.

P.E.S. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://apesportal.eva.mpg.de/status/topic/status/population_dynamics

2.

Ecology Practical 1 - Measuring abundance and random sampling. (n.d.).

Retrieved from

http://www.saps.org.uk/secondary/teaching-resources/258-

ecology-exercise-1-measuring-abundance-and-random-sampling

3.

How to carry out ecological sampling page 3. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/3howto.htm
DISCUSSION

Quadrat sampling is a classic tool for the study of ecology, especially

biodiversity. It is an important method by which organisms in a certain sample
of the habitat are counted directly. It is also as a square or four-sided figure to
set size the habitat within the species and plants for recorded. And also the
technique can become effective because have larger size.

For this experiment, it was conducted using procedure systematic sampling

procedure quadrants because it suitable for larger population are selected
according to a random starting point with fixed interval. The interval is the
sampling and calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample
size. This experiment was used 0.1m0.1m size of quadrants and it have 25
quadrants all of them. Based on our observation, species C recorded the
highest number of individuals meanwhile species G recorded the lowest
number of individuals in quadrants. Species C has the total number of 552
meanwhile species G has 2 species in the quandrants. On the other hand, the
number of individuals of the species to go found halves in the quandrants.

Based on the data that was obtained from our observation, by using the given
formula in the lab manual, it was able to calculate the percentage composition
of the species that we found in the quadrat including with the frequency.

ALL QUADRAT
SPECIES PERCENTAGE COVER (100%) DENSITY (INDIVIDUALS/M2) FREQUENCY
A 8.33 15.30 0.58
B 3.67 21.30 0.50
C 72.30 184.00 1.00
D 0.43 2.00 0.17
E 4.30 31.30 0.17
F 0.67 3.00 0.17
G 0.33 0.30 0.08
H 1.00 3.33 0.17
I 0.33 1.53 0.08
J 2.33 2.33 0.08
K 0.67 0.67 0.08
L 0.33 7.67 0.08
M 0.67 9.33 0.08
N 0.67 15.00 0.08
Based on our results shown in this table, species C recorded 72.30% in
percentage cover, making species C has the highest percentage cover
compared to other species. However, species G, I and L recorded 0.33% in
the percentage cover, were sharing the same number and making it the lowest
percentage cover among other species. As for calculating the number of
individuals per total species, species C has the highest number of relative
density, 184.00. However, species G recorded 0.30 for relative density, making
the species G has the lowest number of relative density.

In this experiment, a few errors can occur by using this quadrat sampling. If
quadrats are too large or too small or didn’t do it right, it will causes errors in
the results. For instance, bigger species require bigger plots. Due to under-
delegated population size, random seperated quadrats that are too small can
lose an excess number of individuals.