General Science Elementary (Biology)

Topic: Sense of Organ

Main points:
Eye Hierarchy
- Light ray – cornea – aqueous humour – pupil – lens - vitreous humour – receptors in retina –
brain.
- The inner most layer of eye ball is called retina which acts like screen which receive mages
of objects focused by lens.
- Pupil is lens which contract helping the lens to focus light.
- Three defects of eye short blindness, long blindness, color blindness

Eye
1. Sense organ of vision or sight is called
a. Eye b. Ear c. Nose

2. An object can be seen because of

a. Refraction of light b. Reflection of light

3. Outer layer of eye

a. Cornea b. sensory c. Retina

4. Colored part of eye is

a. Retina b. Iris c. lens
5. The iris has a central part which allow light enter the eye
a. pupil b .cell rod c. Eye lid

6. Screen of eye is
a. Iris b. Retina c. pupil

7. Transfer the visual information the _____ to the area of brain

a. Retina b. Iris c. cell rod

8. Sensitive layer of eye is

a. pupil b. Retina c. Tear gland

9. The space between the lens and cornea is known as _______. Filled with watery liquid called
aqueous humour.
a. Aqueous chamber b Vitreous chamber

10. The space between the retina and lens is called the ______ and filled with a jelly like liquid
called vitreous hamour
a. Aqueous chamber b Vitreous chamber
11. Condition occur when the eye ball is longer than normal. It cannot focus distant object
properly.
a. Short sightedness b. Long sightedness

12. Unable to distinguish red and green color.

a. Shor sight effect b. color blindness

14. Condition occur when the eye ball is shorter than normal. The eye only focus an image of
distant object clearly.

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a. Short sightedness b. Long sightedness

15. ______ has job to bend incoming light to word the inner structure of eye.
a. Cornea b. Lens c. Retina

16. ______ is Screen of eye.

a. Optic nerve b. Retina c. Iris

17. _________ transfer the visual information from retina to area of brain.
a. Lens b. Cornea c. Optic nerve

18. Behind the iris is the ____ just like lens of camera and focuses light
a. Retina b. Lens c. Rod

Ear:
1. The ear is composed of ______ parts.
a. Three b. four c. Two

2. The outer ear consist of a

a. pinna b. long narrow canal c. Both a & b

3. Pinna is only in ______ and serve to collect sound waves.

a. Mammals

4. The_______ is an oval chamber filled with air. Convert sound waves into mechanical
waves .
a. Outer ear b. Middle ear c. Inner ear

5. Middle ear has thin sheet membranous structure called_______.

a. Eardrum b. Incus c. Sound canal

6. In chamber of middle ear there are three small bones called

a. hammer, anvil and stirrup. B. (malleus, incus and stapes). C. Both a & B

7. The ________ consist of a cavity which contain fluid.

a. inner ear b. Middle ear c. Outer ear

8. Inner ear has a coiled shaped structure called _______.

a. Hammer b. Cochlea c. Eardrum

9. It is hearing organ .inner surface of cochlea are sensory cells connected to nerve called
________ Which runs to brain.
a. Auditory nerve b. Eardrum c. Sound wave

- Sound waves - outer ear – auditory canal – eardrum - three bones - cochlea - movement of
liquid in cochlea- receptor – brain.
Skin:
1. _______ formed of three layer outer, middle and inner layer.
a. Skin b. Eye c. Nose

2. Outer thin layer called __________. It is made up of dead cell, it serves to protect the

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 other layer.
a. Dermis b. Epidermis. C. Hypodermic

3. The thick middle layer of the skin is called_____ . It consist of tissues muscles, blood
vessel and nerve fibers. This layer is sensitive part of skin.
a. Dermis b. Hypodermic c. None of these

4. Inner most layer is called ________ and consist of cell which store fats.
a. Epidermis b. Derrmic c. Hypodermic

- Receptors in skin (pain, heat, cold, pressure and touch) - brain.

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Sense of Taste:
1. The tongue is a muscular organ. The surface of tongue has special group of sensory cells
called________
a. taste buds. B. papillae c. None of these

2. The ________ primary tastes are sweet, sour, and salty and bitter likewise ____ different
Types of taste buds to detect them.
a. Three b. Four c. Five

3. The rough surface of tongue is due to structures called _______.

a. papillae b. Taste bud

Nose:
1. The inside of the nose is a cavity is called __________
a. Nasal cavity b. Nostril c. None of these
- Receptors inside nose – brain.

Nervous System:
1. Communication take place due to the ______ present in our body.
a. Nervous system b. Satellite c. System

2. The _________ consist of brain, spinal cord and nerves.

a. Respiratory system b. Nervous system c. Circulatory System

- Brain has three regions – cerebrum –cerebellum and medulla oblongata.

3. The ________ is largest part of brain. This part of the brain does most of thinking and
coordinate activities of the body.
a. cerebrum or forebrain b. Midbrain c. Medulla

4. The ________ is much smaller than cerebrum, the part of brain performs the
balancing function of body.
a. Medulla b. cerebellum or mid brain c. forebrain

5. The_______ is small brain which links the spinal cord with brain.
a. medulla oblongata or the hind brain b. forebrain c. Midbrain

6. ________ controls rate of breathing, the heart and circulation of blood and digestion
of food.
a. forebrain b. medulla oblongata c. midbrain

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 7. All sensory organ send information to the brain in form of electric impulse called
_________.
a. nerve impulse b. Electric pulse c. None of these

9. The information or thing which is sent and felt by sensory organ and brain action is
called ________.
a. System b. stimuli. C. Environment

Photosynthesis and respiration:

- The word photosynthesis comes from Greek language “photo” means light, synthesis means
“putting together” photosynthesis means putting together with light.
1. ________ takes place in plant cells within chloroplast.
a. Photosynthesis b. Respiration c. Breathing

2. Chloroplast contain green chemical________.

a. Cytoplasm b. chlorophyll c. Reaction

3. Plants are known as ________ because they provide food for many other organisms.
a. Producer b. Consumer c. Decomposer

Factors for photosynthesis:

- Light : sunlight make glucose
- Chlorophyll: green pigment present in chloroplast of plants. It gives green color to leaves.
- Temperature: photosynthesis is a chemical reaction, it becomes slow at below 45C 0 and at
cold temperature.
- Water: Plants absorbs water from soil.
- Carbon dioxide: plant absorb from air.
When green plant respire they utilized the sugar they produced to release energy.
Glucose converted into starch for food storage.
6CO2 + 6 H2O ------------------------ (C 6 H12 O6) + 6O2
Carbon dioxide water Glucose Oxygen

(C6 H12 O6) + 6O2 ------------------------------------------- 6CO2 + 6 H2O

Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide water

Environment:
Environment and man have always been inter –dependent on each other. Environment are living and
nonliving things.
Ecology: The study of the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors in environment.
Biotic component are three types.
1. Producer
2. Consumer
3. Decomposer
1. Producer: The green plants, algae and some bacteria that make their own food by using water and
CO2 in presence of sunlight called producer.
2. Consumer: The animals that get their food by eating plants or animals are called consumer
Primary consumer: Primary consumer that eat only plant such as cow, goat and rabbit.
Secondary consumer: Lion, dog and wolf.

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3. Decomposer: Small animals and fungi living soil feed on dead decaying bodies of plant and
animals are called decomposer. Such as Insects, Fungi and Bacteria.
Abiotic component: Nonliving components or physical factors that make up the environment are
called abiotic component. Such as light, air, soil, temperature and water.
Biotic component: The community of living organism like plant, animals and microorganisms.
The community of biotic and abiotic component and their interaction is called Ecosystem.
Habitat is a place where of living which provides the organisms all requirement (food, shelter ,
protection) to survive.
Kinds of Habitats
1. Aquatic 2. Terrestrial Habitat
1. Aquatic Habitat: the living organisms which live surrounded by water
Like Natural lake, Ponds, River, Streams, Sea
Fresh water Habitat: Water contain low amount of salt
Marine water habitat: Water contain High amount of salt
2. Terrestrial habitat: Organisms living on land obtain their resources from soil, land and air.
Like Forest, Grass land, Desert and Tundra, factors influence on land are light, temperature, rain and
availability of water etc.
Camouflage: Some animals have property to change their color according to their surroundings.
Migration:. Long distance movement of animals from one place to another place. Birds, reptiles and
fish protect them hot and cold temperature
Hibernation: It is a winter sleep that help animal to save energy and survive in winter without eating
much
Estivation: When animals slow their activity in hot, during period of Estivation, many reptile go
underground where it’s cooler, similar to hibernation
Body coverings:
It help animals to survive with environmental changes. Scales are type of body covering that fish and
reptile have.
Physical Environment: Factors that make physical environment Light, Temperature, Humidity, Wind
speed, Soil or water nutrients ,salinity , Rainfall.
The feeding relationship among organisms is called food chain.
In an ecosystem several food chains overlaps to forms network called food web.

Predator – prey relationship. Feed directly on another living organism (Example: Lion hunting deer)
Parasitism: It is type of predator, parasite feed and live in or part of other organism (Example:
Mosquito sucking blood) .
Mutualism: two organisms interact in such always that benefits both. Example honeybee source for
pollination process of reproduction. Another Example, birds that ride on large buffalos or elephants
that eat parasites from animal body and make noises warning the animal when predator comes close.
- Many animals like rabbits feed on plants are known as Herbivores.
- Some animals like lion, leopards wolves, foxes and buzzard eagle live on other animals are
called Carnivores.
- Those animals which live both on plants and animals are knowns as Omnivorous.
- Water present in nature circulates between ocean, atmosphere and land. This circulation of
water in nature is called the water cycle.
- Water is also recycled by evaporation and rain.
All small animals and plants such as bacteria, viruses and fungi that can be seen under microscope
only are known as microorganisms. The harmful micro – organisms are called microbes.
Decay is carried out by some bacteria and fungi.

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Nitrogen fixation: Some bacteria present in the soil make nitrogen available to plants. They
convert nitrogen from the air into nitrites and nitrates.
Role of bacteria in industries: some bacteria are used in bacteria. The curing of hides and skins
making of vinegar, preparing chees and curd from milk.
Vaccination: Vaccination is one of the most common method used as preventive measure against
disease. The material inject into body known as vaccine.
Antibodies: The dead or weakened germs produce chemicals in the body which kill the disease-
causing bacteria when person is attacked by them.
Tuberculosis cause by un boiled milk carried germs.
Cholera: sometimes burst out in epidemic form in one place and spread out to other cities
carrying polluted water.
Pesticides: chemical to improve agriculture and to save crops from insects and pets.
Air pollution: Smoke that comes out the chimneys of our industrial units. Compounds and
particles are injurious to health.
Radiation: X-ray and gamma-ray cause various type of disease of the blood like Leukemia
The relationship between animals and plants, animals and animals for food is described by food
chains and food web.
Pollution: can occur in soil, water and air due to smoke, industrial waste, human waste and
noise.
Balance is maintain in nature by several recycling processes.
Oxides of nitrogen are also formed in the atmosphere by lighting.
Cell in plant and animal:
Cell: cell are basic units of all living things.
Robert Hooke first observed cell in piece of cork in 16165.
Osemrpicco: An instrument used to increase the size of the objects.
Microscope: Instrument used to see cell.
Animal Cell Plant Cell
1. Cell membrane 1. Cell wall
2. Cytoplasm 2. Cytoplasm
3.Small vacuole 3.large Vacuole
4. Chromosomes 4.Nucleus
5. Chromosomes
6.Chrolplast

Cell Membrane: It only allow substances pass through it. But stops others.
Cytoplasm: It is jelly like substance which fill up the cell and contains many chemicals. It also
contains Vacuoles and Nucleus.
Vacuoles: These are spaces containing air, liquid or food particles found in the cytoplasm.
Nucleus: It controls chemical reaction. It contain chromosomes.
Chromosomes: They store chemical instructions needed to build the cell and control its function.
Chloroplast: These are tiny disc containing a green substance called chlorophyll.
Large Vacuole: forms biggest part of cell. It fills with cell sap which contains water and
dissolved substances like sugar and salt.
Cell wall: It is a thick permeable layer around the cell. It support cell and give it a regular shape.
Unicellular organism: It consist only one cell. Ability to perform task as moving, feeding,
respiration. (Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)
Multicellular: It is bigger than unicellular (Hydra, Fish, Eagle, Coconut tree)
EGlAA: The biological name of unicellular plants.

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 Animal Tissue Plant Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue : 1. Epidermal tissue
Protect the structure beneath it. Protect a plant against injury and
2. Muscle Tissue prevent it from drying up.
Contract to bring about movement in 2. Photosynthetic tissue
an animal’s body. Makes food for the plant through
photosynthesis.

Heart: pumps the blood around the body.

Liver: store the digested food and help in removal harmful waste.
Lungs; purify the blood by absorbing oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.
Root system: It involves those part that grow below the soil.
Shoot System: It involved that grow the soil (System –Leaves –Flower –Fruit –Branches).It helps
in the transportation of water.
Cell Hierarchy of Plant:
Cell--------- Tissues----------- Organs---------- Organ System--------------- Organism
Cell Hierarchy of Animal:
Cell ------------- Tissue ------------- Organs ----------------- System ------------ Organism.
Digestive system and Respiratory System:
Oesophagus: Transport food.
Liver: produce bile to break fat molecules into small pieces.
Gall bladder: Stores bile
Pancreas: digest carbohydrates, fat and proteins.
Large intestine: absorbs water and mineral
Small intestine: Complete the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It helps in absorption
of food.
Pharynx: swallows food.
Anus: Egests faeces
1. The process of breaking down food into simple and diffusion molecule called
a. Digestive system b. Chemical food c. Utilization

2. Taking of food inside the mouth is called

a. Absorption b. Ingestion c. Digestion

3. Food for cell process

a. Utilization b. Chemical food c. Egestion

4. Elimination of digested food

a. Ingestion b. Egestion c. Digestion

5. Usually food takes ____ to complete journey inside the body.

a. 24 to 30 hour b. 10 to 20 hour c. 20 to 30 hours

6. _______ organ of digestive system in which both chemical and physical digestion take place
a. Tongue b. Mouth c.Teeth

7. Bio chemical process during which simple carbohydrates like glucose broken down to
release energy.
a. Respiration system b. Digestion system c. Transportation system

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8.Physcial process in which oxygen take inside body and Carbon dioxide is give out body
a. Burning process b. Breathing process c. Chemical Reaction

9. The exchange of gases between alveoli and blood capillaries is called

a. Gasous exchange b. Evaporation c. Condensation

10. Collection of bones that protect the delicate lungs.

a. Diaphragm b. Ribcage c. Thoracic cavity

11. ________ is a muscular sheet

a. Diaphragm b. Ribcage c. Thoracic cavity

12. _________ protect respiratory system.

a. Diaphragm b. Thoracic cavity c. Ribcage

Disorder of digestion may cause

1. Diarrhea
2. Constipation
1. Diarrhea: or lose motion caused by microorganisms that caused dehydration. Digestion action
becomes fast.
2. Constipation: Reverse process of diarrhea. Digestion action become slow
Breathing require two processes
a. Taking in of oxygen is called Inhalation.
b. The giving ot of carbon dioxide is called Exhalation
- When we breathe in (Inhalation) diaphragm curves moves down because the ribcage move out
thus enlarges chest cavity
- when we breathe out (Exhalation) diaphragm curves moves upward because the ribcage move
back thus decrease the size of chest cavity.
Common respiratory disease (T.B , Cold, Asthma )
Tuberculosis (T.B)
T.B is a disorder of lower respiratory system (lungs) and caused by bacteria. Affect lungs
Symptoms of T.B: coughing with blood, chest pain, weakness, weight loss fever.
Asthma: Serious chronic disease of respiratory system. It is inherited disease. It is allergic
response against cold, humidity, pollution.
Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chest tightness pain, chronic cough .whistling sound
Cold: Common disorder of upper respiratory system tract nose and throat.
Symptoms: Runny of stuffy nose, itchy or Sneezing water, low grade fever, watery eyes

Breathing Process Burning process

1. Physical process 1. Chemical process
2. It occur in respiratory system 2. It take place in all living cells
3. It requires energy 3. It releases energy.
4 Enzymes are not involved 4. Various enzymes are involved.

Transport System In Man

1. The supply of food water, oxygen and collection of waste materials from our body is
called
a. Transportation b. Circulatory system

2. The transport system in human body is called

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 a. Circulatory system b. Transportation

3. Take a blood away from heart is called

a. Vein b. Arties (Thick) c. capillary

4. Transport or supply blood to all body is known as

a. Blood vessel b. capillary c. Arties

5. Allow the exchange of oxygen, water and nutrients from blood to cell
a. Vein b. capillary (Thin wall) c. Arties

6. The main purpose of heart is

a. Pump blood to body b. Clean body c. Both a& b

7. Blood pressure is measure in

a. lactometer b. Sphygmomanometer c. Speedometer

8. The rhythmic contraction and relationship of arties

a. Pulse b. impulse

9. High blood pressure is

a. Hypertension b. Hypotension

9. Low blood pressure is

a. Angina b. Hypotension c. Hypertension

10. Blood pressure in adult is approximately

a. 120/80 mmHg b. 130/70mmHg c. 110/75mmHG

11. Chest pain that occur in area of Heart muscle does not rich oxygen in blood.
a. Heart Attack b. Angina

12. _______ is the common disorder of endocrine hormones system

a. Diabetes b. Heart attack

Heart Attack
Symptoms: Chest pain, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath
Heart attack can be diagnosed by different test such as
ECG (Electrocardiogram, echocardiography generally called Echo test) .
Diabetes: Blood sugar level high
May cause heart disease, Kidney failure and blindness.
Hypertension may cause brain stroke or haemorrhage
At rest our heart beats about 70 to75 times per minute .what will happen to our heart beat when
we exercise,…………………..
All veins transport deoxygenated blood to Heart except pulmonary vein carrying oxygenated
blood.

Transport System in Plant

Transplantation is the replacement of dysfunctional organ with healthy one
Transpiration pull: through xylem.

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Translocation: through phloem vessels
Root hair: absorbs water from soil by osmosis.
1. A force that involve the movement of water and dissolved minerals in xylem is called
a. Transportation b. Root Pressure c. Translocation

2. The evaporation of water from aerial parts of plant especially through leaves.
a. Transpiration Pull b. Transportation c. Phloem

3. The movement of food material from leaves to other tissues throughout the plant
a. Transplantation b. Translocation c. Xylem

4. Transport water in plant

a. Xylem b.. Transpiration pull c. Phloem

5. Tissue in which food move

a. Root pressure b. Phloem c. Xylem
6. Xylem vessels composed of
a. Dead cells b. Cellulose c. Mineral
Reproduction in plants:
Types of pollination
1. Self-Pollination
2. Cross Pollination
Agents used in cross pollination
1. water
2. Wind
3. Insects (Butterflies, bees, ants )
4. Different types of animal (Bird, Bat, Squirrels)
Kind of reproduction in Plant
1. Sexual Reproduction
2. Asexual Reproduction
1. _____ is the transfer of pollen grains from another of a flower to the stigma of same or another
flower is called
a. Reproduction b. Pollination.

2. A pollination in which one plant is involve

a. Self-pollination b. Cross pollination
3. A pollination in which two or more than two plants of same kind are involve
a. Self-pollination b. Cross pollination
4. When cell sex are involved in production of offspring this type of reproduction is called
a. Sexual Reproduction b. Asexual Reproduction
5 When cell sex are not involved in production of offspring this type of reproduction is called
a. Sexual Reproduction b. Asexual Reproduction
6. _______ is the process in which fusion of male and female sex cell occur to develop new plant
is called
a. Fertilization b. Pollination c. Sexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

1. Usually two parents involved.
2. Sex cells are involved.
3. Offspring identical to parents.
4. Does not produce large number of off
spring
1. Only one parent is involved
2. No sex cell are involved.
3. Offspring not identical to parents.
4. Rapid produce large number of off
spring

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