TYPES OF

MOUNTAIN
Report on

Types of Mountain

Submitted to
Jowaher Raza (JwR)
Department of
Environmental Science and Management

Submitted By
Rafiqul Islam Noyon
1811122630
Section 17
Table of Contents

Summary 1
Introduction 1
Description 1
Fold Mountains 1
Block Mountains 2
Dome Mountain 2
Volcanic Mountain 3
Other Types of Mountain 3
Conclusion 4
Reference 5
Summary
One feature of the planet that you simply can’t miss are its mountains. But did you recognize there
are differing kinds of mountains? The varied mountain types are formed in several ways, through
tectonic plates crunching into each other, or sliding past one another, or even from magma arising out
of the planet. The mountains are different in their appearance, and in their formation. Mountains are
divided into four main types: up warped, volcanic, fault-block, and folded complex. Up
warped mountains form from pressure under the crust pushing upward into a peak.
Volcanic mountains are formed from eruptions of hot magma from the earth's core.

1. Introduction
The dictionary defines a mountain as that which is ‘higher and steeper than a hill’. A mountain may be
a landform that rises high above the encompassing terrain during a limited area. they're made up of
rocks and earth. Mountains usually have steeps, sloping sides and sharp or slightly rounded ridges and
peaks. Mountains are often rocky and barren. Some have trees growing on their sides and really high
mountains have snow on their peaks. Some common features of mountains include the following: The
summit, or the highest of a mountain, the slope, or side of the mountain; and a really steep valley
between young mountains, referred to as a gorge. Generally, mountains are above 600 meters. Those
not up to 600 meters are called hills.

2. Description

2.1 Types of Mountain

2.1.1 Fold Mountains

Fold Mountains are created where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together. At
these colliding, compressing boundaries, rocks and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops,
hills, mountains, and full mountain ranges. Fold Mountains are created through a process called
orogeny. An orogenic event takes many years to make a fold mountain, but you'll mimic it in seconds.
Cover a table with a tablecloth, or place a rug flat on the ground. Now push the sting of the tablecloth
or rug—wrinkles will develop and fold on top of every other. Fold Mountains are often related to
continental crust. they're created at convergent plate boundaries, sometimes called continental
collision zones or compression zones. Convergent plate boundaries are sites of collisions, where
tectonic plates crash into one another. Compression describes a group of stresses directed at one
point during a rock or rock formation.

 Saka Haphong
 Dumlong Peak
 Mowdok Mual

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Types of Folds
A fold mountain usually displays quite one sort of fold. Anticlines and synclines are the foremost
common up-and-down folds that result from compression. An anticline features a ∩-shape, with the
oldest rocks within the center of the fold. A syncline may be a U-shape, with the youngest rocks within
the center of the fold. Domes and basins are often considered sorts of folds. A dome may be a series
of symmetrical anticlines, roughly shaped like half a sphere. Like an anticline, the oldest rocks during
a dome are found within the center. A basin may be a depression, or dip, within the Earth’s surface.
sort of a syncline, a basin has its youngest rocks in its center.

2.1.2 Block Mountains

When big blocks of rock are broken through faulting, a number of them can get pushed up or down,
thus leading to Block Mountains. Higher blocks are called horsts and troughs are called grabens. Their
size also can be impressive, though they're generally not as big as Fold Mountains because the
method, which generates them, takes place on a smaller scale and involves less pressure. These
mountains form when faults or cracks within the crust force some materials or blocks of rock up et al.
down. rather than the world folding over, the crust fractures. It breaks up into blocks or chunks.
Sometimes these blocks of rock move up and down, as they move apart and blocks of rock find yourself
being stacked on each other. The Sierra Nevada Mountains (an example of Block Mountains), feature
a block 650 km long and 80 km wide. Another exemplar is the Rhine Valley and therefore the Vosges
Mountain in Europe. Rift valleys also can generate Block Mountains, as is that the case within the
Eastern African Rift.

 Tazing Dong Peak 1

 Maithai jama Haphong

2.1.3 Dome Mountain

The interior of the world is hot enough to melt rock, and that’s just what happens. Melted rock
squeezes together into vast pools of magma beneath the bottom. Since it’s less dense than the
encompassing rock, it makes its way upward to the surface. If the magma reaches the surface you get
a volcano with the ash, and therefore the lava and therefore the explosions. However, if the magma
pushes up but doesn’t actually crack through the surface, you'll get a Dome Mountain. Dome
Mountains don’t usually get as high as folded mountains because the force of the magma underneath
doesn’t push hard enough. Over an extended period, the magma cools to become cold, hard rock. The
result's a dome-shaped mountain. Over long periods, erosion wipes away the outer layers of the
mountain, exposing the dome-shaped cooled magma of harder rock.

An example of a dome-shaped mountain is Half Dome within the Sierra Nevada home in California. it's
made from granite, and was an outsized blob of magma pushed up through the world. Granite is far
harder than other rock, then it doesn’t erode as easily because the remainder of the mountain. The

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softer layers of rock were washed away, leaving the hard granite dome. Other dome mountains aren't
very easy to identify. you would like satellite images to ascertain the circular shape within the Earth’s
surface.

2.1.4 Volcanic Mountain

A volcanic mountain starts out as an easy crack within the Earth called a volcanic vent. Magma erupts
out of the bottom as lava flows, clouds of ash, and explosions of rock. This material falls back to Earth
round the vent and piles up around it. Over time a volcanic mountain builds up, with the familiar cone.
There are different sorts of volcanic mountains. Cinder Cone Mountains are made from material
blasted out that rains backtrack. A stratovolcano or composite volcano is formed from many layers of
ash, rock and hardened lava. a number of the most important, most impressive volcanoes within the
world are stratovolcanoes. They don’t usually grow overlarge. Shield volcanoes are built up by many
lava flows of low viscosity lava. The lava can flow for dozens of kilometers, and therefore the volcano
are often very wide.

Types of Volcano
There are three main sorts of volcanoes. Let's check out them so as from smallest to largest. ‘The
smallest sort of volcano is that the cinder cone volcano. Its eruption isn't too dangerous but remains
pretty powerful because it sprays mostly ashes into the air. this sort of volcano are often found in
Mexico among other places. The second-largest sort of volcano is that the composite volcano, or
stratovolcano. One example is Japan's Fuji. These volcanoes have very steep sides, and that they have
violent explosions that might knock your socks off!

Shield volcanoes are very large mountains with flat, sloping sides that are built from hardened lava.
Many of the volcanoes ins Hawaii are shield volcanoes, including Mauna Loa, which is that the largest
volcano within the world that's still ready to erupt. Shield volcanoes usually don't explode with their
eruptions; instead, they slowly and constantly spit out lava.

2.2 Other Types of Mountain

 Plateau Mountains

 Uplifted passive margins

 Hotspot Mountains.

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Plateau Mountains
Geologic forces that lift them up and therefore the wind and rain that wear them down into mesas,
buttes, and canyons sculpt plateaus. Monument Valley and therefore the Grand Canyon, both icons
of the American Southwest, were chiseled from the Colorado Plateau. Plateaus are built over many
years as pieces of crust smash into one another, melt, and gurgle back toward the surface. Some owe
their creation to one process; others are subjected to quite one during different epochs of Earth's
history.

The highest and largest plateau on Earth, the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia, resulted from a collision
between two tectonic plates about 55 million years ago.

Uplifted Passive Margin

A passive margin is that the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere that is not a lively
plate margin. A passive margin forms by sedimentation above an ancient rift, now marked by
transitional lithosphere. Continental rifting creates new ocean basins. Eventually the continental rift
forms a mid-ocean ridge and therefore the locus of extension moves far away from the continent-
ocean boundary. The transition between the continental and oceanic lithosphere that was originally
created by rifting is understood as a passive margin.

Hotspot Mountains
Hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously
hot compared with the encircling mantle. Their position on the surface is independent of tectonic
plate boundaries. There are two hypotheses that decide to explain their origins. One suggests that
hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core–mantle boundary. the
other hypothesis is that lithospheric extension permits the passive rising of melt from shallow depths.
This hypothesis considers the term "hotspot" to be a misnomer, asserting that the mantle source
beneath them is, in fact, not anomalously hot within the least. Well-known examples include
the Hawaii, Iceland and Yellow stone hotspots.

Conclusion
Mountains play a big role in providing water and food supply to the many people within the world.
Mountains cover around 22 percent of the surface of the world and 13 percent of the world’s
population sleep in the mountains. Ninety percent of the world’s mountain inhabitants sleep in
developing countries, where an enormous population live under the poverty level, and one out of
each three individuals experiences the danger of food insecurity.

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References
 http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/mountains/types.h
tm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_types
 https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/main-types-
mountains-earths-ups-downs/

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