UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY

( Dr. Santiago G. Ortega Memorial)

City of Iriga

REVIEWER
FOR SCIENCE
First Grading (AY 2023 - 2024)

Please note that the information provided here pertains specifically to the
third monthly exam. Feel free to utilize this reviewer for your preparations.
However, I kindly request that you refrain from reproducing this content
without my consent. The content presented here is sourced from the book
and PowerPoint materials. I apologize for any inadvertent typographical
errors that might have occurred during the data input process. On a
positive note, I want to convey my heartfelt best wishes to everyone. May
this academic year be brimming with remarkable experiences and
remarkable accomplishments! :D
 LESSON 2.4: MOUNTAINS AND
REVIEW MOUNTAIN RANGES

☐ 4 major characteristics of a landform to be identified as a

mountain

Diagram 1.1

a) elevated/has elevation
b) has a summit or peak
c) steep slope
d) higher than hills (15-20 meters is the average height of hills)

Mountains - these are large landforms that rise well above the
ground.

Orogenesis - the process of mountain formation. It happens

between the collision of two continental plates and displacement of
rocks occur. And also, it includes the forces of compression.

Orogenic belt - this is the area or region where deformed rocks are
found.

Mountain ranges - these are series of mountains in an even area or

certain ration.

☐ 4 natural forces
a) plate movement - this produces the oldest and highest/tallest
mountains.
b) faulting - cracks (compressional and tensional stress)
c) heat from the inner layers of Earth (molten material) - mantle
convection.
d) weathering and erosion - natural breaking of rocks.
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 ☐ precipitation
☐ change in temperature and pressure
☐ changes in seasons

Five Major Types of Mountain

They are classified according to their origin and the manner by
which they are produced by the different forces of earth.

1.) Fold mountains - this is the common type of mountain and it is

produced through plate convergence. These are formed over millions of
years. These are the world’s largest mountain ranges.
a) anticlines - upward folds or sad face.
b) synclines - downward folds or happy face.

formed when two plates

collide head on, and their
edges crumbled

Diagram 1.2

2.) Fault-block mountain ranges - these mountains have a steep front

side and a sloping back side, formed by the movement of normal faults.
Tensional forces from these faults uplift large crustal blocks, causing the
Earth's crust to fracture rather than fold. The fractured crust breaks into
blocks or chunks that may move up and down, resulting in stacked
blocks of rock.
a) graben - block that slides down because of gravity that becomes
a valley.
b) horst - crustal blocks that do not slide down.

formed when when faults or

cracks in the earth's crust
force some materials or
blocks of rock up and others
down.

Diagram 1.3

3.) Dome mountain ranges - They are considered as these type of

mountain when domes that have been worn away in places form many
separate peaks. The magma pushes up overlaying rock layers, cools and
forms hardened rock. The rock over the hardenbed magma are warped
upward to form the dome. But the rock layers of the surrounding
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surrounding area remain flat. This type of mountain does not penetrate
the ground when erupting and not accompanied by plate movement.
a) dome - uplifted area created by rising magma.
b) circular mountain range - result from erosion caused by wind
and rain. This erosion occurs from the top since the dome is
higher than its surroundings.

result of a great amount of

melted rock (magma) pushing
its way up under the earth
crust.

Diagram 1.4

4.) Volcanic mountain ranges - they usually have isolated peaks that
formed for over thousands or millions of years. The subduction of a
tectonic plate also gives rise to volcanic mountain ranges along the
edges of another tectonic plate. These are constructed from lava flows,
pyroclasts, and other igneous rocks that piled up over time.
a) hotspots - volcanic mountain ranges may be produced here
which causes the magma to rise up, pushing its way up the
crust.
b) lava - the magma when it breaks through the earth's crust.
c) ash and lava - as these two cools down, this builds a cone of rock.
d) rock and lava - these two piles up, making the top layer.

formed when molten rock

(magma) deep within the
earth, erupts, and piles upon
the surface.

Diagram 1.5

5.) Erosion-formed mountain ranges - they do not form because of

Earth’s internal activity but because of rock erosion or weathering. It
takes a lot of time to change into this kind of formation; mostly found
on hot areas or near the equator

Diagram 1.6
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 Characteristic of Each Type of Mountain

Type of Mountain Characteristics

shield and composite

Volcanic mountain ranges magma rises from asthenosphere and
breaks through the surface of Earth

Fault-block mountain ranges normal faulting and tension

Folded mountain ranges reverse faults and compression

magma rises through the mantle but

Dome mountain ranges
does not break through the surface.

Erosion-formed mountain ranges rock Erosion and weathering.

Examples of Each Type of Mountain

Example of Mountain Type of Mountain

Himalayan Mountains in Asia (formed by

Fold mountains
India crashing into Asia)

The Alps in Europe Fold mountains

The Andes in South America (formed by

the collision of South american
Fold mountains
continental plate and the oceanic Pacific
plate)

The Rocky Mountains in North America

Fold mountain ranges
(Rockies)

The Urals in Asia Fold mountains

The Pyrenees in Europe Fold mountain ranges

The Appalachians in North America Fold mountain ranges

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 Example of Mountain Type of Mountain

The Sierra Nevada mountains in North

Fault block mountains
America

The Harz Mountains in Germany Fault block mountains

The Teton Range of Wyoming in USA Fault block mountain ranges

The Marinduque mountains in the

Fault block mountains
Philippines

Navajo Mts. in Utah Dome mountains

Bear Butte in South Dakota Dome mountains

Half Dome in the Sierra Nevada Range in

Dome mountains
California

The Black Hills in western South Dakota Dome mountain ranges

Mount St. Helens in North America Volcanic mountains

Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines Volcanic mountains

Mount Kea and Mount Loa in Hawaii Volcanic mountains

The Appalachian Plateau in the Eastern

Erosion-formed mountains
United States

NOTE:
“Believe you can, and you're halfway there.”
- Theodore Roosevelt
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 INTRODUCTION TO WAVES (ON THE
REVIEW SPOT NOTES)

Waves - these are disturbances that carries energy.

Types of Waves
1.) Mechanical waves - these type of waves travel through the use of
mediums such as the state of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) as they are
used to propagate.
a) visible light
b) seismic waves

Diagram 2.1

2.) Electromagnetic waves - also known as transverse waves, these

type of waves do not need a medium to propagate.
a) charges
b) lights

Diagram 2.2

Waves according to direction of propagation and

movement of particles
1.) Longitudial waves - the direction of propagation and movement of
particles of this kind of wave are parallel. (compression and extension
movement)

2.) Transverse waves - the direction of propagation and movement of

particles of this kind of wave are perpendicular; separated by a 90°
angle. (up and down)
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 Diagram 2.3

1.) Compression - this part has the largest gap between waves.

2.) Rare function/extension - this part has the the smallest gap
between waves.

Parts of a Wave
1.) Crest - this is the highest point or part of a wave.

2.) Trough - this is the opposite part of the crest. It is the lowest point or
part of a wave.

3.) Amplitude - this refers to the height of a wave between the crest and
the trough.

4.) Wavelength - this is the distance between from one particular part of
a wave.
a) crest to crest
b) trough to trough
c) point to point of a wave

Diagram 2.4

Additional Information
1.) Oscillation - a vibration of moving fields that are separated by a 90°
angle and separated to their propagation.

2.) Frequency - number of oscillations or cycles in a given time.

3.) Electric field - zone or location where charges gives electric force.

4.) Circuit - this is the system where charges travel.

5.) Electricity & magnetism - born out of two separate disciplines.

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 Contributors to the History of Waves

1.) James Clerk Maxwell - was a Scottish

physicist who predicted the evidence of
electromagnetic waves (1862).
Father of Electromagnetic Theory

Date of Birth: June 13, 1831

Date of Death: November 5, 1879

2.) Heinrich Hertz - was a German physicist

who proved the existence of electromagnetic
waves (1887).

Date of Birth: February 22, 1857

Date of Death: January 1, 1894

3.) Hans Christian Oersted - was a Danish

physicist and chemist who proved the
relationship of electricity and magnetism. He
found it by performing a circuit and it led to
the discovery of electric equipments.

Date of Birth: August 14, 1777

Date of Death: March 9, 1851

NOTE:
“The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of
their dreams.”
- Eleanor Roosevelt
___________________
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REVIEW SCIENTIFIC NOTATION PREFIXES

Prefix Symbol Value

Tera T 10¹² (1,000,000,000,000)

Giga G 10⁹ (1,000,000,000)

Mega M 10⁶ (1,000,000)

Kilo K 10³ (1,000)

Hecto H 10² (100)

Delca da 10¹ (10)

Basic unit Basic unit 10⁰ (1)

Deci de/d 10⁻¹ (0.1)

Centi c 10 ⁻² (0.01)

Milli m 10 ⁻³ (0.001)

Micro µ 10⁻⁶ (0.000001)

Nano n 10 ⁻⁹ (0.000000001)

Pico p 10⁻¹² (0.000000000001)

NOTE: Additional information will be on the next page :D

(Embrace challenges as stepping stones to your success)
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 SI distance - meter
a) 1,000 m - 1 km
b) 1,000,000 g - 1 mg
c) 2,000,000,000 m - 2 gm/2,000 m

1 byte
a) 1,000 byte - 1 kbyte
b) 1,000,000 g - 1 mbyte
c) 1,000,000,000 bytes - 1 GB
d) 1 x 10¹² - 1 TB

3 x 10⁸ (scientific notation) - 3,000,000 m/s

Examples
A) Convert the following to scientific notation.
1.) 350 000 000 000 = 3.5 x 10¹¹
2.) 122 500 000 = 1.225 x 10⁸
3.) 160 000 000 000 000 = 1.6 x 10⁻¹⁴
4.) 0.000000000000000026 = 2.6 x 10⁻¹⁷
5.) 0.00000000307 = 3.07 x 10⁻⁹

B) Convert the following to their standard value.

1.) 1.11 x 10¹⁵ = 1,110,000,000,000,000
2.) 121 x 10 ⁵ = 12,100,000
3.) 350 x 10 ¹² = 3,500,000,000,000
4.) 940 x 10 ⁻⁷ = 0.0000094
5.) 600 x 10 ⁻⁹ = 0.000000006

C) Convert the following

1.) 1,000 m → km = 1 km
2.) 350000000s → ms = 35,000,000,000 ms
3.) 760 nm → m = 0.00000076 m
4.) 510 nm → m = 0.00000051 m
5.) 69 m → mm = 69,000 mm

NOTE:
“It always seems impossible until it’s done.”
- Nelson Mandela
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REVIEW ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Electromagnetic waves/radiations - also known as transverse

waves, these are produced by oscillating electric charges, with
magnetic and electric field vibrating perpendicularly with each other
and to the direction of wave propagation.

Diagram 3.1

Wave equation:

V = fλ
☐ Symbols and their definitions
1.) V = velocity
2.) f = frequency
3.) λ = wavelength

continuous range of
divided into regions based
electromagnetic waves
on a certain frequency or
arranged in order of
wavelength interval
frequency or wavelength

Electromagnetic
spectrum

names assigned to these

regions are only for no sharp dividing point
convenience in locationg between one type of wave
the position of the wave in and the next
the spectrum

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 Diagram 3.2

Types of Electromagnetic Waves

1.) Radio waves - longest of all electromagnetic waves and this was
discovered by Heinrich Hertz. This only carries audio fields.
a) Radar (Radio detection and ranging) - detection, weather
forecasting (Doppler radar), military surveillance, traffic control
and for tracking.
b) Wifi (wireless fidelity)
c) Bluetooth
d) RFID (radio frequency identification)
e) UPC (Universal Product Code)
f) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) - view internal parts of body.
g) To reduce cellulite, wrinkles and fine lines and tightening of skin.

2.) Microwaves - these waves are mainly used for communication

mostly for long distance telephone calls before optic fibers and this was
discovered by James Clerk Maxwell. This carries audio and video fields.
a) Send signal for television, video or audio feeds from production
vans to broadcast stations
b) Used for disaster management and mapping.
c) Microwave oven – transfer energy to water molecules in food.
d) Microwave ablation – destroy/shrink tumor.
e) Microwave imaging – monitor progress of treatment in breast
cancer.

3.) Infrared - means below red and this has a lower frequency than the
red part of bisible light. This was discovered by Sir William Herschel in
1800. They cannot be seen by the naked eye but it can be felt as heat.
a) People, places, objects and animals give off infrared radiation
proportional to their temperature.
b) Remote controls for television sets, burglar alarm systems, night
vision cameras, thermometers.
c) Devices are equipped with infrared data association ports for
wireless connection.
d) Heat lamps for treatment of injuries, medical infrared imaging
for diagnosis and prognosis.
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 e) Therapy and rehabilitation

4. Visible light - these are the only waves that can be seen by the naked
eye. This was discovered by Isaac Newton when he refracted white light
with a prism. This is yellow or white in nature.
a) ROYGBV - sequence of colors from longest wavelength to shortest
wavelength.
b) Helps us see objects.
c) Photosynthesis
d) Lightings such as traffic, head, and tail lights.
e) VLC (Visible light communication)
f) LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) -
optical imaging, surgery, endoscopy, and treatment.

5.) Ultraviolet Radiation - this is the region next to visible light and it is
more popularly known as UV, which was discovered by German
physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter.
a) Sun - major source of UV.
b) Stimulates the production of vitamin D in the body.
c) Special lamps also emit UV rays.
d) black light - UV lights more popularly known as, are used to
detect forged bank notes.
☐ makes the security marker ink used in signing bankbooks
visible.
☐ forensic investigations (blood, body fluids, fingerprints, and
footprints)
☐ used to sterilize medical equipment and purify water.
☐ used in pest control and fly traps
☐ used in performances to produce the glow-in-the-dark effect.

6.) X-Rays - sometimes called Roentgen ray because this accidentally

discovered by Conrad Roentgen, a 1901 Nobel Prize awardee.
a) Soft x-rays - lower energy and can penetrate through flesh and
bones.
b) Hard x-rays - higher energy and mainly used in industries.
c) Produced by sun and other stars.
d) Used to detect abnormalities in the skeletal system, airport
security and computer axial tomography (CAT)
e) Diffraction

7.) Gamma rays - these rays are given off by radioative elements such
as cobalt (60) and cesium (137). This was discovered by Paul Villard, a
French chemist and physicist in 1900.
a) Sources - sun, interstellar matter and remnants of supernovae.
b) Detect cracks, sterilize and refine products
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 c) Breed new seed varieties
d) Destroy cancer cells (radiotherapy), external and internal
(brachytherapy)

Three kings of UV rays

1.) UVA - wavelength from 315 to 400 nm, used to treat skin conditions
and accounts for 95% of solar UV reaching earth.

2.) UVB - 280 to 314 nm, filtered by the ozone layer.

3.) UVC - 279 to 60 nm, almost completely absorbed by atmosphere.

Types of Wave Frequency Wavelength

Radiowaves 30 kHz to 3000 MHz 10⁻¹m to 10⁴ m

Microwaves 300 MHz to 300 GHz 10⁻³ m to 10⁻¹ m

Infrared 3 x 10¹¹ Hz to 4 x 10¹⁴ Hz 7.5 x 10⁻⁷ m to 10⁻³ m

Visible Light 4 x 10¹⁴ Hz to 8 x 10¹⁴ Hz 4 x 10⁻⁷ m to 8 x 10⁻⁷ m

Ultraviolet Radiation 8 x 10¹⁴ Hz to 10¹⁷ Hz 6 x 10⁻¹⁰ m to 4 x 10⁻⁷ m

X-Rays 10⁻¹² m to 10⁻⁸ m

Gamma rays 10⁻¹⁴ m to 10⁻¹⁰ m

Wavelengths of the Colors of Lights (Increasing Order)

1.) Red → 790 nm
2.) Orange → 610 nm (d = 180)
3.) Yellow → 590 nm (d = 20)
4.) Green → 550 nm (d = 40)
5.) Blue → 470 nm (d = 80)
6.) Violet → 410 nm (d = 60)

Frequency of the Colors of Lights (Increasing Order)

1.) Red → 4.29 x 10¹⁴ Hz
2.) Orange → 5.00 x 10¹⁴ Hz
3.) Yellow → 5.16 x 10¹⁴ Hz
4.) Green → 5.45 x 10¹⁴ Hz
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 5.) Blue → 6.66 x 10¹⁴ Hz
6.) Violet → 7.50 x 10¹⁴ Hz

The frequency from radio waves to gamma rays INCREASES.

The wavelength from radio waves to gamma rays DECREASES.
Radiowaves and gamma rays are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
because their threads are opposite.
Wavelegth and frequency are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL.
Frequency and energy are DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL.
Energy and wavelength are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL.

☐ What makes up an electromagnetic wave?

a) oscillating electric charges
b) magnetic field
c) electric field

Energy of a wave

E = hf
☐ Symbols and their definitions
1.) E = energy (joules)
2.) h = Planck’s constant (6.63x10⁻³⁴ J.s)
3.) f = frequency (Hz)

Two Types of Electromagnetic Radiation

1.) Ionizing - it has a sufficient energy to induce ionization. This is the
process of removing electrons from neutral atoms.
a) Immediate/delayed effect - exposure to high-level ionizing
radiation may result to.
b) Death/radiate burns - immediate effect.
c) This type of radiation can produce molecular changes that can
lead to damage in biological tissues, including effects on DNA.
d) Cancer or mutation - delayed effects.
e) X-rays and gamma radiation

2.) Non Ionizing - inlcudes the other parts of the electromagnetic

spectrum and poses certain health issues.
a) Radio waves – can interfere with pacemaker
b) Microwaves – can interfere with pacemaker and can cause
cataracts
c) Infrared – causes burns and pain
d) Visible light – eye damage/laser-blindness
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 e) UV - damage the retina and skin cancer

Diagram 3.3

Examples
1.) The wavelength of the red part of the visible light is 760 nm. What is
its frequency and energy?

Given:
λ = 760 nm f = 3 x 10⁸ m/s
v = 3 x 10⁸ m/s
760 x 10⁻⁹ m
f=?
b = 6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J
n = 10⁻⁹ f = 3.95 x 10¹⁴ Hz

760 x 10⁻⁹ m

e = bf
Formula(s):
e = (6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J)(3.95 x 10¹⁴ Hz
V = fλ
f= v e = 2.62 x 10⁻¹⁹ Hz
λ

2.) The wavelength of the violet part of the visible light is 410 nm. What is
its frequency and energy?

Given:
λ = 410 nm f = 3 x 10⁸ m/s
v = 3 x 10⁸ m/s 410 x 10⁻⁹ m
f=?
b = 6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J
n = 10⁻⁹ f = 7.32 x 10¹⁴ Hz

410 x 10⁻⁹ m
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Formula(s):
V = fλ e = bf
f= v
λ e = (6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ J)(7.32 x 10¹⁴ Hz)

e = 4.85 x 10⁻¹⁹ Hz

3.) The station communicates with a plane above the sky. The radiowave
transmission took 3 seconds to reach the plane ang go back to the
station. What is the distance etween the plane and the station?

Given:
t = 3 sec/2 = 15s d = vt
d=?
v = 3 x 10⁸ m/s e = (3 x 10⁸ m/s)(15 s)

e = 4.5 x 10⁸ m

Formula(s):
d = vt
v= d
t

formula for (d) vᵢt + ½ at2

formula for (d) vt

formula for (vᵢ) vᵢ2 + 2ad

formula for (v) vᵢ + at

formula for (d) (vᵢ + v / 2) t

NOTE:
“Don’t watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going.”
- Sam Levenson
___________________
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