farmer's
embankment in the Netherlands is called Polder.
Europe.
 The major food crop in Europe is wheat. Currencies and the Capitals of Major
 Hungary is called the storehouse of wheat. Countries of Europe
 Beetroot is the major source of sugar in Europe. Country Currency Capital
 69.8% of the world's beetroot is produced in Europe Luxembourg Euro Luxembourg
(FAO: 2019). Belgium Euro Brussels
 France is called mini Between which two countries France Euro Paris
the Maginot line falls and Switzerland Franc Bern
Europe in terms of climate which two countries separate
Ireland Euro Dublin
and land. the English channel?
Malta Euro Valletta
 Norway is known as the
Great Britain Pound London
country of the fjords coasts Latvia Euro Riga
and France as the wine Russia Ruble Moscow
yard. Armenia Armenian Dram Yerevan
 The English Channel Belarus Ruble Minsk
separates the United Macedonia Denar Skopje
Kingdom and France. Serbia Dinar Belgrade
 Switzerland is called the Playground of Europe. Slovenia Euro Ljubljana
Bosnia-Herzegovina Convertible Sarajevo
 The largest expanse of the Alps mountain is in
Mark (BAM)
Switzerland. Croatia Kuna Zagreb
 The Gulf Stream is called the Warm Blanket of Denmark Krone Copenhagen
Europe. Norway Krone Oslo
 The international border between Poland and Germany Sweden Krona Stockholm
Iceland Krona Reykjavik
is called Hindenburg Line.
San Marino Euro San Marino
 The international border between Germany France Italy Euro Rome
is called the Maginot Line. Spain Euro Madrid
 The channel tunnel connecting France and the United Portugal Euro Lisbon
Kingdom passes through the Dover Strait. Germany Euro Berlin
Greece Euro Athens
 The International Seed Reserve is located in the
Lithuania Euro Vilnius
Svalbard Island of Norway. Finland Euro Helsinki
 France is the only self-reliant country in Europe in Netherlands Euro Amsterdam
terms of food grain production. Austria Euro Vienna
 England, Wales and Scotland are collectively called Bulgaria Lev Sofia
Poland Zloty Warsaw
Great Britain.
Madrid is the capital of which Hungary Forint Budapest
 The United Kingdom country, who are the natives of Ukraine Hryvnia Kiev
includes Great Britain North America and who was Czech Republic Koruna Prague
Amerigo Vespucci? Romania Leu Bucharest
and Northern Ireland.
 A beach built along the Azerbaijan Manat Baku
Georgia Lari Tbilisi
coast of the North Sea in
Albania Lek Tirana
the Netherlands is called Slovak Republic Euro Bratislava
Dykes.
 The Meseta plateau is North American Continent
shared by Spain and Portugal.  In terms of size, North America is the third largest
 Madrid, capital of Spain, is located on the Meseta continent (area 24256 000 square km) of the world.
Plateau.  Greenland is the largest island in North America.
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 North America comprises 16.2% of the world's  The city of Arizona in the United States is famous for
territorial area. copper production.
 The earliest landmass of North America is the  Silicon Valley (San Francisco) is famous for the
Canadian (Laurentian) shield. software and computer industry.
 There are a total of 23 countries in North America.  The United States is the world's Which country is known
 100 degrees west longitude passes through the largest producer of soybean. as the sugar bowl and
where is the Great
middle of North America.  Cuba is called the sugar bowl Salt Lake located?
 America (1507 AD) is named after Amerigo, the of the world being the major
Italian explorer who travelled after Christopher producer of sugarcane.
Columbus.  Jamaica is famous for banana
 Amerigo called it 'New World'. production.
 Red Indian, Eskimo and Inuit are natives of North  Coca-Cola was invented in the city
America. of Atlanta.
 Mount McKinley (height 6190 meters) in Alaska is  New York is called the City of Cities.
the highest mountain  Mexico cost is the most ideal place for coffee
peak in North America. cultivation.
 The cyclone which occurs What is an anticyclone,  Butte Mine, the largest copper mine in the world, is
under which condition are they located in the State of Montana, United States.
in the Gulf of Mexico is formed and what is the
called Hurricane and tornado?  Mexico is the largest silver producing country in
Tornado. the world (IMYB: 2018).
 Akron, the world's largest  Wood Buffalo National Park is located in Canada.
synthetic rubber and tyre  The world's largest railway station (based on the
manufacturing centre is located number of platforms) Grand Central Terminal is
in the United States. located in New York City, USA.
 Detroit is the major centre of  The Great Salt Lake in the State of Utah, United
automobile in the United States. States is the largest saltwater lake in the western
 Montreal (Canada) is famous in the world for its hemisphere.
paper industry.  There are 5 largest natural lakes in North America -
 Canada ranks first in newsprint production in the Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario.
world (FAO: 2019).  Superior Lake is the largest of the world's
 Canada is the second largest uranium producer in the freshwater lakes by surface
world. (World Nuclear Association Report, 2019) area and by volume it is third, next What type of lake
 Hudson Bay (Canada) is the largest Bay in the to Baikal and Tanganyika Lake. is the Lake Superior
and where it is
world.  Niagara Falls is located on the located?
 The city of Uranium is located on the shores of Lake border of Canada and the United
Athabasca, Canada. States.
 The Sullivan mine in British Columbia (Canada) is the  Philadelphia is famous as
world's largest lead and zinc mine. Quaker City.
 The United States is the world's largest maize  The Great Lakes St. Lawrence
producing country (FAO: 2019). River waterway is the longest
 Winnipeg (Canada) is a world-famous city also known inland deep-draft navigation
as the wheat market. system in the world.
 The world-famous corn market is located in the city  The Mexico and Colorado plateaus are the two
of St. Louis, United States. inter-mountain plateaus in North America.
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 San Diego is also known as the City of Evergreen South American Continent
Spring Season.  South America (area 17819000 square km) is the fourth
 Los Angeles (California) is noted for the film industry. largest continent in the world.
 The major mountain ranges of Rocky mountain are  The shape of this continent is triangular.
Cascade, Sierra Nevada, Coast Range and the Sierra
Madre.  Cape Horn is the southernmost part of South
 The world's first park is Yellow Stone Park, located in America.
the United States.  The Strait of Magellan separates Tierra del Fuego
 Ontario is the world's largest gold mine located in Island and the mainland of
Canada. South America. Which two countries of
 The Homestake Mine is a famous gold mine in the South America do not have
United States.  South America lies in the middle borders with Brazil?
 Mesabi Mine is the famous iron ore mine in the United of the Atlantic and the Pacific
States. Ocean.
 Panama and Colon are the two ports located on the  The Tropic of Capricorn passes
Panama Canal. through the middle of this continent.
 The hills located in the United States are Blue Hill,
 The Panama Canal connects the
Black Hill and Green Hill.
 Quebec in Canada is called a Country within the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean.
Country.  South America, Central America and the Western
 Mexico City is the largest city in North America by Islands are collectively called Latin America.
population.  The countries of South America, Colombia, Brazil and
 The Death Valley of Southern California is a rift or Ecuador are located on the Equator.
graben valley.
 Its temperature varies from 55°-57°C in summer.  Uruguay is the most urbanized country in South
America.
Currencies and Capitals of North America and
 Except for Chile and Ecuador, all other South
Caribbean Countries
American countries share the border with Brazil.
Country Currency Capital
 Quito (Ecuador) is the second highest capital city in
Canada Dollar Ottawa the world after La Paz (Bolivia) and also the city which
Saint Vincent and Dollar Kingstown
is closest to the equator.
the Grenadines
Bermuda Dollar Hamilton  Ecuador is the most densely populated country in this
Bahamas Dollar Nassau continent.
Jamaica Dollar Kingston  The world's highest waterfall Salto Angel (979 m)
Barbados Dollar Bridgetown
is in Venezuela situated on Churun river in Canaima
Belize Dollar Belmopan
Grenada Dollar Saint George National Park. Churun River is a tributary of the
Guadeloupe Euro Basse-Terre Carrao river, itself a tributary of the Orinoco river.
Cuba Peso Havana  The world's highest navigable Lake Titicaca
Dominion Republic Peso Santo Domingo (height 3810 m) is located on the Peru-Bolivia
Mexico Peso Mexico City border.
Costa Rica Colon San Jose
El Salvadore Dollar San Salvador  The Amazon River is the world's largest river in
Guatemala Quetzal Guatemala City terms of drainage basin.
Nicaragua Cardoba Managua  The Amazon River is also the largest in South
Netherlands Antilles Guilder Willemstad America.
Honduras Lempira Tegucigalpa
Antigua and Bermuda Dollar St. John's  The Amazon River is called the World's Widest and
Panama Balboa Panama City largest river by water volume.
Haiti Gourde Port-au-Prince  The world's highest active volcano, Ojos del
Greenland Krone Nuuk Salado (6893 m) (Chile), falls on the Argentina Chile
USA Dollar Washington, DC border.
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 South American rainforests are locally known as
Selvas.
 Temperate grasslands of South America are called
Pampas.
 They extended mainly to Argentina and Uruguay.
 Valsa is the lightest timber in the world found in the
forests of the Amazon basin.
 Toucan is a bird found in the Amazon basin.
 The world's largest predator bird Condor is found in
South America.
 The Rheas are flightless birds that have their origin in
South America.
 South America is called the continent of birds.
 The rubber tree is found in Brazil.
 The Heart of Argentina is called Pampas.
 The nutrient-rich grass called Alpha-Alpha is found
in the Pampas.
 Puma and Jaguar are hunter animals of South
America.
 Llama, a pack animal is found in the higher reaches
of the Andes mountains.
 Guanaco is a type of wild Llama found in the Patagonia
plateau.
 The crescent belt of wheat is located in Argentina.
 Argentina tops South America and ranks third in the
world in the production of sunflower seeds (FAO
2019).
 Brazil ranks seventh in the world in the production of
cocoa (beans) (FAO: 2019).
 Brazil is the largest country in South America.
 Brazil is the world's largest producer of coffee.
 Brazilian coffee plantations are called Fazenda.
 Globally as well as continentally, Brazil is the top
producer of soybean (FAO : 2019).
 Brazil and Sao Paulo are called World's coffee pot
and market respectively.
 Brazil is the largest corn-producing country in South
America while third in the world (FAO : 2019).
 Sao Paulo is called the 'world's coffee market' while
Brazil is called the 'world's coffee pot'.
 Santos Port is the port of South America for exporting
coffee to the world.
 The world's highest capital city is La Paz (the capital
of Bolivia).
 Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil) is the largest city in South
America.
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 The plateaus of Brazil and Patagonia are located in
Guyana and South America respectively.
 The world's longest mountain range is the Andes
(about 7200 km).
 Aconcagua (6960 m) is the highest mountain peak
of the Andes mountain range.
 The forests of the eastern slopes of the Andes moun-
tains are called Montana.
 Brazil is the largest producer of manganese in South
America.
 Amapa mine in Brazil is famous for large manga-
nese mines.
 Brazil's major iron ore mining centre is at Itabira.
 Brazil is the largest crude petroleum-producing coun-
try in South America.
 The tropical savanna grasslands of Venezuela are
called Llanos.
 Chile is the largest copper producing country in
South America.
 Chuquicamata, in Chile and known for its copper
mines, is called the world's copper capital.
 The world's driest place Arica (outside the polar
region) is located in north Chile.
 In Argentina, breeder cattle are called Gauchos and
a large private plot used for cattle raising is called
Estancia.
 Nitrate reserves are located in the Atacama desert.
 The Chaco plain is Argentina's main cotton-producing
area.
 Argentina is one of the world's largest meat exporting
countries.
 The Patagonia desert is the temperate desert of
South America.
 The largest landlocked country in South America is
Bolivia.
 Bolivia and Paraguay are two landlocked countries
in South America.
 Central Chile receives winter rainfall (Mediterranean
climate) in winter.
 Phosphorus rich guano is manure derived from sea
birds inhabiting the western coastal areas of South
America.
 The natural site of Olive Ridley turtle is Galapagos
Island (Ecuador).
 Currencies and Capitals of Major Countries of  The Niger River in Africa is called the river of palm
South America oil.
Country Currency Capital  Cairo is the largest city on the banks of the Nile.
Guyana Dollar George Town  Chad Lake is located in the Sahara Desert.
Trinidad and Tobago Dollar Port of Spain  The primitive tribes of Africa are the Pygmy (Congo
Colombia Peso Bogota Basin), Bushman (Kalahari Desert) and Bedouin
Chile Peso Santiago
(Sahara Desert).
Uruguay Peso Montevideo
Suriname Dollar Paramaribo  The Tuareg tribe which serves as a guide for foreign
Peru Nuevo Sol Lima tourists is found in the Sahara desert.
Brazil Real Brasília  Both Egyptian farmers and the agricultural labourers
Bolivia Boliviano La Paz
Paraguay Guarani Asuncion are known as Fellah.
Ecuador Dollar Quito  Nigeria is called the country of
Argentina Peso Buenos Aires palm oil. Which river crosses the
Venezuela Bolivar Caracas Equator twice and Suez
 Johannesburg (South Africa) is Canal connects which
African Continent: known as the City of Gold. two seas?
 The African continent is called the future continent.  The Limpopo river crosses the
 It is the second-largest continent in the world in terms Tropic of Capricorn twice.
of area.  Congo is the only river to cross the
 Negrito are natives of this equator twice.
continent.  The temperate grasslands of Africa
Strait of Gibraltar separates
 The Atlantic Ocean lies to which two continents and which are called Veld.
river crosses the Tropic of
the west of Africa while to Capricorn twice?
 The tropical grasslands of Africa are called Savanna.
its east, lies the Indian  Jute is produced in Africa from a plant called sisal.
Ocean.  Egypt is the major palm producing country in Africa.
 The Gibraltar Strait separates  The Transvaal region in Africa is famous for zebra
the African continent and giraffe animals.
(Morocco) from the  A bird called Ostrich is found in the Kalahari desert.
European continent (Spain).  Nigeria is the largest cassava producing country in
 The largest lake in the continent is Lake Victoria. Africa (FAO : 2019).
 The Equator passes through Lake Victoria.  Ivory Coast is the largest cocoa beans producing coun-
 Africa is the only continent through which all try in the world.
three latitudinal lines - the Equator, Tropic of  Morocco and Kenya are the largest producers of ol-
Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, passes. ive and tea respectively in their continent while they
 The origin of the world's longest river Nile is Lake
rank third in the world.
Victoria.
 The largest Sorghum producing country in Africa is
 The Nile flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
Nigeria (FAO : 2019).
 The Aswan Dam is built on the Nile.
 The Suez Canal, connecting the Red Sea to the Medi-
 The Victoria Falls is located on the Zambezi river.
terranean Sea is located in Egypt.
 Stanley Falls is located on the Lualaba, a tributary of
 Port Said Harbor is located at the northern end of the
Congo river.
Suez Canal and Port Suez Harbor at the southern end.
 The Kariba Dam is built on the Zambezi river on the
borders of Zambia and Zimbabwe.  The Coastal plain in Mozambique is the largest in Africa.
 Most of the hydropower in Africa is produced by the  The Cape-Cairo rail route from Cape Town (South
Kariba Dam. Africa) to Cairo (Egypt) is the longest in Africa.
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