PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK Twelfth Edition with foreword by Paul Buthod Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma Eugene F. Megyesy PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC. P.O. Box 35365 + Tulsa, Oklahoma 74153Copyright © by Eugene F. Megyesy Copyright 1972, 1973 by Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval systems — without permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control ‘Number: 2001 130059 ISBN0-914458-213 COPYRIGHT: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001 Printed and bound in the United States of America, NOTE: This new edition of the Pressure Vessel Handbook super- sedes ll previous editions, effective July 1,200] ‘The changes over the previous Eleventh Edition have been made necessary by the revision of Codes, Standards, Specifications, ete FOREWORD Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry ‘are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature in the field of code requirements and design equations, First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the applicable code, Then he must search the literature for techniques, used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company catalogs for use in the design equations. Mr. Megyesy has recognized this ‘problem, For several years he has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational methods, He has been presenting this information first in the form of his “Calculation Form Sheets” and now has put it all together in cone place in the Pressure Vesiel Handbook. 1 believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry and that readers will find it extremely useful. Paul ButhodPREFACE This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas, ‘echnical data, design and construction methods readily available for the designer, detailer, lyoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels. Practical men in tis industry often have difficulty finding the required data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature or advanced studies. The author's aim was to bring together all of the above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form. ‘The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Division T have been utilized as well as those generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the ‘author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice. In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook, rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding, since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category. ‘Allarge part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged. ‘The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor ‘Séndor Kalinszky, Sénos Bodor, Lészl6 Félegyhézy and J6zsef Gyérfi for their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of ‘Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted the author to include material from their publications. ‘The author wishes also to thank all those who helped to improve this new edition by their suggestions and corrections. Suggestions and criticism conceming some errors which may remain in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute 19 the further improvement of this Handbook. Eugene F. MegyesyASME CODE vs. THIS HANDBOOK ‘The ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELCODE- 2001, Sect. VIN,Dis.1 The American Society of Mechanical Engi- nears set up a Commit in 1911 for te Purpose of formulating standard rules for Jheeonstuction of steam boilers and other pressure vessels that wil perform ina safe Sndrelablemanner. ‘The Code comprises these ules. ts seope includes vessels: 1. made ofnonferous materi, castiron, High alloy and carbon steel, 2. made by welding, forging, bracing, nd 5. applying awide variety of consiruction methods and dtl It includes all vessels where the question a sfey is concemed. PRESSURE VESSEL HANDBOOK - 2001, Twelfth Edition ‘The Handbook covers design and con- struction methods of pressure vessels: 1 made of earbon steel, 2. made by welding 3. applying construction methods and details which are the most economical and practical, which arein accordance with the Code rules, and thus gener- ally followed by the industry. ‘The vast majority of the pressure vessels today fall into this category. For construction rules and details which are excluded from the scope of the Hand- bbook, references are made tothe applicable Code paragraphs to avoid neglecting them, “The Code - as itis stated in paragraph UG- 2. — "does not contain rules to cover all Getails of design and construction . .." "where details are not given, it is intended that the Manufacturer... shall provide de- tails of design and construction." Details of design and construction not covered by the Code are offered by the Handbook including: Design of tall cow- ers, wind load, earthquake, vibration, ec- centric load, clastic stability, deflection, combination of stresses, nozzle loads, re= action of supports, lugs, saddles, and rect- angular tanks. "The Code is not @ handbook." "It is not intended that this Section be used as a de- sign handbook’ as itis stated in the Fore- word of the Code. ‘The aim of this Handbook is to be easily handled and consulted, Tables, chars elimi nate the necessity of caleulations, Geom- etry, layout of vessels, piping codes, API storage tanks, standard appurtenances, painting of steel surfaces, weights, mea: Surements, conversion tables, literature, definitions, specification for vessels, de- sign of steel structures, center of gravity, design of welded joints, bolted connec- tions, boiler and pressure vessel laws, chemical resistance of metal, volumes, and surfaces of vessels, provide good service- ability. "The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals, Addenda, which also inchide revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions ‘The Handbook is updated and revised in three years intervals, reflecting the changes ‘of Code rules, new developments in the de- sign and construction method, and in- become mandatory six(6)monthsafterthe | cludes the revisions ofits squress date of issuance, except for boilers and pres- ‘ure vessels contracted for prior tothe end of the 6 month period. (Code Foreword)ae THE ASME CODE ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 ‘An internationally recognized Code published by ‘The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. PRESSURE VESSEL - is a containment of solid, liquid or gaseous material under internal or external pressure, capable of withstanding also various other load- ings, BOILER - is a part of steam generator in which water is converted into steam under pressure, RULES OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - Boiler explosions around the tum of the century made apparent the need for rules governing the design and con- struction of vessels. The first ASME Code was published in 1914 ISSUE TIME - The updated and revised Code is published in three years intervals (2001 and so on). Addenda, which also include revisions to the Code, are pub- lished annually. Revisions and additions become mandatory 6 months after the date of issuance, except for boilers and pressure vessels contracted for prior to the end ofthe 6 month period, (Code Foreword) SCOPE OF THE CODE- The rules of this Division have been formulated on the basis of design principles and construction practices applicable to vessels de- signed for pressures not exceeding 3000 psi. Code U-1(4) ‘Vessels, which are not included in the scope of this Division, may be stamped with the Code U Symbol if they meet alithe applicable requirements of this Divi- sion, Code U-2(g) ‘THE DESIGN METHOD - The Code rules concerning design of pressure parts are based on the maximum stress theory, i.e. elastic failure in a ductile metal vessel occurs when the maximum tensile stress becomes equal tothe yield strength of the material. OTHER COUNTRIES' Codes deviate from each other considerably, mainly be~ cause of differences in the basic allowable design stresses. The ASME Code's regulations may be considered to be at midway between conservative and unconservative design, COMPUTER PROGRAMS - Designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are solely responsible for the application of these programs to their design. (Code, Foreword) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION NOT COVERED - This Division of the Code does not contain rules to cover all details of design and construction. Where complete details are not given, itis intended that the Manufacturer shall provide details which will be as safe as those provided by the rules ofthis Division, Code U-2(e) PARTI PART IL PART IIL PARTIV PARTV CONTENTS Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels . Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels Measures and Weights ... 321 Design of Steel Structures soe 447 ‘MiscellaneousPART L DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL 1 Vessels Under Internal Pressure ... ‘Stressesin Cylindrical Shell, Definitions, Formulas, Pres- sure of Fluid, Pressure-Temperature Ratings of American, Standard Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges. Vessels Under External Pressure ‘Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required Cylindrical Shell, Chart for Determining Thickness of ‘Cylindricaland Spherical Vessels under External Pressure when Constructed of Carbon Stee Design of Tall Towers ind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Becentric Load, Elastic Stability Deflection, Combination, of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate method), Design of Base Ring (ap- ‘proximatemethod), Design of AnchorBoltandBaseRing, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers, Vessel Supports. ‘Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two ‘Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in ‘Vessels Due to Lug Support, Lifting Attachments, Safe Loads for Ropes and Chains. Openings Inspection Openings, Openings witho Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings. Nozzle Loads Reinforcement atthe Junction of Cone to Cylinder Welding of Pressure Vessels .. c ‘Welded Joints, Butt Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal ‘Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols Regulations; Specifications. Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to Various Plate Thisknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liq- tuids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials, Specification forthe Design and Fabrication of Pressure \Vesels, Fabrication Tolerances. 15 31 153 159 170 181DESIGN R 10. Materials oFFosgn Gomis 4 1, Welded Tis. ra 12 Piping Codes. xe 1B, Rectangular Tanks a M. COtEH nse zi 15. Migeetameous Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe ana Engagement, Drill Sint for Pipe Tap, Bend Slog a a ing, Prefredoeton,CommonBorsanura 16, Painingof Stee Suracs 2 IN REFERENCES THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK "CODE" STANDS FOR A BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SE = BOILER, AND PRESSUR {CTION Vill, DIVISION | AN 2001 EDITION B STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS Pressure vessels are subject zo various loadings, which exert stresses of different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and con- struction of the vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) a. Internal or extemal pressure 'b. Weight of the vessel and contents ¢. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, 4. The attachment of internals, vessel supports, lugs, saddles, skirts, legs ©. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations £ Wind pressure and seismic forces {g. Impact reactions due to fluid shock hh, Temperature gradients and differential therinal expansion i. Abnormal pressures caused by deflagration. STRESSES (Code UG-23) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS 'S, = Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materials page 186-190.) 4 Tensile stress ‘The smaller of S, or the value of factor B determined by the procedure described in Code UG 23 (6) (2) . Lingitudinal compressive stress ©. General primary membrane stress induced by any combination of Joadings. Primary membrane stress 155, plus primary bending stress induced Sie Gabor) by combination of loadings, except as provided ind. below. [& General primary membrane stress 1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b, induced by combination of earth- or c. This rule applicable to stresses, quake or wind pressure with other exerted by intemal or external pressure loadings. Seismic force and wind or axial compressive load on a cylinder. pressure need not be considered to | act simulta neously.4 ‘STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL Uniform intemal or external pressure induces i the longitudinal sear two times larger unit stress than in the caeumferental seam because of the geometry ofthe cylinde A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, ete.) are not factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling only. The Code provides the methog of design to meet this requirement, When other loadings are present, these combined [oadings may govern and hewier plate will be required than the plate which was satisfactory to resist the circumferential buckling only’ “Toe compressive stress cue to external pressure and tensile stress due to internal pressure shall be determined by the formulas: mt FORMULAS CX ‘CIRCUMFERENTIAL TONGITUDINAL cD Soin jane har | 2D Sa Sor cr i NOTATION Mean diameter of vessel, inches Internal or external pressure, 3S Longitudinal stress, ps Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi ‘Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance excluded, inches zl EXAMPLE Given = 96inches Po. 15x96 P= ipa 5 BEES sa40 os {> Oasinches 15 x96 oP BES Lao ot au 2 x 0.25 Fortowets under internal pressure and wind Joad the critical height above which compres- sive stress governs caa be approximated by the formula: aoe £2 were H = Cita neigh of owe, INTERNAL PRESSURE |. OPERATING PRESSURE ‘The pressure which is required forthe process, served by the vessel, at which the vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGNPRESSURE ‘The pressure used in the design of a vessel. It is recommended to design a ‘vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psior 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satisfy this requirement. The pressure of the fluid and other contents ofthe vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 for pressure of fluid. 3, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKINGPRESSURE ‘The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be: (@) in corroded condition (b) under the effect of a designated temperature (©) in normal operating position at the top (G under the effect of other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydro- static pressure, et.) which are additive tothe internal pressure. When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the maximum allowable working pressure (MAW) code 3-2, ‘Acommon practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure ‘vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc. See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. ‘The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It means the pressure at which the weakest element of the Vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel: (@) isnot corroded (new) () thesemperature does not affect its strength (room temperature) (cold) and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into consideration. 4, HYDROSTATIC TESTPRESSURE ‘At least 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure ar the design pressure (o-be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine the maximum allowable working pressure. [the stress value of the vessel material atthe design temperature is less than at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased, proportionally. Hydrostatic test shaltINT. PRESS, 16 15 x me lene Se tte Vesiels where the maximum allowable working pressure limited by the flanges, shall be tested at a pressure shown in the table Primary Service saute Rating | 15010] 3001] 4001] 6001] 90016] 1500 | 250015 HiySosate Shel Tort resure 42s_| 1100 [1450 [2175 | 3250 | s400_ [9000 Hydrostatic test of multi-chamber vessels: Code UG-99 (e) ‘A Preumatic test may be used in lea of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 Proof tests to establish maximum allowable Working pressure when the strength of any part of the vessel cannot be computed with satisfactory assurance of safety, prescribed in Code UG-101. 5. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES ‘The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in table on page 189, The maximum allowable compressive stress to be used in the design of cylindrical shells subjected to loading that produce. longitudinal compressive stress in the shell shall be determined according to Code par. UG-23'b, ¢, & d. 6, JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page 172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176+ ‘The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most frequently used types of shell and head, The formulas of cylindrical shell are siven for the longitudinal seam, since usualy this governs, ‘The stress in the girth seam will govern only when the circumferential joint efficiency is Jess than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency, or when besides the internal pressure additional losdings (wind load, reaction of saddles) are causing longitudinal bending or tension. The reason for itis that the stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of the stress in the longitudinal seam, ‘The formulas for the girth seam according pa PR pa —25E TSE + OP R-0n ‘See notation on page 22. NoTES ”is i » FT tf INTERNAL PRESSURE if EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS | |_| DESIGNDATA: E= 1.00, joiaeffciency of seamless. NOTKTION | ee opps din prese a : 6 atc ev | ST gaint B= Stes nie tn Pong pemeormmsivaie lel ae | | $7 gabe arciaatee 5 Sem aa ie. Steet 5: Be shee |e SIEM nag 17> mepind lian pee so SOMES pe Os i amet | Be Biemameyalpocvmines {= SOTA trae altace oy CA! = Comotion tiwance inches a, 0 [2S inches corrosion swan wth estes aida i i ove SBSDESIONDATAABOVE A CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM) ee | an Dame te xinam sloatie t | Determine therequited thickness, ‘working preseure P for 0.500 in. thick A [Prenat Serer een icin ne cnaditon &, ee 0.284 in. ec en oS 95x10 eee 1 Usa the es in the fe sm ie ovring, Se ni 4806x0500 receding page. +04. om in 2 When the wall thickness exceeds one half ofthe nse ae SES SAS Un 0S0in pie 3 5 SEBDESIONDATAABOVE SEEDESIONDATAADOVE SPHERE ang HEMISPHERICAL HEAD aoe ee mee [Et anemeinanaos | Darnbntrneieensense 2SEt ota hemispherical head, working pressure, P for 0.3125 in thick i SSPE ook, roxas : out. | *23<20}000%0.85 02% 00 pa2X20000X085%0.3125 5, elt Fh end to she ie han te eSency . 840203125 SEAS sca 2 Magrath nto Px 1Srmal'besppied a Use 03125in- pate c 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SSE DESIGNDATA ABOVE Co eS Detmin te egoied ies ofa Pesan » - Dette madam ate ~~ ase : Setar Peg ia 4] * a + 0.20 10029525, in, | seamless head, when it is in ted CS WSE=OF Be07 ee y it 2X 20,000 X 10X 0.250 ssi a Te spo ea ie le ema sca gui | 19s Gara inksectak suse Sess 00350 ‘ b= ba Un037Sin ik had20 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION 'P = Design pressure of max. allowable working pressure ps ress value of material psi, page Inside diameter, inches angle, degrees Le Inside radius of di joint efficiency, page 172 ‘Wall thickness, inches R= Inside radius, inghes cA. inches 109 7 = Inside knuekle radius, inches Corrosion allowance, inches ‘One half ofthe included (apex) \ CONE anv CONICAL SECTION ‘“Teosa(SE—O6P)| PD 2SEt cos a D+i2cos a (Code Appendix I 1. The half apex angle, @ not greater than 20° 2 Whenatis greater than 30" special snalysiis required » (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) When Yin = 16% E "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD P: SEL OaaSL FOL ‘When the min, tensile strength of material exceeds 70,000 pai see Code UG-32(e) VALUES OF FACTOR “M™ a it EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA B= Be ees sie acs of ah P= 100 psi design pressure nches inside diameter ‘S = 20,000 psi stress value of 4 required wall thickness, inches SAS15¢70 pate 300 a= 30°One half ofthe apex angle B= 085 cticlony Feperexamined CA. = 0.125 inches coroston allowance Joints * incorroded condition greater with = 1.00, jointefficiency o seamless the corrosion allowance heads SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE 0s 30°= 0.866 Determine the required thickness, | rofa cone 100 96.25 ‘PRUE ,000 X08S-XTO) 978 Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick cone, when the vessel is in new condition, 2X20000X 085X0500X 0856595 sca onasin. | PSPS osooxasos vas | ‘Use 0,500 in, plate (ee pestonpata anove SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE | Lir= 164 | Determine the required thickness, eof a | seamless ASME flanged and dished head. | 0.885 100%96.125 F000 .0=0.1 x 105 025% CA O.125in O55T in, Us20,5625in plate Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.5625 in, thick seamless head, when the vessel is in new condition. a 885 X 96 +0.1 X 0.5625 2 psi SEEDENGNOATRABOVE Knuekleradusr= 6in.Lr= % =16 o73 em be | Determine the required thickness tof a | seamless ASME flanged and dished head. Te] hal ro aas ae) aaoP anal ™]acel |e latent thick seamless bead when the vessel is z in| Incorroded condition. HFT SF ae! al acl Yael Ah aad I ill coc ‘Exz0.000-02 100-7! oa So > m3 20.000 1005625194 ps Lie [.s0] s0|°*hrasl! [us 163 CA pe P96 125 x1.75+02 «0.437514 P fo Ci = Mu pas]? sa sl fr scol fas Phra Shr Use 0.5625 in, min thick head + TARITUR ALLOWED RATIO': L = D+ (ee nave on frag sar) SEEDESEDATAAEOVE Rares aes ae Determinethe maximum allowable working pressure, P for a 0.5625 in, NOTE: When the ratio of Lis greater than 63, fnon-Code construction) the values ofores 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD PD 2ske 29E+18P 1.8 || Determine the required thickness rofa seamless ellipsoidal head 10096 For elipoidal heads, where dhe ratio of the major and rminor tx othr than 2, so Code Appendix I-40 ; ‘ DNOUHDOX TDK TO OE 4c 0.125, D364: ‘Use 0.375 in. min. thick head 2 - INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS DESIGN DATA = 1.00, jointeffcieney ofseamless 100 psi design pressure heads NOTATION {$= 20,000psi stress value of R= 48 inches ouside radius = Joint eiciency, page 172 |” SA 515-70plate@ 500F D= 96 inches outside diameter P= Desig pressure or max, allowable f= Outseraur tes | £ = 085 efficiency of spotexamined 1 = Required wall thickness, inches s sn is of ieril psi, D = Ouse dame, aces joints of shell and! CA. = 01128 inches corrosion allowance 189 PRP Cal = Canoson allowance, inches a | SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘ CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)’ | Determine the required thickness, ¢ | ofa shell i ; a Determine the maximamallowabe t PR SE in | Wotking pressure, P for 0.4375 in. thie Ft, | ‘" SE+04P Pe R Ohi BOOWX0RS-0AXTOH O78 | shell when the vessel isin new condi- 0.125 in, + 204 Se ecnereremeeel spok seagate | PaReon osars 1m pare 6 | Use: 0.4375 in. thiek pate 2. When the wall thicknes exceds one al ofthe inside | ‘adler or P exeets 0385 SE, the formulassivende | || the Code Appendit 1 shall be apled L ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE . ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD | Head furnished without straight flange. | Determine the required thickness, tof | Determine the maximum allowable fn oe |, , hemispherical head. orkigpresute, Por 3135 in shck 1 soe PO P Fy pe 10048 gig, | eas when the vessel isin new aE + OH | | ergmpateneroncr ote | conan | | rer esse a For heads without a sraigh fang, ase the eff i a i SPinebeadto shel janet tele inan the effcensy | 266i. 48-08 X03125, ss ‘ofthe seas inthe head ‘Use: 0.3125 in. min thick head 22. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.356 Ro Percents (0,6 SE the formas given inthe Code Appendix 1.SSshal be pple. c ‘SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.375 in. thick head, when itis in new conditrs 24 INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS EXAMPLES dt THE MAXIMUM ALLOWED RATIO : L-t=D. (Gee note on facing page) UDESIGNDATA Treads NOTATION on [B= 100ps design presare Ro 88 nes ouside ais P = Design pressure or max. allowable a= One half ofthe incloded (apex) | $= 20,000 psi stress value of a= soeonehnifettic eagle orang pressure pa Stele, depres SA Sipe S00 @ = a onehalfortieapexanle ss Whe of sera) a ae > Di tae dpe oats eenorrersamines Regu wal ines, ches = Hin tie, age ca lis ‘ate | 2= P00: jointeiciency ofseamtess _CA. = 0.185 inches corrosion allowance = Ouse radu nebes emotion allowance nc SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE, 7 CONE anv CONICAL SECTION Ce Determine the maximum allowable. Determine the required thickness, ¢ working pressure, P for 0.500 in, thick Sane at cone in new condition, Tea ceroIn| =paowera |p “SORGaxoasnH em : in, | p-2%20000%085%0500%0.866 ee aa 96 ~(085X0.500 0.866) x t 04ST in. Di o_ 1. ‘The half apex angle, a not grester than 30° ‘Use: 0,500 in. thick plate erat ccuiataiee as SG aaemeamed SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ur 168 E ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD Determine the required thickness, tof a a (TORISPHERICAL WEAD) seamless ASME Hanged and dished | Determine the maximum allowable ea working peste, Por 625 nhc ‘When “ie es seamless head, when the vessel is in puc0885X100X96__5 95, | cottoded condition. 20}000% L008 100 5625-0125 =04375 1 O88SPL po SEL | SE+O.8P ‘UseL-oH || 2A cntsin |p 2UOMXLOXOASTS 95 5 ; Osi8in : When “Less Than 16% I Use: 0.5625 in. min. thick head | [SeeDEsIGNDaTa Bow SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE PLM. 2SEt | Knuckle radius r= 6 in, Lir Kauckle radius r= 6 in. L/r= © =16 When the min. tenstestength | tee PLM | po 28 || & of material exceeds 70,000 ps. BERPORUD | P°ME=HH=OD |) | Me=1.75 from table M=1.75 from table, fee Code 06-326) | | Determine he required hickoes ots | nine the maximum allowable ‘VALUES OF FACTOR M [Rea SSS ASME Flanged and dished | working pressure, Pfora 0.3625 in. al asl be] bee ete 10096115 | thick seamless head when the vessel is ae Pal ol eal aaeP al lead Tel eal] | maa lXQIs —onvin | Inconel contin raps] stash eat] loaf Palla] sca apps, | ro fXEAIMRLOX OATS pg ra] = in] haa) hel al> | in be nso) |o.sol lias soll 10d] | eo 5625in min wierd | aol eae 8L gol 4 sel S® 9 ally | NOTE: When the ratfo of Lis greater than 16 , (non-Code construction) the values oF L May be eaeulated by the formula: M='¥@ +i)26 2 INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES a NOTATION ion a DESIGN DATA P_ = Internal or extemal design pressure psi E=joint efficiency P = 300 psi design pressure Essjoint efficiency = Inside ameter of shel, in, @ = 26 in. inside diameter of shell faximum allowable stress value of material, psi $ =17,100 psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate {= Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. }}) = 4/345 in required thickness of seamless shell for pressure. ‘n ee thickness lca Sf corrosion allowance, in. 1, = 0.3125 in. actual thickness of shell (, =Minimum required thickness of seamless shell for pressure, in. | ICKN 4, = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. Aetna be lemeeecascaietameneecemeara a CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS t= dVO13 PSE This formula shall be applied: 1, When d does not exceed 24 in. 2. td is not less than 0.03, nor greater than 0.25 3. The head thickness, 4, is not less than the shell thickness, 1, VCPISE C= 0334/1, © min. = 0.20 Ia value of 4/,ess than 1 is used in ‘calculating tthe shell thicknes shall be D 24min. nor less than 1.251, [heed not be greater than 1 ss, = <1 ths ‘maintained along a distance inwardly from the inside face ofthe head equal to at least ar, bolted flat heads, covers, blind flanges Code UG-34; other types of closures Code UG-35 | Use 1.25 in, head | The ratio of head thickness to the diameter of the shel is satisfactory t= d VOIS PSE = 24 (0:13 x 30077,100x1 = 1.146in. Checking the limitation of 0.052 mw SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 0.243 C= 0.33 = 0.33 ————= 0.26 i 03125 = d (OBE = 24 NO 26x 300/17 T0OKT = 1.620in, Use 1.625 in plate Using thicker plate for shell, lesser thickness will be satisfactory for the head, 0.375 in. 471 in. Use 1.635 in. plate ‘The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 «af, from the inside face of the head EXOT = 6 ina —_ PRESSURE — TEMPERATURE RATINGS || PRESSURE OF FLUID i STATIC HEAD Class 150 Ib. | 300 Ib.|_ 400 1b.| 600 1b.| 900 Ib,|_ 1,500 Ib.| 2,500 Ib] Hydrostatic test, 450 | 1,125] 1,500 2,225] 3,350] 5,575 | 9,275 |[F} The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the yressure, psig | pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or at bottom Pp ) PSS | of the vessel and is due to the height af the fluid above the point at which the Temperature, F [ MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE PSIG) | pressure is considered. =20t0 100 | 285 | 740 | 990 [1,480 | 2,220] 3,705 | 6,170 f, The static head when applicable shall be added to the design pressure of the 200 260 | 675 | 900 | 1,350 | 2,025) 3,375 | 5,625 |p vessel: 400 200 | 635 | 845 | 1,270 | 1,900} 3,170 | 5,280 | pater . 600 140 | 550 | 730 | 1095 | 1640] 2,735 | 4'560 |P | Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch for Different Heads of Water 650 125 535 71S | 1,075 | 1,610] 2,685 | 4,475 ea 700 10 535 710 | 1,065 4,440 4 a pa So RHEE EE eS 750 95 505 | 670 | 1,010 | 1,510} 2,520 | 4,200 D 866 9.53 9S 1039 1082 1126 1169 1212 1256 Pee ee ee Sey | eu Q am aa a 805 | 1,340 | 2,230 XD 2165 BO 252 WIS 2338 2381 2425 2468 25.11 25.55 900 50 | 170 | 230 | 345} SIS) 860 | 1,430 © 2598 2641 2685 2728 27.71 28.14 2858 29.01 2944 29.88 | NOTE: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals .433 pound pressure per square A105 (1) A 350 Gr. LF2 (1) A 350 Gr. LF6 Cl. 1 (4) A216 Gr. WCB (1) Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to A515 Gr. 70 (1) A516 Gr. 70 (1) @) A537 CL.1.@) Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square inch NOTES: (1) Permissible, but not recommended for prolonged use above 800 ° sure, 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 ae pap @) Not to be used over 850 °F, | : pr 9 23 46 69 92 lis 9 162 185 208 (3) Not to be used over 700 °F. 10 231 254 «277 300 323 346 369 393 416 439 | @ Not to be used over 500 °F. 2 42 485 S08 531 S54 517 60 6A? TO | Fangs: ofANSIBIGS sal pot bewedforhigherratingsexcetwheeit || 2 @3 He HS fea Mb BI BI BL Sra Sot is justified by the design methods of the Code. 90 1155 1178" 120.1 1224 1247 1270 1293 1316 1339 1363 Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressed H 1386 1409 182 1455 Lars 1501 1524 1547 1370 1593 ‘as gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated a eae fer fod Here Eaagte neat aiteck acto nd ee shown. mie a % 2079 21022125 2148 217.1 2194 2217 240 2263 2286 emperatures are those on th inside of the pressure-contaning shell of the NOTE: One pound of presqure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water flange. In general, itis the same as that of the contained material Gor Fownbelt Thetatee: to End the foot head of wales for any pressure not Flanged fittings shall be hydrostatically tested, given in the table above, multipy the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309.30 31 For quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various TABLES. materials and at a different degree of radiographic examination. A Stress values at temperature ~20° to $00 °F. SAS3B SA285C SA 515-60 SA 515~ SA 516-60 SA 516-70 BIE, 13,345, 14,535 17,000 100% J. E, 15,700 17,100 20,000. B Ratios of Stress Values 13,343_[14535_[ 15,700 [17,000 _[17,100_[20,000 i345 [ 1.09 118 127 | 1.28 | 1.49 14,535_[ 0.92 = 1.08 iy} das 7137 15,700__[ 0.85 0.92 = 108 [1.09 [1.27 17,000 | 0.79. 0.86 0.93 = 1.01 | 1.18 17,100 | 0.78 0.85 [0.92 0.99) = 17] 20,000 | “0.67 0.73 10.79) 0.85__| 0.86 = ‘Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head ‘materials. ‘Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: | 1. For a wessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required| thickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 Ibs. 2, What plate thickenss will be required, and what will the weight of the vessel be using SAA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination: In case 1. The stress value of the material 17,000 In case 2. The stress value of the material 15,700 ‘The ratio of the two stress values from Table B=1.08 In this proportion the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel will be increased, 0.4426 « 1,08 = 0.4780 in. 12600 x 1.08 = 13608 Ib. EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN PRESSURE ‘When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and stamped with the maximum allowable external working pressure. It is recommended that a suitable margin is provided when establishing the ‘maximum allowable external pressure to allow for pressure variation in service. Code UG-28((). ‘Vessels intended for service under external working pressure of 15 psi and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of this Division are also satisfied. Code UG-28(1). This shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature be- low minus 20°F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code UCS-66(c)(2) or Code UHA-51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact test. Vessels with lap joints: Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket: Code UG-28(i). TEST PRESSURE Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall ‘be subjected to an internal hydrostatic test or when a hydrostatic test is not practicable, to a pneumatic test. Code UG-99(f). Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1% times the difference between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(f). Pneumatic test: Code UG-100. The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for Pressure Vessels Section VII, Div. 1, The charts on pages 42-47 are excerpted from this Code.Cis 32 3B EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION ‘Extomal design pressure, pig. ‘Maximum allowable wordng pressure, ps Outside diameter, in. aioe ‘the lengthy in of vessel section between: 1." circumferential line ona head at one-third the depth ofthe 2, eaangent ne, & jackets '. cone-to-cylinder junction or knuckle-to-cylinder junction of a toriconical head or section, ie + = Minimum required fal tceress in nee: CYLINDRICAL SHELL. Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints is Peso of sci PRR epg mee "SREB Liar = Move horizontally to the line representing D,/1, From the point of intersection move ver= {ieally to determine the value of factor 4. 4, Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43.47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable temperature line*. 5. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B. Compute the maximum allowable working pres- VESSEL 7 sure, Py If the maximum allowable working pressure is t smaller than the design the design ‘the ves. For values of A falling to the left of the applicable température line, the value of P an be calculated by the formula: DAE 3D.) When the value of Do/t is less than 10, the formulas given in the°Code UG-28(0\2) ‘shall be anplied, eed RIN Pe VESSEL WITH STIFFENING RING DESIGN DATA P = 1S pee. external design pressure D, = 96 in, outside diatmeter of the shell Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft. 0 in. = $76 in. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material of shell SA - 285 C plate ‘Temperature 500° F E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ $00 °F (see chart ‘on page 43) Determine the required shell thickness. [Assume a shell thickness: 1 = 0.50 in. (see page 49) Length £= $92 in, length of shell $76 in, and one third of the depth of heads 16 in.) L/D, = 592/96 = 6.17 D,/t= 96/0.5= 192 (00007 from chert (page 42) determined by the procedure described on the facing page. ince the value of is falling tothe left ofthe applicable temperature-line in Fig, CS-2 (pg. 43), P, = 2AE/S(D/1)= 2x 0.00007 x 27,000,000]3 x 192* 6.56 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is smaller than the design pressure P stiffening rings shall be provided. Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, L= 200 in(Length of shell 192 in. plus one third of depth of head 8 in.) L/D,= 200/96 2.08 Do/t= 96/0.5= 192 ‘A= 0,00022 from chart (page 42) {B= 3000 from chart (page 43) determined by the procedure described on facing page. Py = 4B/3(D./1) = 4 x 3000/3 x 192* 20.8 psi. 48-0" Tan-Tan Since the maximum allowable pressure Pe is ageater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. See page 40 for design of stiffening rings. ey=eSHLEINpores 34 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS EXAMPLES NOTATION P= External design pressure psig P= Maximum allowable working pressure psig. D, = Outside diameter of the tead, in Ry = Outside radius of sphere or hemisphereical head, 0.9D, for ellipsoidal heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished head, in. ¢ = Minimum required wall thickness, inches. E__= Modulus of elasticity of material, rei, (page 43) ‘SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD ‘The maximum -—2_ allowable pressure: ”* ~ TR, 77) ‘The value of B shall be determined by the following pro- cedure 1. Asiume the value for 1 and calculate the value of A sing the formula: A=O,125/ Rit (See page49) 5 2. Ener the applicable materia chart (pages 43-47) at the value of A. Move vertically to the applicable teruperatureline.* 3. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of 2. “For values of A falling to the left of the appli- ‘able temperature line, the value of P, ean be eal- culated by the formula:P, = 0.0625EAR,/1)! If the maximum allowable working presture P, com- puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design pressure, a greater value for r must be selected and the design procedure repeated. 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD ‘The required thickness shall be the greater ot the following thicknesses. (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas sven for internal pressure using a design pres- Sure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint efficiency E=1.00. whereR.=0.9 D, and B to be determined as for sphere. "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) ‘The required thickness and maximum allowable pres- sure stall be computed by the procedures given for ellipsoidal heads. (See above) R,maximum=D, cn re DESIGN DATA: P = 15 psig external design pressure 1D, = 96 inches outside diameter of heed Matetial of the head SA-285C plate 00°F design temperature Determine the required head thickness. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘Assume a head thickness: (= 0,25 in, R, = 48.00 i. 4 =0.125/¢48.0010.25)0,00065 rom Fig. CS-2 (page 43) B = 8500 deter facing page. P,, = 8500(48.0010.25) ined by the procedure described on the 44.27 pal Since the maximum allowable working pressure Pg is exceedingly greater than the design pressure P, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory. For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t= 0.1875 in, 48.00 in 0.125/48.000.1875) = 0.0005, (6700, from chart (page 43), P, = BURJ) = 6700256 = ‘Phe assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in, is satisfactory. 2 psi. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) “Assume a head thickness: 1=0.3125in., R,= 0.9 x 96 86.4 in, A= 0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045 100 from chart (page 43), Py = B/(R,/¢)'= 6100/276 = 22.1 psi, Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2) Assume a head thickness: = 0.3125 in., R,*D, = 96 in, A = 0.125)(96/0.3125) = 0.0004 'B = 5200 from chart (page 43), P, = B/(R,/1) = $200/307 = 16.93 psi. Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory.36 37 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS fe i 1 NOTATION 4 = floor deemipedtom {UG0-280 (page 42 B= facior determined from chars (pages 4-47) = prelate ntudes (apex) angle, degrees utside diameter at the large en in. outside diameter atthe mallend, in. modulus of elasticity of maceial (page 43) length of cone, in. (ee page 39) Le = equivalent length of conical section, in(Lay(1+D,) P = external design pressure, psi P, = Maximum allowable working preseur, psi + = minimum required thickness, in. fg. = effective thickness, in. =I cos CONE Ano CONICAL SECTION Seamless o with Butt Joints WHEN aS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 60° and Dy/t, > 10 ‘The maximum alowable pressure: 4B 3Dil,y 1. Assume a value for thickness, f, ‘The values of B shall be determined by the folowing procedure: 2, Determine ,,Z,, and the ratios L,/D} and Dit, Enter chart G (page 42) at the value of L/ D,(LiD,) (Enter at 50 when L/D, is greater tan 50} Move horizontally tothe ine rep- resenting Di/t, From the point of inter- section move vertically and read the value of A 4. Enter the applicable material chart at the value of A* and move vertically to the line of applicable temperature. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B 5. Compute the maximum allowable working pressure, P,, Pam If P, is smaller than the design pressure, the design, the design procedure must be repeated increasing the thickness or decreasing L by using of stiffening rings. ‘For values of A falling tothe left ofthe appi- ‘able line the value of P can be calculated by the formula: P, = 2AE/3(D iit.) For cones having D /t- ratio smaller than 10, see Code UG-33 (0(0) WHENG IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘The thickness of the cones shall be the same as the required thickness for a flat head, the diameter of which equals the largest outside ameter of the cone. Provide adequate reinforcing of the cone-to- coninder juncture. See page 159 EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA P = 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C plate 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD Din sein ae2Bséepes Dz ad Deter he ue hts, t ‘| Lena E=t Dyanna 188, ay bin Isms head iene (03128 2 RSfewaroaus 909 = om Loa op = teas = 990 ~ 5 my ies cb Dass senas | P| 3. A'=0,00037 (from chart, page 42) 44, B=5,200 (from chart, page 43) 45 4x52 yg ps 5. Pa HD) 3333) bes Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness i satisfactory. CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) Di =144in. Dy =96in. a =30des, Determine the required thickness, Length, L=[W-Dy/Ytana =24/.5774=41.6 in. 96 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 in, 2. ty wf cosam0.375 x 0.866 =0.324 Le=(L/\(t + D/D, (1+ 96/144) = 34.67 L/D; =34.61/144=02 Di/ty = 144/0,324= 448 3. A =0,00065 (from chart, page 42) 4, B=8,600 (from chart, page 43) ; 4B. 44x 8600 Pe 3D ~ Fx M4032) = 25.8 psi. Se a cence ee eee P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory. EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN @ IS GREATER THAN 60° ‘ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADSirae 38 39 NOTES EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS ar FA Use L in caleuation as shown when the strength of joints f cone to cylin- 1 der does not meet the requirements — Aeseribed on pages 163-169 It will result the thickness for the cone not Jess than the minimum required thick- ‘ness forthe joining cylindrical shell. ri Use L in calculation as shown when the strength of joints of cone 1 cylin- der meets the requirements described (on pages 163-1694 “0 EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS NOTATION DESIGN DATA: + Factor determined rom the char (pge 42) forthe materia used in P= IS pec enteral design presse OF ng gn (0 42) rhe meri sd in te 6 in outside diameter ofthe shel A, = Cross sectional area ofthe stiffening ring, sq. i, D, = Outside Diameter of shell, in, Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43) ~ Required moment of inertia ofthe sffening rng about its neutral to the axis of the shel, in‘, r, = Required moment of ierta ofthe stiffening ring combined with the shell section which s taken as contributing tothe moment of inertia, The width of the shell section 1.10 "Dyin The sum of one-alf ofthe distances on both sides of the sifening rng from the centerline ofthe rng tothe (1) new stiffening ring, (2) othe hea line at ° dep, (3) to @ jacket connection, or (4) to cone-o-eyinder junction, in. ternal design pressure, psi inimum required wal thickness of shel, in. r I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine is eros sectional area A UL Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between jacketed section, cone-o-shell junction, or head line at 4 ofits depth and determine dimension, i, IIL. Caleulate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of the ring combined wit the shell section (see page 85). IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumforential stiffening ring shall not be less than determined by one ofthe following formulas: p= Diba liraltya = DibstitA/L)A ‘The value of shall be determined by the following procedure: 1. Calculate factor B using the formula: mle, 2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages43 -47) atthe value of B and move horizontally tothe curve of design temperature, When the value of Bs less than 2500, 4 can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E, 3. From the intersection point move vertically tothe bottom ofthe chartand read the value of. 4, Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above. Ifthe moment of inertia of thering or the ring combined withthe shell section is greater than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening ofthe shells satisfactory. Otherwise stiffening ring with larger mement of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings shall be increased, Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f) Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 47 ft. 8 in. = 572i. Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material ofthe stiffening ring SA-36 Temperature 500% E = Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi, @ SOO*F (See chart on paged3) 1 = 0,500 in thickness of hell ; oe & 1. Amangle of 6x 4s selected Ey 4, 73.0359. i0. =} 1, Using 2 stiffening rings equally Spaced between one-third the = lepths of heads (see figure), 2 LE is6in: a IIL The moment of inertia ofthe ’ | eas é SL. Thevalue of Factor B: 5 ~ B=% (PD t+ A/L I= § (15x96/05+3.03/196)) =2095 2. Since the value of Bis less than 2500, A=2B/E= ~ 2x2095/27,000,000 = 0.00015 IV. The required moment of inertia: [Do?hs(t + Ag/Ly) A) _ 96? 196x (0.5 + 3.03 / 196) x 0.00015, © 1" Since the required moment of inertia (9,97 in‘) is smaller than the moment of inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in.) the vessel is adequately stiffened. Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling, This should be considered in addition to the required moment of inertia See pages 95-97 for stiffening ring calculations.ang ssajumg { OL -901-VS wrapy{ HVS s8t-¥S vas ssoiums (Sop adc “aseg-vs mov ses Seee-vs sree pon Avanbous ou Suyoloy ay Huojoq fa0Roteo Ho, sono pur sd OoOoE MUONS oads oun put [aes uogaes Jo polonusuod 2 yascen ayy dn >yqea|dde are eyo ax) JO F90]08 90, SMASSAd TWNUALXA YAGNA STASSAA HOU SVTAWOA NI agsA. @ MOLVA AO SHIVA IHL BIOHK v wosava ’ secose cz eerose cc g5ez 3266 ovat Rees e835 cost E55 wy 228 7 gees ae i335 0 Beia Q cox s2a2Q 225s 3 coe SSE RB coe /[REEE oom yao ooo'es BBS ceo Q56 coo eae THE VALUES OF FACTOR A USED IN FORMULAS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE. 2 88a g2e2e 82222 238 a ag Sage es een e Ree" eggeRR §(061 280d wo ¢ o1901) (91¢ adKy, “oW-ING-UD8I) [oars opMtarsME Jo poronnsuod st jassoA amp uaYM a]qeo4|dde axe Lueyo aui Jo sonjEA ouL ‘RAIASSAUA TVNAGLNA AIGNN STASSAA YO SVINWAO NI GasN @ YOLOVA AO SANTVA FHL VuOLva cosne 2 sero ec sacosy et secosy et ‘out aimyesoduroy ayy Jo puo zoddn ‘am Jo uonsoroud jeuozioy ou YpIK UOHODsTONU tue oumsse ‘oury smaezduray og7 Jo pue qt Jo 1yaL1 qf 0} sifey V JO anyea ayy aay 8969 UI =LLON @ YOLOVA (061 982d uo | 21921) (oe 2444, 18-4981) fos omuarsne jo poronzsu0> s)J9sson ayn Hoy alqeodde axe E49 4 JO SONTEA SL UNSSAUd TNNALXA YANN STASSIA YOM SV'INAWOA NI GBS @ HOLOVA JO SAN'IVA THL VUOIOVE ' w 0 10000" cose OES coset “eecosy ce tose owe 20178003 ore rere) coo 901 FUE = 3 00s owe ‘our amyesoduisy ayp yo pus seddn auf Jo uonomord jeruozyi0y ay EM uoND9sIONU @ MOLVA obo cova coone ‘ue oumese ‘eunj emqosoduray amp yo pus ax Jo 24812 2if 01 sey Y Jo an|BA ayy auaym sasvo UT 2aALON. Py rd(061 982d wo pa1qe1) (az 1¢ puw T91¢ Sed; “wogse> xem. £0°0-OW-IN8-¥OR1) [o01s ap}uansne yo paronnsuod s} [aston a4 Uay 9/GBoH dae 976 WetD ay J0 SANTEA Ag AUASSTd TNUGLXG YAANA STASSIA YOI SV TANS NI GIA. @ UOLOVA AO SAN TVA FHL v woLova ' wo wor a ove 28% flee Bre) SESE ome PVH OL Sot a vos = 3 sete cose nol * 08% = 3 Bia8 * fest” SEEg Bows ge88 8 Lae £eg3 2 or FLEE BE> BSS cou 28s con gee me = (061 980d uo z a1qea) (1H0¢ 9K, ‘Hoge IN8-4O81) 19018 onuaysno Jo paronnsuod st J2sseA axp ways a1quor|dde axe LeY> OU Jo SOUVEA Lg ‘SRINSSMd TYNUALXA YIUNN STASSIA AOI SVIAWUOA NI Gasn @ MOLVA JO SANTVA AHL ‘ew £0 vuo1ova ' : o i = rrr GEES om Lots 3238 LYRCR oe 3 bees oof : Sete) B2E Fone ite FS28 000 geek gire Eo PEE 2 9 ows bade 3 BREE &. woe gis 2 BEER © ows BF> BRE ot che mi bene |= 49 — —_* EXTERNAL PRESSURE CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF STIFFENING RINGS FORMED HEADS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM LOCATION Stifening rings may be placed on te inside or outside ofa vse, Using the charts, trials with different assumed thicknesses can be avoided “The charts has been developed in accordance with the design method of ASME siare or mses Bactcaeevi Soackt The tings may be of rectangular or any other sections a CONSTRUCTION It is preferable to use plates in constructing a compositeaection stiffentr ring, rather than using standard structural shapes, The reason for this ies not caly it the difficulties of rolling heavy structural shapes, but also because of the neces. sity to adjust th rng to the curvature ofthe shel. For large diameter vessels De maximum permissible out of roundness can result ine | ~ 2 inch gap between ‘he shell andthe ring. This canbe eliminated ifthe vertical member ofthe rng is cat out of the plate in sections, ‘The sections can be flame cut, instead of rolled and then buttowelded together in place 2 DRAIN AND VENT 2 Stiffener sings placed in the inside of horizontal shells have a hole or gap at the 5 bottom for drainage and at the top for vent. Practically one half of 23 inch 2 diameter hole atthe bottom and {inch diameter hole atthe topis satisfactory E and does not affect the stress conditions. Figure A. 3 For the maximum sre of shell left unsupported because of gap in stiffening 2 ring, see Code Figure UG.29.2. 8 WELDING 3 ‘According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to the 2 shell by continuous or intermittent welding, The total length of intermittent : Welding on each sie ofthe stiffener ring shal be: - 1. for sings on the outside, not les than one half the outside circumference of the vesel 2, for rings onthe inside of the vessel, not less than one third ofthe circum ference ofthe vesel Where corrosion allowance is to be provided, the stiffening ring shall be attached to the shel with continous fillet or seal Weld, ASME, Code (UG.30,) tit i R= INSIDE RADIUS OF HEAD. IN. Max. Spacing o 121 internal ing 1a 20 30 40060 70 €0. 90 100 110 129 100 190 180 160 170 180 190 200 8 t for external ring SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive) To find the required head thickness 1, Determine R, 2. Enter the chart atthe value of R, 3, Move vertically to temperature in, 4, Move horizontally and read t. {= Requiced head thicknes, in. R__ = For hemispherical heas, the inside cadivs, in igure Figure ene oro ae For 2:1 ellipsoidal heads 0.9xDo are RINGS OUTSIDE "x 3" Ig fillet weld on 6” ctrs, For flanged and dished heads, the inside crown radius, in. Rng RINGS INSIDE. 46" x2" Ig. fillet weld on 6” ctrs. Do Gutside diameter of the head. in, ‘The fet wel egsze shall be not les than te smallest of the folowing: 1/4,50 SI CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM Dolt LENGTH OF SHELL OR SECTION, I. Le Delt PRP AR ARERR ER DDD Spas PPAR ER EE REQUIRED SHELL THICKNESS, IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 psi, inclusive) To find the required shell thickness: Enter lower chart (facing page) at the value of L Move horizontally to curves representing Do Move vertically to temperature line Move horizontally and read Dojt Enter chart above at the value of Do/t Move horizontally to curve D Move vertically down and read the value of t NOTATION ‘Required shel thickness, io Outside diameter of sel a Length of the vessel or veil section taken af the largest ofthe following 1 Distance between the tangent liner of the heads pls one third ofthe depth of the Reads If stifening rings are not ure, in. 3, The greater distance between any tWo akjocnt stiffening sags, i 3, The distance from te center of the fst stiffening rng to the head tangent line plus ons third af the head depth a. . ee : * TT . f e = Cbd . CYLINDRICAL SHELL (See facing page for explanation) Ju “Based on New ASME Code Addenda -. Chart Finds Vest Thickness,” {OGAHGON PROCESSING, $5 No.5, May 1976 p 217 P, Ju “A Simplified Approach to... Proture Vetsl Head Design,” HYDROCAR- SROCESSING, 35 No. 11; November 1976 268, Copyrighted Gulf Publishing Co. Houston. Used with permission.arr 2 = DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD ‘The computation of wind load is based on Standard ANSUASCE 7-95, approved 1996. ‘The basic'Wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following pages. ‘The basic wind speed is 105 mph. in Hawaii and 125 mph, in Puerto Rico. ‘The minimum design wind pressure shall not be less than 10 Ib./sq. f. When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed shall be applied. “The wind pressure on the projected ares ofa cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the following formula. ” F = q,G Cry Table6-1 ANSVASCE 7-95 STANDARD (Numbers of tables and paragraphs are references to this Standard.) (DxH) Projected area of tower, 842 LL pei of tower considered outside diameter of tower, Shape factor= 0.6 for eylindrcal tower (Table 6-7) Gust response factor= (Gy & Gy* (Pat. 6.6) ‘When the tower is located: in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B 0.8; in open terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure 0.85; in flat, unobstructed areas, Exposure D 0.85, ‘Velocity pressure at height z above ground, Ib/sq, i. 0.00056) KK ¥? [ Iblsq A (Table 6-1) Design Wind Force, Ib, LL importance factor = 1.0 for structures that on projected area of present low hazard to human life in event tower. (Para. 6.2) of failure (Para. 6.2). Wind speed, mph, (Map 6-1) ‘Topographic factor = 1.0 when wind speed-up ‘over hills and escarpment is not present. (Para. 6.5.5) Velocity Pressure, Exposure Coefficient* Exposures 8, C & D (Table 6-3) * See tables below for values of g and for combined values, of Gy Ge, and K, in Exposures B, C, and D. VELOCITY PRESSURE, ¢ Basie wind speed, mph, 7 WO] % [100 [110 [120 [30 Velocity Pressure pst0.00mse7=g | | 7] af *| a] 7| # 3 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD (Continued) CORFFICIENT G CGertrerpont tn in with Exposure Coefficient) HEIGHT Above Ground, ft. | EXPOSURES | _EXPOSUREC | _ExPOsURED ois "06 i a 07 iz 15 __ Og 13 16 - = “09 ia —ar 10 ~as 18 Ld 16 ais) ar 7 20 aa 19) 2 16 20 32 19 23 24 ‘The area of caged ladder may be approximated as I sq.ft. per lineal ft. Projecte'area of platform 8 sq. f. Users of vessels usually specify wind pressure for manufacturers without reference to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 Ib. per sq.ft. This specified pres- sure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel. ‘The total pressure on'a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected area of the tower. With good arrangement of the equipment, the exposed area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the vapor line. EXAMPLE: Determine the wind load, F DESIGN DATA: ‘the wind speed, ¥ = 00mph diameter of tower, D = 68 height of tower, = soft the tower located in flat, | unobstructed area, exposure: D ‘The wind load, F=g, xG x Cy Ay 4 from table = 26 psf G from table 18 Shape factor = 08 Area, A= DH= 6 x 80= 480 59. ft. F=26 X18 x08 x480= 17,971 Ibs: 33 MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (alles per hour) MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (miles per hour) Alaska Note: For coastal areas and Islande, se nearest contour pci! Wing Raion Population Contor Location Notes: : 1, Values are 3-second gust epe above ground for Exposure © esociated with ‘an annual probability of 0.02. Interpolation between wind speed contours Ie permit- ANSUAASCE STANDARD 7+ Courtesy of American Society of CiDESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD ‘Computation of wind load as alternate method based on standard ASA AS8.1-1955. ‘This standard is obsolete but still used in some codes and foreign counties. “The wind pressure at 30 A. level above ground for the United States is shown on the map on the facing page. The table below gives the wind pressures for various heights above ground for the areas indicated by the map. ‘WIND PRESSURE P, WHEN THE HORIZONTAL CROSS SECTION SGUARE ORRECTANGULARE| itnoso HEIGHT MAP AREAS wen the horizontal rose see ZONE f. {30 Tas [30 [35 [40 [45 [50 | tion is hexagonal or octagonal less than 30] 15 [ 20 | 25 [2s | 30] 35 ] 40] andwith 0.60 when the horizon- Sai0 ad _fao- [2550 L 35 [ao [as PSO] sl eros sectints circular orc 301099 _|25.[ 30 | 40 [as | 50-35] | 10010499 }30 | 40 | 45 | 35 | @ | 7 | 75 EXAMPLE: ind the wind pressure Py from map, ‘The vessel is intended to operate iz. Oklahoma, which is in the wind pressure map area ‘marked 30. In this map area the wind pressures for various height zones are: In the height zone less than 30.8, 25 Ib. persq ft Inthe height zone from 30-49, 301. persg. ft For a cylindrical tower these values shall be multiplied by shape factor 0.6, then the wind pressure in different zones will be 15 and 18 1b, per sq, ft. respectively If many pieces of equipment are attached to the tower itis advicable to increase the shape factor (according to Brownell) up to 0.85 for a cylindrical vessel Users of vessels usually specify the wind pressure for manufacturers without refer- ence to height zones or map areas. For example: 30 1b. per sq.ft. This specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel Relation between wind pressure and wind velocity, when the horizontal cross section is circular, is given by the formula: Py =0.0025 x Hy? where Py = wind pressure Ib, per sq. ft ¥, = wind velocity mph EXAMPLE: Wind of 100 mph velocity exerts a pressure: Py = 0.0025 x Vy ?= 25 Ibs. per sq.ft. pressure on the projected area of a cylindrical vessel at a height of 30 feet above ground, ‘The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected area of the tower. With a good arrangement of equipment the exposed area of the wind ccan be reduced comsiderably. For example, by locating the ladder 90 degrees from the vapor line. 37 MAP OF WIND PRESSURE, I bsfiiiinatiny La _ ai ‘The map based on the records of the United States Weather Bureau and developed by the National Bureau of Standards.59 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS pee WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL Cy FORMULAS, ERED weight of the vessel results compressive stress ony when eecantiity dots not SHEAR Moment [srniss|rmicuntes ni 'and the fesltant fore. conedes with the ant ofthe vase. Usally the EnoaeR Sompretsion duc to the weit i insignificant and isnot controling. y= PDotly iy e_ospp s-BE| ‘The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows: r= M—bdV-0P.Ding) Rt |. Erection weight, which includes the weight of the: te = 100-4" — 0 4 “Top of Ladder NOTATION Dyds = With ofthe vesel vith ulation ee... BUT einen ofthe wold jon dike Lever am, sted fot tte otto der comin, of Yerul or vee ecton Maximum moment (tte tse) fb Moat ae hy nd pressure, 1. pers ® ‘Monn faci of vee, i $= Ste ae of mati rata ses ps ‘oul sea = Reguied tickaess, corrosion excluded, i. EXAMPLE: Givens Dy = $07 Dr = 34" Hy = 56-0" Hy Beebo" Bos dope Detesnne the wind moment hp Myke DB hy = Hy + Hy POD He RI Lower Section Upper Selion 30X34 = 3,960 x 78 Teal v= To,se0 Moment the boom tangent tine Myo Mg = OS BaD hy) = 497,040 ~ 4 (10,680 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 4 x 4) = 455,280 fh “or WK 4x 56 = 6700 x 28 = 357,000, EXAMPLE Gives: Dy =3..6in, PL = pt Determine the wind moment hy =H = SO On xD, xH= Vxh= M Vessel 35x 3.5 x 100 = 10,500 x 50 Ladder 30 % 98 tin f 2,340 = 49 = 148,060 Platform 30 % Blin. ft 240 x 96 = _23,040 Total v= 13,680 Mm = 692,100 ‘Moment atthe botiom tangent line 1) My, = M~ hy(V ~ OSB, D; hr) (692,100 ~ 4 (13,680 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 3.5 x 4) = 638,220 i SEE EXAMPLES FOR COMBINED LOADS ON PAGE: 69 1. shell Equipments: 2. heads 3. internal plate work 13, insulation 4 try 14. fireproofing 5. insul 15. platform 6. openings 16. ladder 7. skirt 17. piping 8. base ring 18, miscellaneous 9. anchor ring 10, anchor lugs 1, miscellaneous 12) + 6% of the weight of items 1 through 11 for overweight of the plates and weight added by the weldings Erection weight: the sum of items 1 through 18. 1B, Operating weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2 trays 3. operating fquid . Test weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2. test water ‘The compressive stress due to the weight given by: s= nit ste, pst f WE weight of vessel above the section under consideration, 1b. ¢ = circumference of shell or skirt on the mean diameter, in. thickness ofthe shell or skit, i. ‘The weight of different veisel elements ae given in tables beginning on page 37461 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS VIBRATION ‘As a result of wind, fall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration should be limited, since large natural periods of vibration can lead to fatigue failure. The allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible deflection. ‘The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook since the trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising of this problem. FORMULAS Period of Vibration: sec. T= o.000026s (f° Maximum Allowable Period of Vibration, 7 sec. 7,-0.80-V %, NOTATION = Outside diameter of vessel, ft. = Length of vessel including skit, 32.2 0 persee, squared, acceleration “Thickness of skirt atthe base, i. otal shear, Ib. CH, see page 61 Weight of tower, Ib. = Weight of tower per foot of height, Ib. eeyrk RO DESIGNOF TALL TOWERS SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of @ cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end. ‘The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1997 (UBC). FORMULAS. MOMENT oo Me [FX H+ (V-F)X QHD) ts Ry | MTF, XX] forks /, pond y My ee F,)X HB) TT Base Shear 4 The base shear is the total horizontal seismic shear at the base of a tower. The triangular loading pattern and the shape of the tower shear diagram due to that load- (Seismic Loading Diagram ing are shown in Fig, (a) and (6). A portion of F, of total horizontal seismic force Wis assumed to be applied at the top ofthe tower. The remainder of the base shear is A thus My (Fy X+ WF) (OC- HB) I= [330 x 96 + (4,296 -330) (100-33) ]= 281,138 Ib67 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ECCENTRIC LOAD Design of Tall Towers ELASTIC STABILITY ‘Towers and their interna! equipment are usually symmetrical around the vertical axis and cus the weight of the vessel sets up compressive stress only. Equipment attached to the vessel on the outside can cause unsymmetrical distribution of the loading due to the weight and result in bending stress. This unsymmetrical arrange- rment of small equipment, pipes and openings may be neglected, but the bending stresses exerted by heavy equipment are additional to the bending stresses resulting rom wind oF seismic load, wR” Sle x 152 x 025 When there is more then one eccentric load, the moments shall be summarized, taking the resultant of all eccentric loads. ‘A tower under axial compression may fallin two ways because of instability: 1, By buckling of the whole vessel (Euler buckling) 2. By local buckling In thin-walled vessels (when the thickness of the shell js less than one-tenth of the inside radius) local buckling may occur at @ unit load less than that required to cause failure of the whole vessel. The out of roundness of the shell is a very significant factor in the resulting istability. The formulas for investigation of elastic stability are given in this Handbook, developed by Wilson and Newmark. Elements of the vessel which are primarily used for other purposes (tray supports, downcomer bars) may be considered also as stiffeners against buckling if closely spaced. Longitudinal stiffeners increase the rigidity of the tower more effectively than circumferential stiffeners, If the rings age not continuous around the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined in the Code UG-29 ( FORMULAS ALLOWABLE STRESS (5) Withaar Suffer with Safer $= 1,500,000 ebyietd point) | s=1:500.000 V7, (23 veld) ‘NOTATIONS; essa es fon lal ns = Grou sectional area of one cetnrenal stifles Distance beweon login sifeer, in Disiance betwee creumferental sient, in Mean rs oe yen Allonable compressive Se, ps = Taskness of sel in 4 z ? g te FORMULAS : REQUIRED WouENT | staess | REQUIRE 7 we we | 1 ee | Sona Base | NOTATION = Bromus dtc fom the ove ais center of fees | a = Etre of weet ons fa Moan of cen font, 8. B= Mem rio of ene S$ © Sten sae of manny attending ss, ps 3 {= Totnes yee xing conn owas Wy = Besson EXAMPLE Given: € 4 01m, Deteine moment, M, and ses, S. k= 1sin Moment, = We = 1000 x 4 ™ 4000 1 5 025in oo > ! < 1000 W Stow gw XE any ag. Toe egies fhe sl when logy 08 © stoned 3 sea Ae The equines of sal hen ctl i Nien EXAMPLE Given: R= JB ja, Determine the allowable compressive ses (S) coasts : 150,000 F 1,500,000 «0.25 39 35 pi Give: Ay = 159. in R cy 4 in Determine the allowable compressive stress (S) using Longitudinal, stiffener stiffener rings fee sed there op = 1800.00 eo 1 = 1 = 0.25 in a 1 gaitage 1500.000 EFT m 22.438 PSL = 0.25 + 0.04 = 0.29 " Reference: Wilson, W. M., and Newmnark N, Mi: The Strength of Thin Cylindrical Shells as Columns, Eng. Exp. Sta. Univ I bull. 255, 1933.DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DEFLECTION ‘Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 inches per 100 feet of height. The Weflection: due to the wind load may be calculated by using the formula for uniformly loaded cantilever beam. a FORMULA hyn PDH ODHY Ast SET \ hy NOTATIONS ‘hi yy = Maximum deflection a the opin ) DY = Wath ot the over wth inulin, \P |u| 2! = Modus of ease, psi Hr Length of vessel, ied si, TT Rete momento neta fx hia india shel (wen 10) 2 Mean aus ofthe tov, in fo Thickness of ek in b= Wind pressure, pat EXAMPLE Determine the maximum defection: dy, PD (aH eer . 30 x25 x 4802 x49) = §°% 30,000,000 x 123 x 3.14 x 0.3125 4 69 in, Since te actual deflection does not exceed this limit, the designed thickness of the skirt is satisfactory [A method Tor calculating deflection, when the thickness of the Tower fe not com] Slant, piven by S. §. Tang: “Short Cut Method for Calculating Tower Deflection Hydrocarbon Processing November 1968. DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS COMBINATION OF STRESSES ‘The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in combination to establish the governing stresses. Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), internal pressure and weight of ‘Stress Condition At leeward side ~ Stress due to wind + Stress due to int, press. = Stress due to weight 4 Stress due to wind + Stress due to int. press. — Stress due to weight Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), external pressure and weight of the vessel: Stress Condition At leeward side — Stress due to wind — Stress due to ext. press = Stress due to weight At windward side + Stress due to wind ~ Stress due to ext. press — Stress due to weight ‘The positive signs denote tension and the negative signs denote compression. The summation of the stresses indicate whether tension or compression is governing. It is assumed that wind and earthquake loads do not occur simultaneously, thus the tower should be designed for either wind or earthquake load whichever is greater. Bending stress caused by excentricity shall be summarized with the stresses resulting from wind or earthquake load, ‘The stresses shall be calculated at the following locations: 1, At the bottom of the tower 2. At the joint of the skirt to the head 3. At the bottom head to the shell joint 4, At changes of diameter or thickness of the vessel ‘The stresses furthermore shall be examined in the following conditions: 1, During erection or dismantling 2. During test 3. + ‘During operation Under these different conditions, the weight of the vessel and consequently, the stress conditions are also different. Besides, during etection or dismantling the vessel is not under internal or external pressure. For analyzing the strength of tall towers under various loadings by this Handbook, the maximum stress theory has been applied0 n COMBINATION OF STRESSES (cont.) The bending moment due o wind i decreasing fom th Dotiom tote top of the tower, thus the plate thickness can alto be decreased accordingly one of ‘Table‘A'and Figure Bate convenient ads to fad the Sates down from the top of the tone for witch seas chose soease DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ‘wt, [05 [06 [07 TOR [09 T1.0 [ia ]i2 ]i3 jis [ts [16 [LT m {1.0 |0.91| 0.86| 0.79] 0.74] 0.71 | 0.67 [0.64 | 0.62] 0.60 |0.58] 0.56 0:54] wi, [ES [ES [2.0 [22 [24 [26 ]28 3.0 33 [36 [a0 [as 150 m” |0.53}0.51] 0.50] 0.48] 0.46) 0.44 10.42 /0.41 | 0:39] 0.37 [0.35] 0.33 |032 TABLE A, VALUES OF FACTOR m Since the longitudinal stress due to internal pressure is one half of the circumferential stress, one half of the required wall thickness for internal pressure is available to resist the bending force of the a ‘wind, From Table A, using factor m can be found the distance X down from the top tangent line within which the thickness calcu a lated for internal pressure satisfactory also to resist the wind | pressure, Xo =Hxm {, ~The required thickness for internal pressure (Hoop Tension) in 4, = The required thickness for wind pressure atthe bottom head joint to shell, in EXAMPLE: f= 0.233 in, 4, = 0.648 in, 4/4, = 0.688/0.233 = 2.7 = 100 From Table m = 0.43 and X = mH = 0.43 x 100 = 43 f Figure B shows the moment diagram of a tower under wind | ressure. The diagram ean also be used to select the appropriate plate thickness at various heights, EXAMPLE: oa Ath height of 0.71 the required thickness is 0.5 =| times the thickness required atthe bottom, gloa. 1 da requited thickness is g for intemal pressure, = 0,250 in Blo {for wind load, 1, 625 in e atthe bottom required Sle { Bret, =0.750 in S| at height 0.71 Hs Elan 7 0.5 x 0.750 = 0375 in 2 thickness for intemal ow pressure 1/2 = 0125 in + required thickness at 0.71 H = 0.500 in, os. 10. O10Re3 080506070809 10 Fig B Ratio of plate thickness required at the bottom G2 * «) to thickness required at the consid- cfed height. EXAMPLE - A Required thickness of cylindrical shell under internal pressure and wind load, DESIGN CONDITIONS D. = 2ft.0 in inside diameter of vessel Dy = 2 ft 6in, wiih of ter wit inslaon, ete B' = 085 efficiency of welded joints fe 48 tcOin length of tower fhe = 4140 in distance ftom the base fo the bottom ead to shell joist 2 = Bp nenal paw P= 30 pel wind presure BO The inside rade of vessel $= 15t0ops sues valve of SA 285 C imate at 200°F temperature v= Toa shear [No allowance for corrosion. ‘Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength of te long seams PR 250 x 12 3,000 _ 9998 in "= SE oer ~ 1ST00x 085 — 06 x 250 ~ 13,195 “Minimum required thickness for intemal pressure considering the strength ofthe girth seams: PR 250 12, "956 + O4P ~ 2% 15,700 x 0.85 + 04 x 250 [Required thickness for longitudinal bending due to wind pressure, Moment at the base (M) PLXD, XH = VX hy = 38 x 2.5 x 48 = 3,600 x 24 = 86,400 fb, Moment at the bottom seam (Ms) My = M.~ hy (V — 0.5 P, Dy hy) = 86,400 ~ 4 (3,600 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 2.5 x 4) 86,400" 13,800 = "72,600'R. 1b. = 72,600 "12 = 871,200 in, Ib. ‘Required thickness: 3,000 = 55.799 7 0-112 in M, 871,200 871,200 s Me, 871200 871.200 gy i, Ria SE™ 12 x 318 x 15,700 x 0.85 ™ 6,037,135 “The required thickness celeulated with the strength of the bottom girth seam: For wind pressure 0.145 in. Forint pessufe 0.172 1 isis greater than the thickness calculated with TOTAL 0.254 the strength ofthe longitudinal seam therefore, this ‘minimum thickness 0.257 in. shall be used For simple vessels where the moment due to wind is smal, the above etleultion is satisfactory Vessels which are subject to larger loadings may need closer investigation with respect also to tconomical viewpoints, See pages 76:86 for skin, base and anchor bat design,2 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE B Reuedthckness of ysl shell under combined loadings of ineral press, wind and Weight of tower EXAMPLE B (CONT.) “Te preliminary caleslation ofthe required wal thick- iat Shows tht at the bottom approumatey 0.73 i, plate is equled, to withstand the wind loxd snd internal Presse, while at the top the wind lsd isnot factor fn for intemal pressure (hoop tension) only 025 pate 76 5 = fo; DESIGN DATA D = 38. 0%n, imide dameter Dy = 3.1 6 in. with of veal wit ination, allowance for ping, et. OS eieency of welded seams = 41. Din distance fom the bate to the boom head to shell join. 100 f. 0 i. length of tower 150 pantera presse 30 pit wind pesswe 18, inside ais of vere 15700psi ses ue of SA-285C material x 200°F temperature = Teal shear 221 seams eles Circumference of shell onthe mean diameter, a (Gonesion allowance not required) a oe Minimum que Wickes former press considering te beg of he anginal ‘seam of shell. . ¥ PR 150 x18 SE — 06 ~ 15700 x 0.85 — 0.6 150 ~ 0204. Use 0.25 in, plate “Minimum required thicksess for internal pressure considering the strength of the cicumferen- tial seam of shel PR 130 x18 ear 25E + 04P ~ 2x 15700 x 085 + 04 X 150 = “Minimum required thickness for head PD. 150 x 36, eae 0.203 in 2% 15100 x 0.85 — 02 150 Wind Lood Px Dy x H vo x hy Vessel 30x 3.5 x 100 = 10.500 x3) Platform 30 x Blin. ft 240 x96 Ladder 30 X 98 in, f 2.340 x 49 Total shear 13,680 = 692,108. Ib, moment at base Moment tthe bottom head seam (4p) My = M ~ hy (V = 05 P,Djhy) = (692,100 ~ 4 (13680 ~ 015 x 30% 3.5 x 4) = 638,220 fb. pe BM, 12 x 638,220 = 258.610 Rew SE ~ 1X 3.14 x 15700 x 0.85 ~ 13,583,556 = 0564 ‘Try 0.750 in, plate forthe lower courses FOr it. pressure 0.101 0.665 in, i satitactory. For economical reasons Its tdvistble 0 Use ferent plate thicknesses at various heights of the tower, ‘The thickness required for hoop tension (0.25 in.) serves to rest also the wind load toa certain distance down {tom the top. Find this distance (X) from table A, Page 70 tw/tp = 0.5640.204 = 2.7 then X= 0.89 x H= 43 ft From diagram B, Page 72. can be found the required thickness and lebgth of the intermediate shell sections Using 8 f. wide pate, the vessel shall be constructed from: (5) 0.25 thick 8 ft. wide courses 40 ft. (@) 0.50 thick 8 {€ wide courses, 32 ft G) 0.75 thick 8 ft. wide courses 24 ft. Total 56% WEIGHT OF THE TOWER (See tables beginning on page 374) Shell 40 x 97 380 ‘Skit 4 x 195 32 x 195 240 Base ring 24 x 294 7035 Anchor ring Head top 0.3125 nom. 160 Anchor lugs bot. 0.8125 nom, 393 Int. plate work 300 + 6% ‘Tay suppors 0 Insulation rings 20 Sy Opening 500 F Tass _‘sulation Platform + 6% alisg Plato 20983 Ib. Piping say 21,000 say 10,000 1. TOTAL ERECTION WEIGHT: 33,000 Ib Trays 600 Operating liquid 2400 ' 300016, + Erection Wt. at ‘TOTAL OPERATING WEIGHT: 36.000 Ib, ‘Test water 42,0001. + Erection Wt 33,000 Ib. TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,0001. ‘For weight of water content, sce Pagem 15 EXAMPLE B (CONT,) EXAMPLE B (CONT.) (Checking the stresses withthe preliminary ealclated plate thicknesses ‘Stress in the shell at the bottom head to shell joint: Pate thekness 0.75. Pout Stee deo itm esnare 5 = 22 a 80 23625 «i937 pg, iba, 2 x 628.200 Stress due to wine s-2 - eee ,632 psi Siete Gs a Remt 18.375? x 3.14 x 0.75 eae Soo Teresina $= Gar Tiss x 075 7 358 mH Sooo in opening condition oy = eg COMBINATION OF STRESSES WINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDE IN EMPTY (ERECTION) CONDITION. Stes due to wind + 9,640 | Stress de to wind 9,640 Sires dc to weight "S58 | Stes ue foweaht = "958 + 9.282 psi "9.998 psi (No int. presure ducing sxetion) TR OPERATING CONDITION, Tiss dae fo a pro Sires due to wind > 9640 Stes due to wind Stier due fo weight =” '392 ~10,032 Sires due to weight uss due to int. pres. 5/1837 8.195 pst ‘The tensile sires 11,085 pst in operating condition on the windward side governs. The allowable stress for the plate material with 0.85 joint efficiency is 13,345. Bsk Thus the selected 0.75 in. thick plate at the bottom of the Vewel is eatisfectory. Stress in the shell at 72 ft. down from the top of tower, Plate thickness 0.50 ia, ‘Suess due to wind, x Px Dx X= Vx SoM, Shell 30. 35 x T2= 7,560 x 36 = 272,160 Platform 30 Blin-ft, = 240 x 68 = 16,300 Ladder’ 30 x 70linsft, = 2.100 x 35 = 731500 ‘otal Moment, = 361380 fb 2M, 12 x 361,960 So Reet ~ iBase x 3.14 x 050 ~ $508 si ‘Suress due to internal pressure (As calculated previously) 1,837 Tal 10,140 psi ‘The aeaation of trees tthe ottom head bak shown that the sexe onthe windward sid in operating condidon goremn and the stfect of the weight in tient Theor thot Yrs caolon it can be see tht he ee 140 pt doesnot exceed the allowable stiest13,348 Pol Thus the selected 090, in, thick plate is satisfactory. Be a ‘Stress in the shall at 40 ft. down from the top of the tower, Plate thickness 0.25 in. Stress due 1 wind. x xD, xX =v xE=M, Shell 30. 3.5 x 40-= 4,200 x 20 = 64,000 Plaform 30 x Bilin. = 240 x 36= 8,640 Ladder” 30 x 36 lin. f= 1,100 x 19 = 21,660 “Taal Moment M, = 114300 8. 2M, 12 x 118.300, BM 2K 114.300 Lg 5 s Rat 18,125? X 3.14 0.25 ue Stress due to internal pressure (As ealouled previously) 1,837 psi Tat 77.153 pst ‘The 0.25 in, thick plate for shell at 40 ft. distance from top of the tower is satisfactory. No further calculation is required on the same reason mentioned above.16 n DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT A skirt is the most frequently used and the most satisfactory support for vertical vessels. Iti attached by continuous welding to the head and usually the required size ofthis welding determines the thickness of the skirt Figures A and B show the most common type of skit to head attachment. In the calctlation ofthe required weld siz, the values of joint efficiency given by the Code (UWI2) may be used. FORMULA 12M, W R sSE* DaSE NOTATIONS, Outside diameter of skirt in, Efficiency of skirt to head joint, (0.6 for butt weld, Fig. A,0.45 for lap weld, Fig. B) Moment atthe skirt to head joint, ft Ib Outside radius of skir, in. Stress value ofthe head or skirt material whichever issmaller, pi. 1 = Required thickness of skirt, in W = Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head joint, in operating condition. NOTE: Using extiemely high skirt, the stresses at the base may govern. To calculate the required thickness of | the skirt, in this case the above formula can be used, considering the moment and weight atthe base; E= 1 EXAMPLE, Given the same vessel considered in Example B, D=375in, S = 15,700stress value E = 0,60 forbutt joint of S4-285—Cplate W = 31,0001, Determine the required skit thickness, I2Mr ,__12 638,220 eee T87S7X3.14X15,700%K06 — ~0736in For weight: He SSE =0.easin DX3.14XSE 3.75 %3.14 X 15700 X06 TOTAL = =0.764in, Use 13/16” thick plate for skirt, Vertical vessels, stacks and towers must be fastened to the concrete foundation, skid or other structural frame by means of anchor bolts and the base (bearing) fing, ‘The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts must be in multiple of four and for tall towers itis preferred to use minimum eight bolts, ‘Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely’ spaced anchor bolts is not fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not closer than about 10 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical skirt or wider base ring with gussets Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. ‘The root areas of bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inch should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts. For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described: 1, An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cates, 2. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and ‘other circumstances make it necessary. Th TABLET rr NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS TABLE A i H ‘Diameter of tinimum | Maximum Bolt circle in. Mi 2 eu ae ane 2410 36 4 4 ciel CE | 3 3 % | 0.126 118 5/8 60 to 78 12 a es Lr % | 0302 five [ase] | ates | 6 | 20 % | 0419 |iwa | 15/16 a 1 | ess igre | tans 1% | 0.693 | 1-1/2 | 1-1/8 1% | 0.890 | 1-3/4 | 1-1/4 TABLE C 1% | 1.034 | 1-7/8 | 1-3/8 | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR 1%| 1294 |2 | vi | |_pouts usep as ANCHOR BOLT Wa) isis | 28 | 15/8 | [Specitication Max. allow 1%] 744 [oie | aa | |S Number | Plameter in, fees os 1% 20a | 23/8 | 12718 2 |'x300 | 2172 | 2 SA307 —_[alldiameters | 15,000 2% | ¥020 [23/4 | 214 | [SA19387 [%andunser | 19.000 24! 3.11 | 3116] 23/8 | |SA193B16 |2%and under 17,000 24| ders {aa | 25/8 | |SA193B 7 lover2%to- inet) 18000 3 | S21 [aay | 278 | [SA193B16 fover2%t04inet| 15,000 ‘REFERENCES, Therese eared hee wore sel nd Nocatee Dah Way and Sos 199 Wel seetng ot dns, Vol 82 Ser Be Feb, 150, neues opens Roms. Tans ve * For bolts with standard threads,