A Report submitted to

Department of Adventure tourism Studies

Nepal Mountain Academy
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation
Thapagaun, Bijulibazar, Kathmandu

Topic:
Essay on Rocky Mountain Range including the description of major mountains in this
range.
List of peaks opened for Mountaineering in Nepal with category A, B, and C.
Mountain Guide Training Procedures in America, Europe, and Nepal

By
Rajpal kc
Cohort: 2022-2024
Roll No.: 12
 Assignment 1
Question 1: Essay on Rocky Mountain Range including the description of
major mountains in this range.
The Rocky Mountains, or the Rockies, are an enormous mountain range that span a length of about
4,800 km in western America. The Rockies form the divide between the Great Plains and the
western USA and contain many of the greatest national parks in the country. This guide includes
all the information you need to know about the Rocky Mountains, including its most notable peaks
and hiking spots. The Rocky Mountain Range is made up of a set of discontinuous mountain ranges
that have a distinctive geological history. The core of the Rocky Mountains was formed over a
billion years ago through colliding tectonic plates and the uplift of the continental crust. The Rocky
Mountains were shaped during a period of high tectonic plate activity, the last of which being
during the Laramide orogeny approximately 80-55 million years ago. The rugged shape of the
Rocky Mountains we see today is also the result of subsequent glacial erosion. Different sections
of the range have more distinctive formations due to the way the tectonic plates shifted in those
areas. In the northern sections of the Rockies in Canada, the collision of the plates pushed and
bunched up the mountains. An unusual subduction shaped the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. This
was a result of the Farallon Plate being subducted under the North American Plate at a shallow
angle, which resulted in more friction and piled layers of crust on top of one another.
Typology
The Rocky Mountains are an extensive range of mountains that span all the way from Northern
British Columbia in Canada to New Mexico in the United States of America (see: hikes in New
Mexico). The range forms part of the enormous mountain system that is the Northern American
Cordillera. Some of the highest peaks in North America are found in the Rocky Mountains,
including Mount Elbert (4,401m) and Mount Harvard (4,395m). While there are numerous
mountain towns located in the Rocky Mountains, the human population is quite sparse. There is
an average density of 4 people per square km.
The Southern Rockies
the southern rockies are the highest group and can be found in Wyoming, Colorado, and New
Mexico. North and south are divided by two enormous parallel folds. The Front Range, located
west of Denver, Colorado, the Laramie Mountains in Wyoming, and the Sangre de Cristo Range,
which is primarily in New Mexico, are all located in the eastern fold. Blanca Peak, standing at
14,317 feet (4,364 meters) high, is located in the Sangre de Cristo Range. Longs Peak, at 14,256
feet (4,345 meters), and Pikes Peak, at 14,110 feet (4,301 meters), are located in the Front Range.
The Medicine Bow Range, a branch of the Front Range, extends into Wyoming from the northwest.
The San Juan Mountains in New Mexico and Colorado, as well as the Sawatch Mountains and the
Park Range in Colorado, are located in the western fold. The 14,431-foot (4,399-meter) Mount
Elbert is the tallest peak in the Rockies and is located in the Swatches. There are 55 peaks in
Colorado that rise beyond 14,000 feet (4,270 meters).
The Middle Rockies
Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana are home to The Middle Rockies. The Wyoming Basin, a
flat peppered with low mountains, separates them from the Southern Rockies. In Utah, the Wasatch
Mountains tower close to the Great Salt Lake, while the Uinta Mountains run east-west. The Salt
River, Wyoming, and Wind River ranges are located in Wyoming. An impressive block with its
eastern face elevated is the beautiful Teton Range. The Bighorn, Bridger, Owl Creek, Shoshone,
and Absaroka Ranges from a massive horseshoe around Bighorn Basin. Yellowstone National Park
is located on the Yellowstone Plateau.
The Northen rockies
The Northern Rockies extend about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) into Canada from Montana, Idaho,
and Washington. The Snake River plain is part of the Columbia Plateau, which is to the west. The
Bitterroot Range runs parallel to the border between Idaho and Montana. The Clearwater and
Salmon River Mountain ranges are located in Idaho. The Front Range, or Canadian Rockies, are
the most impressive portion of the system in Canada. The boundary between Alberta and British
Columbia is also formed by it. With a height of 12,972 feet (3,954 meters), Mount Robson in
British Columbia is the highest summit along the Front Range. The Rocky Mountain trench runs
between the Front Range and ranges to the west. It stretches from Montana northwestward to the
headstreams of the Yukon River for around 900 miles (1,450 kilometers). The Purcells and Selkirk
mountains are to the west of the trench. The Columbias are the Northern Rockies' farthest western
ranges in Canada. British Columbia's Interior Plateau is to their west. The Cassiar Mountains are
to the north.
The Arctic Rockies
The Arctic Rockies is a collection of shattered parallel ranges. The Franklin Mountains is to the
east, and the Mackenzie Mountains stretch 500 miles (800 kilometers) northwest across the
Northwest and Yukon regions. The Richardson Mountains are located above the Arctic Circle.
Northern Alaska is covered by the Brooks Range. The climate along the lower slopes of the
Rockies varies from the mild conditions of New Mexico to the brief summers and severe winters
of northern Canada. The air traveling through the high mountains is cooled. When airborne
moisture condenses, it becomes rain or snow that falls. Due to the predominant westerly winds,
precipitation is most intense on the western slopes, while the eastern slopes and valleys are
frequently dry.
Climate
Along the great north-south extent of the mountains, the climate of the Rockies extends from the
northern fringe of the subtropical zone in the far south to the Arctic in the far north. In the south,
however, the continentality and high elevation of the mountains tend to reduce the impact of
latitude. Two vertical zones prevail throughout much of the range. The lower is characterized as
cool temperate, with cold winters and relatively cool summers. This zone occurs between
elevations of 7,000 (2,100 meters) and 10,000 feet (3,000 meters) in the south, with upper and
lower limits decreasing proportionally with increasing latitude. The higher zone is alpine and
tundra like in character, with severe winter conditions and short, cold summers; in the south the
highest peaks may remain snow-covered until August, while in the north many of the high valleys
sustain permanent glaciers. Precipitation generally increases from south to north, with the north
receiving about three times that of the south. In the south the climate tends to be dry, especially in
the rain-shadow valleys. The San Luis Valley in Colorado, for example, has a mountain-desert
climate and is one of the driest areas of the Rockies. Much of the total annual precipitation in the
south falls as snow in winter, although characteristic of the summer is local, sometimes violent,
afternoon thunderstorms. The Northern Rockies tend to receive precipitation more evenly
throughout the year from Pacific cyclonic storms. Almost everywhere in the Rockies the growing
season is short; some places are susceptible to frosts even in summer.
Major Mountains in the Rockies
The Rocky Mountains are made up of more than 100 separate ranges with numerous difficult
peaks, 68 of which soar beyond 4,000 meters. The Rocky Mountains are home to numerous
majestic peaks, many of which are famous for their beauty, elevation, and recreational
opportunities (Mountain IQ, 2023). Here are some of the major peaks in the Rockies.
Mount Elbert
At 4,401 meters above sea level, Mount Elbert is the highest summit in the Rocky Mountains. The
San Isabel National Forest in Colorado is where the peak is situated. The peak has the name of
Samuel Hitt Elbert, a statesman and the 1873–1874 Governor of the Colorado Territory. Henry W.
Stuckle, a member of the Hayden Survey, reached the summit of Mount Elbert for the first time
on record in 1874.
Mount Massive
With a peak elevation of 4,398 meters, Mount Massive is the second-highest mountain in the
Rockies. The mountain is located in the San Isabel National Forest's Mount Massive Wilderness.
Because of its extended shape and long summit ridge between its high peaks, Mount Massive has
the most area above 4,000 meters of any mountain in the United States. Henry Gannet, a member
of the Hayden Survey, is credited with making the first ascent of Mount Massive in 1873.
Mount Harvard
Located in Colorado with a height of 4,395m, Mount Harvard is the third-highest mountain in the
range, just behind Mount Massive. The first graduating class of Harvard's Mining School gave the
peak its name in honor of the university. With their lecturer, Josiah Dwight Whitney (for whom
Mount Whitney is named), the students went on a mountain expedition. S. F. Sharpless and William
M. Davis, two classmates, reached the summit of Mount Harvard for the first time in history in
1869.
Mount Robson
The tallest mountain in the Canadian Rocky Mountains is Mount Robson, which rises to a height
of 3,954 meters. It is a component of the Rainbow Range and is located within the Mount Robson
Provincial Park in British Columbia. A.H. McCarthy, Conrad Kain, and W.W. Foster reached the
first peak that was officially noted in 1913.
Blanca Peak
The fourth-highest peak in the Rocky Mountains of North America and the state of Colorado is
called Blanca Peak. The tallest peak of the Sierra Blanca Massif, Sangre de Cristo Range, and
Sangre de Cristo Mountains is the notable 14,351-foot (4,374 m) peak. The first ascent of this peak
was recorded in August 14, 1874 by the Wheeler Survey. One of the "Four Great Surveys" the US
government undertook following the Civil War was the Wheeler Survey, which was carried out
between 1872 and 1879. Its primary goal was to record the geology and natural resources of the
American West.
6. Blanca Peak These are only a few examples of the Rocky Mountain ranges' highest peaks. There
are numerous additional significant peaks in the area, all of which add to the Rockies' breathtaking
beauty and attraction.
Question 2: Importance of Caucasian Mountain belt in the Development of
Europe. Caucasian Mountain Range
The Caucasus, also known as the Russian Kavkaz, is a mountainous area between the Black Sea
in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east that is inhabited by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and
Armenia. In the area where Europe and Asia meet, the massive Caucasus Mountains rise across
the vast isthmus separating the Black and Caspian oceans. The mountains are made up of two
ranges, the Greater Caucasus (Russian: Bolshoi Kavkaz) and the Lesser Caucasus (Maly Kavkaz),
which generally run from northwest to southeast. The tallest mountain in the Greater Caucasus
range is Mount Elbrus, which rises 18,510 feet (5,642 meters). The Greater Caucasus watershed,
the system's axis, has long considered part of the line separating Europe from Asia, but Europe's
eastern border has been hotly contested. One widely used theory places the region’s northern and
southern boundaries along the crest of the Greater Caucasus Mountain range, with the former
belonging to Europe and the latter to Asia. Other places the eastern Caucasus in Asia and the
western Caucasus in Europe, with the majority of Azerbaijan and tiny areas of Armenia, Georgia,
and Russia's Caspian Sea coast. Another plan places Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe
by using the Aras River and the Turkish border as the boundaries of the continent.
The name Caucasus is a Latinized version of the ancient Greek name Kaukasos, which was used
by Greek geographers and historians; it shares this origin with the Russian word Kavkaz. The
Hittite name for a people who lived on the southern shore of the Black Sea, Kaz-kaz, is regarded
to be the ultimate source of the word. The range in Greek mythology served as the setting for
Prometheus' sufferings, and the Argonauts searched for the Golden Fleece in Colchis (the modern
Kolkhida Lowland of Georgia), which is nestled up against the range on the Black Seacoast. This
ancient nomenclature reflects the historical significance of the area. The ranges developed into a
crucial land corridor to the north for the spread of Middle Eastern Fertile Crescent civilizations'
cultures. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of the area have display damaging racial and cultural
diversity. The Colchians, for instance, were black-skinned Egyptians, according to the Greek
historian Herodotus in the 5th century BCE, though it is unknown what their actual ancestry was.
As waves of immigrants crossed Eurasia throughout succeeding ages, they added to and influenced
the more seasoned populations in the area. Unsurprisingly, Caucasia has more languages spoken
in it than any other region of comparable size anywhere else in the globe.
Role of Caucasian Mountain Range in Development of Europe.
The Caucasus is one of the biologically diverse and endangered hotspots on the earth, ranking
among the top 25 in the world for bio- diversity hotspots. The WWF named the Caucasus as one
of the top 200 ecoregions in the world for biodiversity. The Large Herbivore Initiative of the WWF
has also designated the Caucasus as a large herbivore hotspot. Over a somewhat small area, there
are five large carnivore species and eleven large herbivore species. The Caucasus is home to 50
species of animals that are internationally endangered and one plant, according to the IUCN Red
List from 2002. 18 of the IUCN species have limited distributions or are endemics. Numerous
highly prized ornamental and medicinal species, as well as rare relic and endemic plant
communities, can be found in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus hotspot, which straddles the
borders of six nations, is a hub of cultural diversity that is noteworthy on a worldwide scale. Here,
several ethnic groups, languages, and religions coexist in a condensed space. It will take close
cooperation across borders to preserve special and endangered ecosystems while also promoting
harmony and understanding in an area with a variety of ethnic groups. Since they make up almost
half of the Caucasus, forests are the biome that must be preserved in order to protect the region's
biodiversity. The broadleaf, dark coniferous, pine, arid open woodland, and lowland forests that
make up the Caucasus's extremely diversified woods are distributed according to the area's
elevation, soil, and temperature. During the Soviet era, agriculture was the main economic sector
of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and the Russian Caucasus. A wide range of output was possible
due to fertile soils and a pleasant environment. Grapes, wine, tobacco, cotton, fruit, vegetables,
tea, and citrus fruits were among the goods exported to the USSR. Production and distribution
patterns have changed since 1990. The combined production of formerly exported crops including
citrus fruits and grapes in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are only a third of what it was before
1990. Today, the majority of people living in rural areas rely on subsistence farming to raise
essential food crops for consumption. In mountainous areas, raising livestock (such as cattle,
sheep, and goats) is the main source of income. Sheep and cattle produce a variety of goods,
including leather, wool, meat, and milk.
The Caucasus Mountains have played a significant role in the development of Europe in various
ways. Here is the summary of some key aspects of their influence based on the description above:
Geographical Barrier: Natural border between Europe and Asia created by the Caucasus
Mountains has influenced historical, cultural, and geopolitical events. Different group sand
civilizations were constrained in their travels, which had an impact on their contacts and trade.
Cultural Exchange: Between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus region has
historically been a crossroads for several civilizations and cultures. As a result of the mountain
range's facilitation of commercial routes and cultural interactions between Europe and Asia, ideas,
technologies, languages, and religions have merged and spread throughout the world.
Strategies Importance: The Caucasus area is of crucial strategic importance because of its
proximity to the Caspian Sea and the presence of important resources like oil and gas deposits.
Geopolitical dynamics in Europe and beyond have been molded by control over these resources,
creating competition among countries for influence and access to energy sources.
Major Trade Routes: Trade routes between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East have been largely
dependent on the Caucasus Mountains. The interchange of goods, including as silk, spices,
precious metals, and other important commodities, was made easier via these routes. The creation
of commercial networks in Europe has been impacted by the trade routes that passed over the
Caucasus Mountains.
Bio-Diversity and Natural Resources: Numerous endemic species of flora and animals already
mentioned above, as well as a wide range of other species, can be found in the Caucasus
Mountains. Natural resources from the area, like water, timber, and minerals, have aided in the
economic growth of both Europe and Asia by providing essential materials for businesses and
agriculture.
Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity: The Caucasus is renowned for its astounding linguistic and
ethnic variety. Because of the mountain range's role as a natural barrier, various ethnic groups and
the emergence of distinctive languages and cultures have been preserved. The cultural environment
of Europe has been enriched by this diversity, which has also shaped historical accounts and
identities. By serving as a natural boundary, promoting trade, influencing cultural exchanges,
supplying strategic resources, the Caucasus Mountains have contributed significantly to the
historical, cultural, economic, and geopolitical development of Europe.

Question 3: Role of Alps for Socio-Economic Development of Europe

The Alps
The Alps are a tiny part of the discontinuous mountain range that extends from the Atlas Mountains
in North Africa through Asia and southern Europe to the Himalayas and beyond. The Alps reach
their northernmost point at Vienna (at the Vienna Woods) from the subtropical Mediterranean coast
near Nice, France, to Lake Geneva. They merge with the nearby plain where they touch the Danube
River. The Alps are a portion of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia,
Switzerland, Slovenia, Croatia, Germany, Austria, and France. However, the only countries that
truly belong in the Alpine region are Switzerland and Austria. The Alps span a distance of around
750 miles (1,200 kilometers) between Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, and Verona, Italy, and
are more than 80,000 square miles (207,000 square kilometers) in size at their broadest point. They
are the most noticeable physiographic region in western Europe.
They are responsible for significant geographic phenomena, while not being as tall and large as
other mountain systems that were uplifted during the Paleogene and Neogene periods (about
65million to 2.6 million years ago), such as the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Rocky ranges. Many
of Europe's largest rivers, including the Rhône, Rhine, Po, and a large number of tributaries of the
Danube, originate along the Alpine crests, which divide one European region from another. As a
result, the North, Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Black seas ultimately receive water from the Alps.
The Alps divide the Mediterranean regions of France, Italy, and the Balkans from the marine west-
coast climates of Europe due to their arc-like form. Additionally, due to local variations in elevation
and relief as well as the position of the mountains in respect to the frontal systems that span Europe
from west to east, they provide their own distinct climate. Most of the other climates on Earth,
save tropical ones, may be found somewhere in the Alps, and contrasts are stark. Since the 19th
century, factories based on local raw materials, such as those in the Mur and Mürz valleys of
southern Austria that exploited iron ore from mines near Eisenerz, have altered adistinctive Alpine
pastoral economy that had developed over the centuries. The development of hydroelectric power
during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, which frequently involved many
separate watersheds, resulted in the construction of electricity-dependent companies in the lower
valleys, producing goods like aluminum, chemicals, and specialty steels.
After World War II, tourism, which had a modest beginning in the 19th century, became a
widespread activity. As a result, the Alps serve as a summer and winter playground for millions of
urban residents of Europe and draw tourists from all over the world every year. The Alps are
probably the most endangered mountain system in the world because of this significant human
impact on a delicate physical and ecological environment. The Alps are home to about 6,000
municipalities and about 14 million people. The Alps have a vast mix of cultures, languages, and
traditions, creating a singular cultural environment. In fact, biodiversity has increased as a result
of conventional farming methods that date back to the Neolithic era. For example, well farmed
Alpine meadows between 1800 and 2200 meters above sea level can sustain up to 80 plant species
per 100 square meters.
The Alps have a wide range of elevations and shapes, from the low-lying pre-Alps, which are
formed by folded sediments, to the crystal-clear massifs of the inner Alps, which include the
Belledonne and Mont Blanc in France, the Aare and Gotthard in Switzerland, and the Tauern in
Austria. All but northwest Italy are bordered by the pre-Alps. The Western, Central, and Eastern
portions of the Alps, which stretch from the Mediterranean to Vienna, are each made up of a
number of distinctive ranges.
The Western Alps.
The Western Alps are a north-trending mountain range that extend from the coast through southeast
France, northern Italy, and Switzerland to Lake Geneva and the Rhône basin. Their shapes include
the low-lying, arid limestones of the Maritime Alps close to the Mediterranean, the deep canyon
of the Verdon in France, the crystal-clear peaks of the Mercantour Massif, and the glacier-covered
dome of Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps at 15,771 feet (4,807meters). These mountain
ranges have rivers that run east into the Po and west into the Rhône.
The Central Alps
The Great St. Bernard Pass on the Swiss-Italian border, east of Mont Blanc, and the area of the
Splügen Pass, north of Lake Como, make up the Central Alps. This region contains prominent
peaks that are all 14,000 feet in height, including the Dufourspitze, Weisshorn, Matterhorn, and
Finsteraarhorn. Also included in this zone are the large glacial lakes, including Thun, Brienz, and
Lucerne (Vierwaldstättersee) in the north and Como and Maggiore in the south that are drained by
the Po.
The Easterntn Alps
The Rätische range in Switzerland, the Dolomite Alps in Italy, the Tauern Mountains in Austria,
the Julian Alps in northeastern Italy and northern Slovenia, and the Dinaric Alps along the western
edge of the Balkan Peninsula make up the Eastern Alps, which typically drain to the north and
southeast. The Inn, Lech, and Isar rivers in Germany, the Salzach and Enns in Austria, and the Mur
and Drau rivers in Austria, as well as the Sava River in the Balkan region, all empty into the
Danube north of the Alps. Lake Garda empties into the Po in Italy's Eastern Alps, while the Adige,
Piave, Tagliamento, and Isonzo overflow towards the golf of Venice.
The Alps' geographic location, along with the wide fluctuations in their heights and exposure,
result in extremely diverse climates, both within and across individual ranges. The Alps are
influenced by four main climatic factors due to their central location in Europe: the relatively mild,
moist Atlantic air flows from the west; cool or cold polar air descends from northern Europe;
continental air masses, which are cold and dry in winter and hot in summer, predominate in the
east; and warm Mediterranean air flows northward from the south. The location and movement of
cyclonic storms, as well as the direction of the following winds as they travel over the mountains,
all affect the daily weather.
The role of Alps in Socio-Economic Development of Europe
The economic foundation of the Alps was primarily based on the agricultural and pastoral before
the middle of the 19th century. Despite the significant farm abandonment that has occurred
subsequently, particularly in the high valleys of France, Italy, and western Austria, agriculture. still
thrives in favorable regions in both the main and lateral valleys. Between Sierre and Martigny in
Switzerland's hot and dry Rhône Valley, there are numerous irrigated fruit and vegetable farms, as
well as substantial vineyards that produce top-notch wines both on the valley floor and on the
mountain slopes. Some of the world's highest vineyards, which rise more than 4,250 feet above
Visp, can be found there. The northern Italian region of Alto Adige, Ticino, and the southern Alps
are additional viticultural areas. In the high valleys, the majority of farming and pastoralism are
side businesses or hobbyist pursuits. Farmers cut grass to feed dairy cows in communities like
Chandolin, which at 6,561 feet is the highest year-round inhabited settlement in the Alps.
Chandolin is located in the Swiss Anniviers. Valley.
Heavy metallurgical and chemical industries were drawn to the major transverse valleys of France,
southern Switzerland, and western Austria with the development of hydroelectricity in the late 19th
and 20th centuries. Later, companies producing consumer items including athletic goods (in the
Annecy region of France) and textiles (in the Rhine valley of Austria) were constructed. The
depopulation of the little communities in the lateral valleys was one effect of this industrialization,
a phenomenon that was partially halted by the onset of the tourism boom after 1960. However,
Due to outdated technology, foreign competition, the high cost of trans porting raw materials from
coastal ports to interior valley locations, or—as in the case of the steel plant in Acosta—the
exhaustion of domestic raw materials, many of the early industrial enterprises are no longer viable.
To be competitive in the global market, the remaining plants had to modernize, rationalize,
restructure, and create new goods.
Since World War II, the growth of mass tourism has been the region's most major economic shift.
It can take a lot of capital to start a tourism business in the Alps, and the short season to recover
costs can be disturbed by economic problems in neighboring nations, a lack of snow in the winter,
or chilly, rainy weather in the summer. In addition, there is a heated rivalry among resorts within
each Alpine nation as well as among the various Alpine countries to draw tourists. The Alps have
600 ski areas, including over 270 in Austria alone. However, both winter and summer tourism have
significantly boosted the economies of the Alpine countries, which has benefited the isolated
settlements of the high lateral valleys in particular. A drop in employment in the agricultural and
industrial sectors has been more than made up for by a significant growth in employment
opportunities in the service sector.
In contrast, The Alps get about 120 million visitors annually, which has a significant impact on the
region's natural environment. The exact thing that draws travelers in the first place—pristine
wildlife areas—is in danger of being destroyed by new waves of "mass tourism". Modern
adventure sports like mountain biking, canyoning, and paragliding, as well as other motorized
leisure activities, are now expanding into previously unexplored tourist destinations. The Alps'
wildlife is being severely disturbed by this, and biodiversity is directly threatened.
Winter ski tourism is one of the most environmentally damaging types of recreation in the Alps.
Over 3,400 km2 of ski areas are currently served by 10,000 transport facilities spread across about
300 ski areas throughout the Alps. The terrain is permanently harmed by the building of ski runs.
Due to their increased use, snow cannons cause more issues since they consume more water,
energy, chemicals, and biological additives.
Having said that, countries such as Switzerland, Austria, and France have been generating huge
amount of revenue from tourism activities in the Alps. The ski sector in Switzerland
reportedCHF1.5 billion in revenue for the 2018–2019 fiscal year, of which three-quarters were
produced during the winter. Almost 17,000 people were worked there, according to the sector's
umbrella organization.
After the season was prematurely ended due to the pandemic and lack of snow, the Swiss ski
regions recorded just over 20 million skier-days (first crossings per person and per day in winter),
a statistic that fell by about 20% from the previous year. 23 million skier-days, on average, were
recorded during the previous five years. Over 28% of visitors are from the European Union, and
over two-thirds are from Switzerland. National skiers make up the majority of tourists in
practically every nation. According to Vanat's research, only two nations in the globe are
exceptions: Andorra and Austria, where 90% and 2/3 of all trips, respectively, are made up of
international clientele. According to Vanat, the value of winter sports is more than €33 billion in
Europe and €69 billion worldwide. With more than 40% of all skiers visiting the world, the Alps
are by far the largest ski market in the planet.
Assignment:2
Question 1: List of peaks opened for Mountaineering in Nepal with category A,
B, and C.
Nearly a third of the nation is located above the level of 3,500 m, making the Himalaya the most
challenging mountain range in the entire planet. In Nepal, there are eight mountains that are higher
than 8,000 meters above sea level: Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri,
Manaslu, and Annapurna. The first of them to be scaled was Annapurna in 1950 by a French
expedition under the direction of Maurice Herzog, while the first ascent of Everest was made by
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 with a British expedition under the direction of John
Hunt.
In addition to these eight enormous peaks, there are 326 more mountains in Nepal that are
accessible for climbing expeditions, 103 of which have never been scaled. More chances and
challenges are presented to mountaineers in Nepal than in any other country in the world, including
the lesser-known trekking peaks that yet call for the use of climbing equipment and climbing
expertise in order to be successfully scaled (Board, N. T., 2023).
Below is the list of peaks opened for mountaineering with category A, B, and C division. There
are 22 peaks listed under category A which are opened for Nepalese, joint Nepalese-Foreign
expeditions with at least three Nepalese IMFGA guides in the team. Category B mountains are to
be climbed by Nepalese expedition team first or joint Nepalese-Foreign expedition team.
Whereas, Category C mountains are opened for everyone for the expedition.
List of category B mountain opened for mountaineering

List of category C mountain opened for mountaineering

Assignment:3
Question 2: Mountain Guide Training Procedures in America, Europe, and
Nepal
In America, mountain guide training courses are run and monitored by the American Mountain
Guide Association (AMGA). The International Federation of Mountain Guides Associations
(IFMGA) has more than 20 member nations, and the American Mountain Guide Certification
offered by the AMGA is the highest degree of certification a professional mountain guide may
obtain. The procedures of becoming a mountain guide in America is presented below. Data
abstracted from AMGA website (https://amga.com/ifmga-mountain-guide/).

Becoming a mountain guide in Europe

To become a mountain guide in Europe, there are more than a single option for an individual to
proceed their career to become a IFMGA certified mountain Guides. There are sixteen member
associations throughout Europe to conduct mountain guide training course and certifications.
Among 28 member nations, this is more than any other continents. People can choose any of the
following associations which lies in Europe to pursue their career as a professional mountain guide.

Candidates who are willing to take the courses can go through the designated associations and get
further information on how to become a professional mountain guide.
Mountain Guide Accreditation Course in Nepal
Nepal National Mountain Guide Association established in 2005 is the member association of
IFMGA who is conducting an international mountain guides training courses in Nepal. NNMGA
started mountain guide certification course in 2009. However, Nepal was granted a member
association in 2012 by IMFGA. Mountain guide accrediation course in nepal is conducted through
various process which is shown below.

Apart from the above shown procedures to become a professional mountain guide in Nepal,
NNMGA has designed three components of aspirant guides which must be completed and passed
to be eligible for the practices and log book update. Aspirant guide training contains following
training and exams on each of the three components.