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Revisions Revisions Revisions

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Table of Content
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1 . SCOPE
1T 1T 1T 1T ................................................................. 3
2 . REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
1T 1T 1T ........................................................................ 3
1T

3 . DEFINITIONS
1T 1T 1T ................................................................... 4
1T

4 . SAFETY
1T 1T 1T 1T ...................................................................... 4
5 . GENERAL
1T 1T 1T 1T .................................................................... 5
6 . PERSONNEL
1T 1T 1T .................................................................... 5
1T

7 . EQUIPMENT AND PENETRATION MATERIAL ...................................................... 5

1T 1T 1T 1T

8 . TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EXAMINATION ..................................................... 6

1T 1T 1T 1T

9 . LIQUID PENETRATION SENSITIVITY CHECK .......................................................... 6

1T 1T 1T 1T

10 . TECHNIQUE RESTRICTIONS
1T 1T 1T .................................................................. 7
1T

11 . SURFACE CONDITION
1T 1T 1T .................................................................... 7
1T

12 . LIQUID PENETRATION EXAMINATION .................................................................... 7

1T 1T 1T 1T

13 . INTERPRETATION
1T 1T 1T .................................................................... 9
1T

14 . EVALUATION
1T 1T 1T ................................................................... 9
1T

15 . ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA .................................................................. 10

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1T 1T 1T 1T

16 . REPORTING
1T 1T 1T ............................................................... 10
1T

17 . POST CLEANING
1T 1T 1T .................................................................. 10
1T

1 . SCOPE

This procedure details the requirements for detection of surface breaking defects of Non-porous
material and weld metals by liquid penetration test (PT) for shop and field-fabricated piping,
structure

2 . REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
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1) ASME Sec V,
Liquid Penetrates Examination
Article 6
2) ANSI B 31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery piping
3) ASME Sec IX Welding Qualification
4) AWS D1.1 Steel Structural Welding Code
5) ASME Sec VIII Rules for Construction of pressure vessel

3 . DEFINITIONS
• CLIENT : NIOC (National Iranian Oil Company)

• COMPANY : SIPC (Sinopec International Petroleum E & P

Corporation)
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• CONTRACTOR : JPSSK ( JAHANPARS ENGNIEERING &

CONTRUCTION COMPANY & SINOPEC
SERVICE KISH Consortium)

• SUB-CONTRACTOR: The firm / corporation to which the JPSSK may in

turn Sub-contract part of the work subject to prior
approval of the Company

• Work: All temporary and permanent work described in

Contract and Specifications.

4 . SAFETY
4.1 Using of cleaner, penetration and developer shall be in accordance with the manufacturer
recommendations.
4.2 Manufacturer recommendation shall be observed in case of touching the product with skin of
applicants, washing and proper solvent selection.
4.3 Storing of the products shall be done according to manufacturer instruction. Exposing of
products to fire shall be avoided.
4.4 The operator shall wear industrial safety glass while spraying the penetration, solvent and
developer to protect his eyes.
4.5 The operator shall wear proper gloves while applying solvent at pre-cleaning and dust
cleaning stages in order to avoid skin injury.
4.6 The operator shall keep away the PT spray bottles from fire hazard or at places where high
temperature might lead to explosion of spray bottles.
4.7 The operator shall always keep the spray bottles on its special case after completion of job or
during work break.

4.8 The operator shall check the expiry date of penetration material and shall abstain to use
expired material.
4.9 Prior to applying spray bottles, the operator shall ensure proper functioning of nozzles and
shall avoid using spray bottles which are dripping, punctured or in any way defective.
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5 . GENERAL
5.1 Basic Principles
To execute liquid penetration test, first the surface shall be cleaned with proper cleaner. Then
liquid penetration that is usually in red color is applied to the surface of the specimen, and
sufficient time identified as “develop time “is allowed for penetration into surface discontinuities.
After passing the develop time the excess surface penetration is removed. Then, the developer
that is in white color and acts as a blotter, is applied to the surface of the part. The blotting action
of the developer draws the penetration from the discontinuity that appears with high contrast on
the surface of the specimen as an indication.
5.2 Applicable Range
The items which PT may applicable consists of:
(a) Welds bevel inspection (as applicable)
(b) Repair excavations (as applicable)
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(c) Weldments

5.3 Limitations
This method can only be used to detect the discontinuities that are open to the surface such as
cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, lamination and porosity.

6 . PERSONNEL
Non-Destructive testing of qualification welds and production welds shall be performed by
personnel qualified and certified in accordance with one following items :
• SNT-TC-1A (1996): ANSI recommended practice, minimum Level I or approved
equivalent. Interpretation of NDT reports shall be by an ASNT Level II or approved
equivalent.
• BS EN 473 (2008) : qualification and certification of NDT personnel
• CSWIP-ISO-NDT-11/93-R: requirements for employer specific certification of
personnel engaged non destructive testing in accordance with the requirements of
EN 473.
Certification of all NDT personnel shall be done by ASNT level III. This certification shall be made
available to the client.

7 . EQUIPMENT AND PENETRATION MATERIAL

7.1 Penetration Material
A family of liquid penetration material consisting of the cleaner, penetration and developer will be
used by applying the reference codes and manufacturer’s recommendations. Intermixing of
penetration materials from different families and manufacturer’s are not permitted. Either of the
following materials shall be used:
(a) Visible, solvent or water removable liquid penetration comprising a set of dye penetration,
solvent remover and developer, which meets the requirements of ASTM E-165 & E-1220 and
ASME section V article 6.
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All penetration materials should be supplied as ready to use by a well-Known manufacturer.

All penetration material shall have appropriate shelf life.

7.2 Liquid Penetration Comparator Blocks

Liquid penetration comparator blocks shall be as Fig. T-653.2 ASME Section 5 Article 6 paragraph
T-653.2 (1998) (Fig. 1) OR as block EN ISO 3452-3 (Fig. 2). The blocks shall have the valid
quality certificate.
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8 . TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EXAMINATION

The temperature of the penetration and surface of the part to be tested shall be neither below 16º
C
P nor above 52º C throughout the examination period. Where it is not practical to comply with these
P P P

temperatures, alternative procedure matching the environment shall be developed, provided that
the procedure is verified by a qualified Level III. This qualification process will be executed as
outlined in paragraph T-653.3 Article 6 ASME Section V with proper liquid penetration comparator.
Any humidity range may be permitted, but the manufacturer’s recommendation about humidity
range should be contemplated.

9 . LIQUID PENETRATION SENSITIVITY CHECK

The liquid penetration sensitivity check shall be performed periodically on the comparator block.
The check shall adopt the same technique that is employed during works and that shall be
featured by the comparator block showing the same sensitivity for the indications. The client’s
representative can witness the liquid penetration sensitivity check.
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10 . TECHNIQUE RESTRICTIONS

10.1 Intermixing of penetration material from different families or different manufacturers is not
Permitted.

10.2 A retest with water washable penetrations may cause loss of marginal indications due to
contamination.

11 . SURFACE CONDITION

11.1 All surfaces to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 3 Cm. Shall be clean, dry
and free of any dirt, grease, oil, paint, lint, dust, scales, welding flux, weld spatter and other
extraneous matters that could mask surface discontinuities or interfere with the examination.
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11.2 In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when the surface of the part is in the as
welded, Surface preparation by grinding, machining, or other methods may be necessary
where surface irregularities could mask the indications of unacceptable discontinuities.
Liquid penetration test is not allowed to be used on blasted surfaces.

12 . LIQUID PENETRATION EXAMINATION

12.1 Cleaning

The surface to be tested and adjacent areas within 3 Cm shall be thoroughly cleaned with typical
cleaning agents in such a manner that foreign material and contaminants are removed. Typical
cleaning agents are detergent and organic solvents.
Manufacturer's Instructions shall be observed for all applications and techniques.

12.2 Penetration Application

The penetration shall be applied by spraying from an approximate distance of 30 Cm at an angle

about 45º, to the surface being inspected, ensure that the distribution is evenly applied on
complete surface. After applying penetration, excess penetration shall be allowed to drain from
the part, by taking care to penetration on the part, while allowing for proper penetration soak time.
The penetration time (dwell time) is critical and shall be between 5 to 10 minutes as per table T-
672 “minimum dwell time” in Article 6 ASME Section V.

12.3 Excess penetration removal

After the specified penetration time has elapsed, any penetration remaining on the surface shall
be removed, taking care to minimize removal of penetration from discontinuities.

12.3.1 Water washable penetration

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Excess penetration shall be removed with a water spray. The water pressure shall not exceed 50
PSI ( 345 Kpa ) and water temperature shall not exceed 43º C. P P

12.3.2 Solvent removable penetration

Excess penetration shall be removed by wiping with a lint free cloth or absorbent paper, repeating
the operation until most traces of penetration have been removed. The remaining traces shall be
removed by lightly wiping the surface with cloth or absorbent paper moistened with solvent. To
minimize removal of penetration from discontinuities, care shall be taken to avoid the use of
excess solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent, following the application of the penetration and
prior to developing, is prohibited.

12.4 Drying after excess penetration removal

12.4.1 For water washable technique

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The surface may be dried by blotting with clean materials or by circulating air, provided the
temperature of the surface is not raised above 52º C.
P

12.4.2 For the solvent removable technique

The surface may be dried by normal evaporation, blotting, wiping or still air. However, minimum
time for drying depends on temperature and humidity.

12.5 Developing
The developer shall be applied as soon as possible after penetration removal. For visible
penetration, wet developer shall be used. Insufficient coating thickness may not draw the
penetration out of discontinuities and conversely excessive coating thickness may mask
indications. Prior to applying suspension type wet developer to the surface, the developer shall be
thoroughly agitated to ensure adequate dispersion of suspended particles. Developer shall be
applied evenly at 2 or 3 light spraying from the distance of about 30 Cm at an angle of about 45º.

12.5.1 Aqueous developer

Aqueous developer may be applied to either dry or wet surfaces. Drying time may be decreased
by using air, provided that the surface temperature is not raised above 52º C. P P

12.5.2 Non - Aqueous developer

Non-aqueous developer shall be applied only on a dry surface.

12.5.3 Developing time

The developing time for final interpretation begins immediately as soon as the wet developer
coating is dry. The minimum developing time shall be as Table T-672 Article 6 ASME Section V.
The minimum developing time will be 7 minutes.
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13 . INTERPRETATION
Interpretation shall be done during the bleed out process so that the indication may be viewed
before excessive diffusion occurs.

13.1 Final Interpretation

Final interpretation shall be made within 7 to 15 min after the requirements of section 12-5-3 are
satisfied. If bleed-out does not alter the examination results, longer periods are permitted.

If surface to be examined is large enough to produce complete examination within the prescribed
or established time, the examination shall be performed in increments.

13.2 Characterizing Indications

The types of discontinuities are difficult to evaluate if penetration diffuses excessively into the
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developer. If this condition occurs, close observation of the formation of indications during
application of the developer may assist in characterizing and determining the extent of the
indications.

13.3 Visible Penetrations

By visible (color contrast) penetrations, the developer forms a reasonably uniform white coating.
Surface discontinuities are indicated by bleed-out of the penetration, which is normally a deep red
color that stains the developer. Indications with a light pink color may indicate excessive
background making interpretation difficult. A minimum light intensity of 1000 Lux is required to
ensure adequate sensitivity during the examination and evaluation of indications. Bright daylight is
preferred but artificial light with minimum intensity as above can be used alternatively.

14 . EVALUATION
All indications shall be evaluated in terms of acceptance criteria, article 17, of this document.

Discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by bleed-out of penetration and depth of defects is
indicated by speed of bleeding of penetration into developer and richness of color. Tight cracks
may take a few minutes to show up. However, localized surface irregularities due to machining
marks, incomplete bond between base metal and cladding or other surface conditions may
produce false or irrelevant indications.
All indications shall be evaluated on the basis of being either elongated or rounded.

14.1 LINEAR INDICATIONS

Linear indications are those indications, which their length is more than 3 times the width.

14.2 ROUNDED INDICATION

Rounded indication, which are circular or elliptical, are those indications which their length is less
than 3 times the width.
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Note 1- Any questionable or doubtful indication shall be retested to verify whether or not
actual defects are present.

Note 2- Broad areas of fluorescence or pigmentation which could mask indications of

discontinuities are unacceptable, and such areas shall be cleaned and re-examined.

15 . ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

All relevant indications shall be evaluated and its type, position, size and orientation shall be
recorded.

The acceptability of all indications will be interpreted in accordance with the requirements of
referencing codes such as:

 ANSI / ASME B31.3 process piping

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 ASME IX welding qualification

 AWS D1.1 steel structural welding code
 ASME VIII rules for construction of pressure vessel

16 . REPORTING
The liquid penetration test sequence, data’s and results shall be reported on the report format
provided.
All examination result shall be report as per attached format (PIP-008-1)

17 . POST CLEANING
Post cleaning is necessary in those cases where residual penetration or developer could interfere
with subsequent processing or within service requirements. It is practically important where
residual penetration material might combine with other factors in service to create corrosion. A
suitable technique, such as simple water rinse, may be employed.

In case of developer, it is recommended that if post removal is necessary, the same shall be
carried out as promptly as possible after inspection so that it does not fix on the part. Water spray
is generally adequate for water washable penetration, while solvent is used for removing solvent
removable penetration.
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R2
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