HOMEMANAGEMENT.

TOPIC1:HOMEANDCOMMUNITY.

1.0.1THEHOUSE.

- Thehomeisaphysicalenvironmentforfamilyliving.
- Itistheplacewherefamiliesaretogetherforanextendedperiodoftime.
- Itisaplacewhereeverychildhashis/
herfirstimpressionofahomewhetheritiswarmandwelcomingorcoldanduncomfortable.

Factorsthatinfluencingthechoiceofasitetobuild/buyahouse.

- Nearsocialamenities.
- Nearasourcewater.
- Fertilelandforgardening.
- Gooddrainage/sanitation.
- Notnearabusyroad.
- Goodventilationandwindbreaker.
- Easycommunication.
- Enoughspaceforplaying.
- Goodworkmanship.
- Typeoffuelused.
- Sizeofthehouseinconsiderationoftheoccupants.
- Peacefulandquiteplace.

Advantagesanddisadvantagesofbuildingahome.

Advantages.

- Itisbuilttoyourdesignandspecification.
- Asignofachievement,securityandindependence.
- Canbedevelopedaccordingtoone’sneedorplan.
- Givesafeelingofpermanenceandstability.
- Maintenancewillbethere.
- Itisasourceofincome.

Disadvantages.

- Costmayexceedestimateduringconstruction.
- Thefinishedbuildingmaynotmatchtheexpectation/poorworkmanship.
- Theremaybesomedelayincompletingtheconstruction.
- Muchtimemayspentoncheckingandsupervising.
- Scarcityofmaterialmaymeantheownertopaymore.
Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofrentingorbuyingahouse.

Advantagesofrentingahouse.

- Youcanrentahousetosuityourincome.
- Noinitialcapitalisnecessaryandfundsaretiedup.
- Thetenantisfreefrompayingratesandinsuranceonthehouse.
- Theownerofthehouseisresponsibleforkeepingthepropertyinagoodstateorrepair.
- Astenantyoucanvacatethehouseongivingtherequirednotice.
- Youcanmovefromonelocalitytoanotherifnecessary.

Disadvantagesofrentingahouse.

- Itlacksthesecurityofownership.
- Youdonotreceiveinterestonrentpaid.
- Theownermaynothavethehouserepairedorredecoratedregularly.
- Therentmaybeincreasedforwhateverreasonthelandlordgives.
- Theconditionofthehousemaynotbeuptothestandardforthehigherrentrequired.
- Youmayloseyourpersonalandvaluablepossessionswhenmovingfromonehousetotheother.
- Thetenancymaybeterminatedatshortnoticeorattheendoftheleaseifthelandlordisdissatisfied.
- Theremayfrictionandrestrictionsastothemovementofchildrenandanimalsinabuilding/
compoundoccupiedbyco-tenant.

Advantagesofbuyingahouse.

- Youknowthecostattheoutset.
- Thehousemaybeavailableimmediateandyouavoidthedelayofconstruction.
- Youmaypayforthehousebyinstalmentsormeansmortgage.
- Anoldhousecanbeboughtforlessthancurrentconstructioncost.
- Itcouldofferanexcitingchallengetothecreativepersonwhomightdesignitsexpansionandremodelingat
littlecost.

Disadvantagesofbuyingahouse.

- Ahousealreadybuiltmaynotsuityourrequirements.
- Itmayhavehiddenweaknessesinconstructionwhichcouldrequireextensiverepairs.
- Youmayhavetospendmuchtimecheckingandsupervising.
- Thefinishedbuildingmaynotmatchyourexpectation.
- Theremaybeconsiderabledelayincompletingtheconstruction.

Thedifferencebetweenalandlordandatenant?

- Landlordistheownerofthebuilding/housewhileatenantistheonerentingabuilding/house.

Importantpointstoconsiderwhenmakingahouseplan.

- Thearrangementoftherooms.
 - Windowsshouldgivegoodviewandplentyofsunlight.
- Musthavefrontandbackdoors.
- Musthavestoragespaceorroom.
- Storagespaceshouldbenearworkingsurface.
- Dinningoutletshouldbeoppositethesittingroomorinoneroom.
- Children’sbedroomshouldbenearthemasterbedroom.
- Positionoflights.
- Switchesplacedneardoorsexceptforbathroomswitchwhichshouldbeplacedoutsideforsafety.
- Considersizeoffamily.
- Initialcost.

Buildingmaterialsusedintheconstructionofahouse.

Whenconstructingahousetherearedifferenttypesofmaterialswhichareusedfromthefoundationuptotheroof.T
herearematerialusedforroofing,thewallsandtheflooraccordingtothedesignofthehouse.

Roofingmaterials.

- Corrugatedironsheets.
- Asbestos.
- Grassthatch.
- Shingles.
- Harveytiles.
- Cement.
- Thinsheetsoflead.
- Woodtiles.

Wallmaterials.

- Sundriedbricks.
- Stonewall.
- Kilnbakedbricks.
- Concreteblocks.
- Woodblocks.
- Mudandpoles.
- Galvanizediron.
- Plaster.
- Cement.
- Dampproofcourse.

Wallfinishes

- Whitewash.
- Distemper.
- Emulsionpaint.
 - Glosspaint.
- Wallpaper.

Theusesofwaterinahome.

- Cooking.
- Bathing.
- Laundrywork.
- Cleaningthehouse.
- Sanitation.
- Washing.
- Drinking.

Watersourcesandsupplyinahome.

- Wells.
- Tapwater.
- Rivers.
- Oceans.
- Springwater.
- Resevoirs.

Methodsofpublicanddomesticpurificationofwater.

- Boiling.
- Additionofpurificationtablets.
- Distillation.
- Decantation.
- Chlorination.

Sourcesoflightinginahome.

- Naturallightinge.g.sun,moon,fire.
- Artificiallightinge.g.candles,tilleylamps,oillamps,mantle,bulbs,torch.

Importantpointstoconsiderwhenchoosingeithernaturalor
artificiallightingforahome.

Naturallighting.

- Positionofwindows.
- Curtaining.
- Cleanlinessofglass.
- Aspectoftheroom.

Artificiallighting.
 - Adequatelightingforthepurpose.
- Freefromglare.
- Constantandnotflickering.
- Shouldnotproduceshadows.

Typesofelectriclightingforeachroominahome.

Kitchen.

- Flourescenttubetogiveenoughlightorfixedlocallight.
- Shouldbeatthecentre.
- Mostappropriateforsafety,comfortandhygienic.

Diningroom.

- Lightingbulbshouldbe1metreabovethediningtable.

Livingroom.

-
- Lightshouldhaveaswitchnearthedoor.
- Useportablelightforreading.
- Positionlightinthecentreofroomoneortwowouldbeenough.

Bedroom.

- Centrelightwithswitchesnearthedoor.
- Portablebedsidelightforreading.

Bathroom.

- Thebulbshouldbeenclosedinawhiteshade.
- Theswitchshouldbeeitheroutsidetheroomorthereshouldbeapullscordinsidetheroom.

Securitylight.

- Theoutsidelightwhichgiveslightontheveranda.
- Switchshouldbeinsidethehouse.

Ventilation.

- Ventilationistheprocessofchangingtheairinroomtogetridofrespiration,combustion,bacteriaandodo
urs.

Formsofventilation.

- Naturale.gdoors,windows,convectioncurrents,chimneysairceilings.
 - Artificiale.gairbrickswithventcovers,extractorfan,ordinaryfan,airconditioner.

Thereasonsforventilationinahome.

- Toprovideahealthyatmosphere.
- Toobtainfresh-oxygenforbreathing.
- Toremovecookingsmellsandbathroomodours.
- Toremovemoisturefromlaundry,kitchenandbathroom.
- Tomakeopenfireburnwithoutsmoking.
- Toincreaseefficiencyofgasandoilfires.

Questions

1. Whatisahouse/home?
2. Statethefactorsthatinfluencingthechoiceofasitetobuild/buyahouse.
3. Outlinetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbuildingahome.
4. Outlinetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofrenting/buyingahouse.
5. Whatisthedifferencebetweenalandlordandatenant?
6. Describeimportantpointstoconsiderwhenmakingahouseplan.
7. Designandlabelthelayoutofahouseofyourchoice.

8.Identifybuildingmaterialsusedintheconstructionofahouse.
9.Listtheusesofwaterinahome
10.Identifywatersourcesandsupplyinahome.
11.Describeseveralmethodsofpublicanddomesticpurificationofwater.
12.Namesourcesoflightinginahome.
13.Describeimportantpointstoconsiderwhenchoosingeithernaturalor
artificiallightingforahome.
14.Explainthetypesofelectriclightingforeachroominahome.

15.Definethetermventilation.

16.Giveexamplesofformsofventilation.

17.Explainthereasonsforventilationinahome.

1.0.2 SANITATIONANDDRAINAGE.
SanitationandDrainage.

- Sanitationistheprotectionofpublichealthbyremovingandtreatingwasteanddirtywater.
- Sanitationisthepracticalapplicationofmeasurestosafeguardandimprovehealthgenerally.
- Sanitationistheprocessofworkingourwaystoimprovehealthconditions.
- Drainageisthecarryingawayofwater,sewageandotherunwantedmatter.

Typesoftoilets.
 - Flashorwaterclosettoilet.
- Pitlatrine.
- Buckettoilet.

Careandcleaningthetoiletandkitchensink.

Careofwaterclosettoilet.

- Alwaysflashoutthebowlimmediatelyafterusetopreventsmells,fliesandgerms.
- Useonlypropertoiletpaperandneverputintothebowlanythingthatwillnotdissolveandislikelytoblockt
hewastepipe.
- Cleanbowlregularly.
- Flushbeforegoingtobedandpourtoiletcleanertopreventstainandsmells
- Neveruseantisepticinlavatoriesthatemptyintoaseptictank.

Cleaningofwaterclosettoilet.

Daily.

- Sweepthefloor.
- Putdisinfectantinthepanandleavetoact.
- Dustthewindow,pipeandwatercylinder.
- Scrubthepanusingabrush.
- Rinsethepanandbrushagain.
- Wipetheseatandoutsidethepanusingadrycloth.
- Leavethewindowslightlyopenandclosethedoor.

Weekly.

- Wipethefloor.
- Cleanthewindow,door,tilesorwalls.
- Cleanthepanwithabrushusingdisinfectant.
- Rinsethebrush,shakeandhungtodry.
- Wipetheseatandwatertankusinghotwateranddisinfectant.
- Rinseanddrywell.
- Polishtheseatifnecessary.
- Renewtoiletpaperifrequiredandhangacleantowelintheroom.

Cleaningofbuckettoilet.

Daily.

- Sweepanddust.
- Putdisinfectantinthebucket.
- Scrubthewoodworkusinghotsoapywateranddisinfectant.
- Rinseanddry.
 - Covertheseatwithawellfittedlid.
- Refillthecontainerforlimeorashwhichmaybeusedtocoverthecontentofthepile.
- Scrubthefloor,spraytheroomwithdisinfectant.
- Closethedoor.

Cleaningofpitlatrinetoilet.

Daily.

- Sweepthewallsandthefloor.
- Seethatthereispaperorfreshleaves.
- Sprinklewoodasharoundthepittostopfliesbreeding.
- Coverwithalid.

Weekly.

- Sweepthewallsandthefloor.
- Washthewallsiftheyarewashable.
- Scrubthecementedfloor,seatandlidusinghotsoapywaterandascrubbingbrush.
- Rinseanddry.
- Smearthemudfloor.
- Providepaperorfreshleaves.
- Sprinklewoodasharoundthepit.
- Coverthepitwithalid.

Cleaningofkitchensink.

Daily.

- Removethebitsfromthegridoruseasinktidy.
- Washroundthesinkwithwateranddetergent.
- Washthetiles,drainageboard,andwallbehindthesinkandoutsidethesink.
- Cleanthesinkwithhotsoapywater.
- Rinsewithhotwater,thenwipethebackingandpolishtap.
- RuncleanwaterintotheU-bend.

Weekly.

- Removethebitsfromthegridoruseasinktidy.
- Washroundthesinkwithwateranddetergent.
- Washthetiles,drainageboard,andwallbehindthesinkandoutsidethesink.
- Cleanthesinkwithhotsoapywater.
- Rinsewithhotwater,thenwipethebackingandpolishtap.
- RuncleanwaterintotheU-bend.
- Putateaspoonfulofsodaonthegridandpourboilingwatertodissolveorremovegreasefromthepipe.
- Cleanthestopperifgreasywithalittleturpentine.
 - Cleanthedrainersaccordingtometal.
- Cleantheoverflow.
- Flushthepipewithcleanwater.
- Lastlyputdownalittledisinfectant.

Howyouwouldunblockakitchensink.

- PlaceabucketundertheU-bend.
- Placeaknobofwashingsodaandpouroverboilingwater.
- UnscrewthenutattheU-bend.
- RemovethedirtfromtheU-bendthroughtheholeusingawireorbamboosick.
- RunwaterfromthesinkthroughthepipeuptotheU-bendtomakesuretheU-bendiscleaned.
- Screwbackthenuttightly.

Thetypesofwasteinahome.

- Liquide.g.waterfromsink,bathandwashbasin.
- Solide.g.leaves,fats,vegetablepeelings,stalefood,scrappingoffplates,brokencrockeryglass,tins,plas
tic.
- Gasese.g.steam.

Thereasonfordisposingoffrefuseinahome.

- Theremaybealotofmalariacasesduetomosquitoesbreedinginemptycontainers.
- Organicrefusedecomposesrapidlyandproducesbadodourse.g.ratsandratbreedingmayleadtoplague.
- Carelesslydisposedrubbishleadstofliesbreedingandcarryingdiseasese.g.typhoid.
- Watermaybepollutedduetocarelessdumpingofrefuseleftlyingabout.
- Carelesslydumpedrefuselooksunpleasant,takesupspaceandmakescleaningdifficulty.

Differentmethodsofrefusedisposal.

- Burning–e.g.paper,boxes,piecesofwood,rags.
- Burying-e.g.emptytins,brokenplate,bottles,cups,plastic,nylonandanyarticleofsyntheticmaterial.
- Compositingtomakegoodmanureforthesoile.g.vegetablepeeling,fruitsskins,scrapesofmeat,tealeav
eseggshells,deadleavesandplants,ashescanalsobeburiedinthecompostpit.
- Usinganimalfood-
scrapsoffood,bonesandvegetablepeelingmaybeusefulforfeedinganimalssuchasdogs,cats,pigs,goats
andchicken.
- Storinginacovereddustbin.
- Recyclinge.g.bottles,paperandplasticbags.

Carecleanakitchenanddustbins.

Kitchenbins.
Care.

- Putnewspaperatthebottomofabin.
- Wrapupanyrefuseinnewspaperbeforeputtinginthebin.
- Thebinmusthaveatightfittinglidtokeepfliesaway.
- Emptythebinoften.
- Avoidpouringliquidsubstancesinabin.

Cleaning.

- Emptythebin.
- Rinsethekitchenbin.
- Washitwithhotsoapywater.
- Rinsewithdisinfectantanddryit.
- Lineitwithnewspaperbeforenextuse.

Dustbins.

Choice.

- Musthaveatightfittinglid.
- Shouldhavetwohandlesforeasylifting.
- Thebaseshouldberaisedfromground.
- Easilycleanedandshouldhavefewjointsandseam.
- Madefromgalvanizedironorplastic.

Cleaning.

- Rinseafterempting.
- Washoutwitholdbrushandhotsodawater.
- Rinseanddrywellinthesun.
- Linewitholdpaperorplastic.

Questions

1. Definethetermssanitationanddrainage.
2. Identifyvarioustypesoftoilets.
3. Demonstratethecareandcleaningthetoiletandkitchensink.
4. Outlinehowyouwouldunblockakitchensink.
5. Identifythetypesofwasteinahome.
6. Showthereasonfordisposingoffrefuseinahome.
7. Explainthedifferentmethodsofrefusedisposal.
1.0.3 FLOORS
Typesoffloors.

- Woodfloor.
- Concretefloor.
- Ceramictilesfloor.
- Mudfloor.
- Stonefloor.
- Woodenfloor.
- Marblefloor.
- Slatefloor.
- Terrazzofloor.

Thetypesoffloorcoverings.

Floorcoveringsareusedonafloortoimprovetheappearance,comfortandwarmthoftheroom.Coveringthefloorc
anbethemostexpensivepartoffurnishingahome.

- Mats–traditionalandmodern.
- Linoleum.
- Sheetingtiles
- Carpets.
- PVCtiles
- Concrete.
- Glazedtiles.
- Ceramictiles
- Rugs.
- Wood,cementandstone.

Thepointstoconsiderwhenchoosingflooringsforeachroom.

Whenbuyingfloorcoverings,oneshouldbearthefollowingpointsinmind:

- Thecost.
- Thepurposeofroomwherethecoveringistobeused.
- Thestyleofthecovering.
- Considerthecolourschemeoftheroom.
- Thecoveringshouldbehardwearing.
- Thesizeofroomwherethecoveringistobeused.
- Personalpreferenceofanindividual.
- Thefloorcoveringshouldbeattractive.
 - Itshouldhaveanon-slipbacking.
- Itshouldbeeasytocleanandmaintain.
- Comfortabletothefeet.

Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdifferentkindsoffloor

coverings.

Linoleum

Advantages

- Ithasasmoothsurface.
- Easytokeepclean.
- Resistsstains.
- Canbeboughtinavarietyofcolours.
- Itisthecheapestofallfloorcoverings.
- Canbeusedasasurroundingorunderlayforacarpet.

Disadvantages.

- Cooltothefeet.
- Itcanbespoiledbyuseofstrongdetergentorwashingsoda.
- Linoleummaycrackifthefloorisnotsmooth.

Carpet.

Advantages.

- Itiswarmandcomfortabletothefeet.
- Awell-madecarpethasaluxuriousappearance.

Disadvantages.

- Itattractsdirtanddusteasily.
- Maynotbemothproofed.
- Maybeattackedbymildew.
- Somekindsareveryshinyespeciallythosemadeofnylon.

Question

1. Classifythetypesoffloors.
2. Identifythetypesoffloorcoverings.
3. Explainthepointstoconsiderwhenchoosingflooringsforeachroom.
4. Describetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdifferentkindsoffloor
1.0.4INTERIORANDEXTERIORDECORATIONSINTHEHOUSE

ANDHOSPITALITYBUSINESS.
Homedecorationisawayofmakingahouseorhomelookattractive.Thisis
importantbecauseitcreatesaninvitingandpleasantatmosphere.
Decoratingahomemayneedcolourscheming.Thiscouldbepaintingofwalls
withsuitable,comfortablecolours.Ornamentssuchascarvings,picturesand
drawingsformpartofhomedecoration.

Interiorandexteriordecorations.

- Interiorandexteriordecorationsareflowers,artifact,ornaments,pictures,centrepiecesandsimplehome
furnishingusedtocreateawelcomingandattractiveenvironmentinthehome.

Basicelementsandconceptsofinteriordecoration.

- Proportionandscale-
therelationshipofmassesareastoanotherandsizeofobjectsinrelationtooneanotherandtothehumanbod
y.
- Balance-thisconceptisconcernedwiththewayactualandvisualisdistributedinaroom.
- Harmony-thisistheusingofaspectsofdesignthatgowelltogetherormoreorlessthesame.
- Rhythm-
thisinvolvesthewaycolours,linesandshapescanbeusedtogivetheimpressionofmovement,encouragin
gtheeyetotravelfurtheraroundtheroom.
- Emphasis-thisreferstothefocalpointorareaoftheroomwhichisemphasizedmorethantherest.
- Texture-
thisreferstotheroughnessorsmoothnessofasurface.Thiscanbeeitherwhatwefeelbytouchingthesurfac
e,orasvisualtexture.
- Pattern-theorderlyarrangementofobjectsormotifsinaroom.
- Line-
straightandcurvedlinescanbeputtogethertomakeinterestingcombinations,dependinguponpersonalt
aste,themoodoratmosphereoftheroom,thestyleandthepurposeoftheroom.
- Colour-
thechoiceofcolourisapersonalmatterbecauseofthevarietyofcolours,materialsandtexturesonthemark
et.

Primaryandsecondarycolours.

Primarycolours.

- Blue.
- Red.
 - Yellow.

Secondarycolours

- Orange.
- Purple.
- Green.

Ornamentsorartobjectsinahome.

Ornamentsandartobjectsaredecorationswhicharedesignedtoaddbeautytoaplace.Therearevariouswaysofde
coratingahouse.Thewallscanbeplastered,paintedorfinishedwithwoodorwallpaperandfurniturearrangednic
elyagainstthewallstomakethehouselookbeautiful.

- Pictures
- Artisticfixtures
- Vases
- Carvings
- Metallicdecorativeobjects.

Factorstoconsiderwhenchoosingornaments.

- Shouldbedurable.
- Choicedependsonhowsuitabletheyare.
- Thecostoftheornament.

Therulesforarrangingflowers.

- Choosethetypeofcolourstobeused.
- Choosetheflowertobeused.
- Prepareaflowerholderwhichwillflowersfirmlyandwellspreadout.
- Apairofscissorsforcuttingflowers.
- Thescentofflowersandthepurposeshouldbeconsidered.
- Pickflowersanddeeptheminlukewarmwater,thishelpsthemtokeepfresh.
- Preparethevasebyfittinginawireandfillwaterhalfway.

Typesofflowerarrangements.

- Lined-placedabanquettable.
- Angular-placedonacornertable.
- Allroundandlow-placedondiningtable,coffeeandcentretable.
- Fanshaped-onanaltarcornertableinachurch.
- Allroundhigh-placedoncornertable,centretableofalargeroom.
- Frontfacing-onanyfurniturethatisagainstthewall.

Indoorplants
 - Cactiandsucculents.
- Pottedherbs.
- Springbulbs
- Fodils.
- Tulips.

Questions

1. Defineinteriorandexteriordecorations.
2. Explainthebasicelementsandconceptsofinteriordecoration.
3. Identifyprimaryandsecondarycolours.
4. Giveexamplesofornamentsorartobjectsinahome.
5. Mentionthefactorstoconsiderwhenchoosingornaments.
6. Outlinetherulesforarrangingflowers.
7. Identifythetypesofflowerarrangements.
8. Giveexamplesofindoorsplants

1.0.5HOUSEHOLDFURNITURE.
Furnitureisavailableinavastrangeofinterestingandattractivestyles.Thewoodusedformakingfurnitur
eis;pine,Africanmahogany,teak,Mukwa.

Propercleaningandcareofwoodfurnishingsanddécorisessentialtomakethelookmoreattractive.

Classesofwoodusedinmakingfurnitureinahome.

- Softwood-
thisclassisobtainedfromcygoniferoustreesandmostlyusedforboxes,floorsandcheapkitchenfurniture
.Thiswooddoesnotlastlong.
- Hardwood-
thisclassisobtainedfromdeciduoustrees.Hardwoodisusefulinmakingfurnitureforhomes.

Typesofwoodfinishes.

Plainwoodcanbemadeattractiveandlastingusingthefollowingmethods:-

- Painting.
- Varnishing.
- Polishing.
- Veneering.
- Laminatedboards.
- Inlaidwood.

Thepointstoconsiderwhenchoosingfurniture.

- Choosearticlesthatwillcomplementandcompleteaschemeaimedatintheroom.
 - Choosethebestthatonecanafford.
- Thematerialsshouldbedurable.
- Simpledesignsaresmartandalwaysfashionable.
- Shouldhavesuitablesurface.
- Easytocleanandmaintain.
- Shouldbecomfortable.
- Shouldnotbetooheavyorawkward.
- Shouldbewellconstructedwithstrongjoints.

Careandcleanhouseholdfurniture.

Plainwood.

Care.

- Avoidcuttingorchoppingonsurface.
- Avoidputtinghotordirtysaucepansonsurfacesinsteaduseapotstand.
- Avoidroughingthesurfaceusingtoohardbrush,ortoohardanabrasiveorscrubbingagainstthegrain.
- Avoiddiscolouringplainwoodbyusingwaterthatistoohotorbyusingwashingsoda.
- Donotleavethesurfacewetorexposedtogreatheat,whichcancausethewoodtowarp.
- Alwaysdustthesurfacetoavoiddeterioration.

Cleaning.

- Preparewarmwater.
- Dustsurfaceusingaduster.
- Wetaportionwithaclothandapplysoaptothebristlesofascrubbingbrush.
- Scrubthewetportionfollowingthegrainofthewood.
- Gatherupthedirtysoapwithawetcloth.
- Rinsethescrubbedportionthoroughlyusingcleanwarmwaterandcloth.
- Cleanportionbyportionoverlappingthecleanedpartatatimeuntilthewholesurfaceiscleaned.
- Drywellinairyplace.Avoiddryinginstrongsunlight.

Paintedwood.

Care.

- Avoidtheuseofalkalislikewashingsoda,whichmayinjurethepaint.
- Avoidgreatheat.
- Avoidfrictione.g.scrubbing,usinghardabrasivewhichremovespaint.
- Avoidmuchmoistureasthisoftensoftensthepaint.
Cleaning.

- Preparewarmsoapywater.
- Dustthearticlesusingadusterorsoftbrush.
- Rubwellwithaclothwrungoutinwarmsoapywaterespeciallywheretherearemarksorstains.
- Rinsethoroughlyusingacleanclothwrungoutincleanwarmwater.
- Drywellandpolishwithadryduster.

Polished,varnishedandveneeredwood

Care

- Avoidgreatheat.
- Avoidmoistureasthisdiscoloursthesurface.
- Avoidusingtoomuchpolishbecauseitmakesitdifficulttogethighpolish.
- Donotscratchthesurface.
- Dustdaily.

Cleaning

- Preparewarmwater.
- Addonetablespoonofvinegartothewarmwater.
- Rubwellwithaclothwrunginvinegarwater.
- Drywell.
- Applygoodfurniturepolishtakingcarenottoapplytoomuch.
- Robwellusingapaddeddrycleandustertogiveashinefinish.

Questions

1. Identifytheclassesofwoodusedinmakingfurnitureinahome.
2. Describetypesofwoodfinishes.
3. Mentionthepointstoconsiderwhenchoosingfurniture.
4. Explainhowyouwouldcareandcleanhouseholdfurnitureplainwood.

1.0.6 HOUSEHOLDUTENSILSANDEQUIPMENT
Caremustbeexercisedinthechoice,care,cleaningandstorageofutensilsandequipmentrequiredintheho
usehold.Manydifferentmaterialsareusedforhouseholdequipmentandutensils.

Typesofhouseholdutensils.

- Toaster–usedtotoastbreadorusedforbrowningofbread.
- Potatopeeler-usedtopeelpotatoes,carrotsandfruits.
- Mixers-maketheprocessofwhisking,stirringandbeatingmucheasierandfaster.
- Kitchenscales-usedforweighingandmeasuringingredientsduringfoodpreparation.
 - Whisks-
autensilusedforintroducingairintomixtures,beatingeggsandblendingredientsintoasmoothsauce.
- Pressurecooker-usedincookinganyfoodssuitableforboiling,stewingorsteamingveryquickly.
- Fishslice-awideflatbladeusedinturningandliftingfoodwhilecooking.
- Coffeepercolator-thisisusedtomakecoffeeandservegroundcoffee.
- Winnowing-basket-atraditionalequipmentthatisusedtoseparategrainsfromchaff.
- Mortarandpestle-
usedforpoundingorcrushingingredientandremovalofhusksduringfoodpreparation.
- Lemonsqueezer-usedtoextractjuicefromfruitssuchaslemonsorothercitrusfruits.
- Sieve-usedtoseparatewanteditemfromunwanteditemsortoremoveimpurities.
- Grater-usedgrateorshredfoodintofineparticles.

Howtocleanhouseholdutensilsandequipment.

Orderofwashingup

- Stackutensilsaccordingtokindandsize,suchasplatesinpilesaccordingtosize,cups,jugsandpotsinorder
.
- Wipeoffgreasefromcutleryandcrockery.
- Washglasswareinwarmsoapyinwarmsoapywater.
- Rinseincoldwateranddrainonatray.
- Drywithateatowel.
- Washcupsandsaucersinwarmsoapywateranddrain.
- Washtherestoftheutensilsstartingwiththecleanestinwarmsoapywater.
- Rinseinabasinofcleanwateranddrain.
- Washpotsandpansinhotwater.Usescouringpowderorashforcleaningtheoutsideofthepot.Rinseanddr
y.
- Storealldryutensilsintheirproperplaces

Questions

1. Identifythetypesofhouseholdutensils.
2. Explainhowtocleanhouseholdutensilsandequipment.
1.0.7 LABOURSAVINGDEVICES
Inthepastallhouseholdchoreshadtobedonebyhandandpeoplesentalongtimeovertheirworkunlessthe
ycouldaffordtohavehelpwithit.
Todaysomehouseholdsneedappliance,whichwillhelpthemcleanandperformhouseholdchoresquickl
y,thoroughlyandefficiently.

Commonhouseholdlaboursavingdevices.

- Microwaveoven.
- Washingmachine
- Hoover.
- Floorpolishers.
- Vacuumcleaner.
- Carpetsweeper.
- Wringerwasher.
- Mixersandblender.
- Dishwasher.
- Electriccan-opener

Pointstoconsiderwhenchoosinglaboursavingdevices

- Suitableforthetask.
- Nottooheavyorawkward.
- Suitablesizeandheight.
- Shouldbeeasytocleanandmaintain.
- Shouldbedurable.
- Thecostinvolved.
- Chooseawell-knownmake.
- Itshouldbeeasytooperate.

Careforavacuumcleanerandfloorpolisher.

Careofvacuumcleaner

- Removethebagandemptyitregularly.
- Replacefilterswhennecessary.
- Cleanthebrushesaftereachuse.
- Replacethebeltwhennecessary.
- Regularlyexaminetheplugandelectricleads.
- Storethemachineindust-freecupboard.
- Usemachinewithcare.
- Keeptheoutsidecleanandshiny.

Careofvacuumfloorpolisher
 - Havethepolisherservicedperiodically.
- Cleanthebristleswithwaterandadetergentoracleanerspecifiedbythemakers.
- Alwaysstorethepolishercarefullynotwiththebristlerestingonthefloor.
- Usethecorrectpolishrecommendedbythemanufacturer.
- Treatthepolisherwithcare,donotbump,droporscratchit.
- Afterapplyingwaxallowittodrybeforepolishingit
- Avoidmakingthefloorslippery.
- Itisnotrecommendedthatself-polishingwaxbeappliedwithapolisher.

Questions

1. Namethecommonhouseholdlaboursavingdevices.
2. Mentionthepointstoconsiderwhenchoosinglaboursavingdevices
3. Describehowyouwouldcareforavacuumcleanerandfloorpolisher.

1.0.8 CLEANINIGMATERIALS
Cleaningagentsaresubstancesusedtoremovedirtandtheseincludehouseholddetergents,bleaches,acid
oralkalisinliquidpastesorpowderformor-scouringpowder,wirewoolandscouringpads.

Waysofremovingfixeddirtandloosedirt.

Waysofremovingfixeddirt

- Bleaching
- Usingemulsifierse.g.soda.
- Usinggreasesolventse.g.benzene,petrolmethylatedspirit.
- Usinggreaseabsorberse.g.bran.Frenchchalk,fuller’searth.

Waysofremovingloosedirt

- Dispersale.g.beating,brushing,shaking
- Gatheringe.g.sweeping,dusting,useofsuctionorvacuumcleaner

Classificationofdifferentcleaningmaterials.

Soapandsoaplessdetergents

- Soapflakese.g.luxsoapflakes.
- Neutralsoape.g.sunlightsoap.
- Soappowderse.g.surf.
- Syntheticdetergent/pastese.g.boom,dynamo,bingo,toss.

Solvents

- Benzene.
- Petrol.
 - Methylatedspirit.
- Vinegar.
- Lemonjuice.
- Ammonia.
- Washingsoda.
- Water.

Abrasives

- Bathbrick.-Groundeggshell.
- Steelwool.
- Ash.
- Sandpaper.
- Sand(fineandcoursesand).
- Scouringpowdere.g.Ajax,vim.
Polishes.
- Waxpolish.
- Colouredwaxpaste.
- Siliconpolish.
- Emulsionpolish.

Advantagesanddisadvantagesofsoapsanddetergents

Advantages

- Soaplatherswithwatertoimprovecleaningpower.
- Detergentsareusefulforcleaningverydirtylaundryduetotheirstrongchemicalagents.
- Detergentslatherwelleveninhardwater.
- Thesolubilityofsoapinwatermarksitmoreeffectiveascleaningagent.
- Soaplowersthesurfacetensionofwaterwhichhelpsfacilitatethecleaningaction.
- Soaphelpsdissolveandholddirtinsuspensionuntilremovedfromfabric.
- Soapissuitableforusewhenhandwashing.

Disadvantages

- Soapdoesnotdissolveeasilyincoldwater.
- Soapworksbetterwithsoftwater.
- Inhardwater,soapformsaninsolublesubstancecalled‘scum’.
- Somesoapscausediscolourationtolightfabrics
 - Ifwashingisnotwellrinsed,concentrationofsoaponthefabricmaycausegradualdiscolouration.
- Somedetergentsarenotsuitablefordelicatefabricsduetotheirstrongchemicalagents.

Questions

1. Describewaysofremovingfixeddirtandloosedirt.
2. Classifydifferentcleaningmaterials.
3. Outlinetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofsoapsanddetergents

1.0.9 HYGIENEINTHEHOMEANDHOSPITALITYBUSINESS
Hygieneinthehomeandhospitalitybusinessinvolvescleaningandensuringthesurroundingenvironmentiswell
maintainedinordertoachieveoptimumhealth.Thiscanonlybeachievedbyfollowingpropercleaningprocedure
sandroutine.Asahome/
housekeeperyouneedtobeconversantwithcleaningproceduresandroutinetobedonedaily,weeklyandoccasio
nally.Itisalsoimportantalsotounderstandyourroleasahousekeeper.

Housekeeping

- Housekeepingiscleaningthehousefollowinganestablishedroutine.

Hygieneinthehome.

- Goodhygieneinahomeensuresthatafamilylivesinahygienicenvironmentinordertopreventillnessandt
hespreadofdisease.
- Ensuringthehomeisattractiveandpleasanttolivein.
- Preventionofhouseholdequipmentandfurniturefrombeingwornout.
- Discouraginghouseholdpestsfromlivingandbreedinginthehome.
- Avoidingaccidentswhichmaybecausedbylitterandunsafesurfaces.

Therolesofahousekeeper.

DomesticHousekeeper

Ahousekeeperemployedinaprivatehouseholdmayperformsomeorallofthefollowingduties:

 Checkandpurchasegroceriesandhouseholdsuppliestomaintainadequatelevels
 Maintainrecordofrelatedexpenditure
 Planandcookmealsforemployer
 Careforhouseholdpets
 Polishsilverware
  Washdishesandcleankitchenaccordingtoagreedhygienestandards
 Cleanappliances
 Runerrandsforemployer
 Answertelephoneandtakemessages
 Takecareofchildren

HotelHousekeeper

Thehousekeeperdutiesinahotelorsimilarenvironmentwillinclude:

 Cleancorridors,lobbies,stairways,elevatorsandloungesaswellasguestrooms
 Organizeworkschedulefromtheroomstatuslist,arrivalsanddepartures
 Distributelinen,towelsandroomsuppliesusingwheeledcartsorbyhand
 Restockroomsuppliessuchasdrinkingglasses,soaps,shampoos,writingsupplies,minibar
 Replacedirtylinenswithcleanitems
 Inspectandturnmattressesregularly
 Storealldirtylaundryinlinewithcompanypolicy
 Monitorguestlaundrybags
 Replacelaundrybagsandslips
 Checkallappliancesinroomsareinworkingorder
 Realignfurnitureandamenitiesaccordingtoprescribedlayout
 Respondtoguestqueriesandrequests
 Respondtocallsforhousekeepingproblemssuchasspills,brokenglasses
 Deliveranyrequestedhousekeepingitemstoguestrooms
 Removeroomserviceitems
 Organizeandrestockcartattheendoftheshift
 Ensureconfidentialityandsecurityofguestrooms
 Followallcompanysafetyandsecurityprocedures
 Reportanymaintenanceissuesorsafetyhazards
 Observeandreportdamageofhotelproperty
 Buffing/polishing
 Floorsurfacestripping
 Vacuuming
 Spotcleaning
 Waxing/sealing
 Dusting/wiping
 Floorscrubbing
 Perimetercleaning
 Sweeping/mopping
 Pressurewashing
 Carpetextraction

Routinecleaningofthehome.

Bedroom

Dailycleaning

- Openthewindowstofilltheroomwithfreshair.
 - Stripthebedclothesoffthebedandairthemovertheendofthebedorthebackofthechair.
- Shakethemattressandturnit,allowaircirculatearoundit.
- Takematsandrugsandshakethem.
- Sweepthefloor,notforgettingunderthebed.
- Removeallobjectsfromthedressingtableandothersurfaces.
- Dustallthefurniture,ornamentsandskirtingboard.
- Makethebed.

Weeklycleaning

- Stripthebedofallthelinen.
- Putthepillowsoutinthesun.
- Brushthemattressandputitoutinthesuntoair.
- Takedownthecurtainsandwashifnecessary.
- Brushthebedwithahardbrushtoremoveanydirt.
- Ifyouseeanypeststakethebedoutandwashitwithhotwatertowhichdisinfectanthasbeenadded.
- Cleanoutthewardrobe,chestofdrawersandcupboards.
- Changethepillowcasesandsheets.

Occasionalcleaning

- Washordry–cleananyblanketsorsimilarcovers
- Cleanoutcupboards,drawersandwardrobes.
- Washordrycleanthecurtains.
- Shampooanycarpets.
- Washthewallsandceiling.

Sittingroom

Dailycleaning

- Openthewindowswidetoletinfreshair.
- Emptyashtrays,takeoutanyflowers,shakeandtidythecushions
- Removerugsandmatsandshakethemoutside
- Removesurfacedustfromthecarpetwithabrushoracarpetsweeper.
- Ifthereisnocarpet,sweepthefloor,allowdusttosettleandwipeoverwithacleanfloorcloth.
- Washanddrytheashtrays.Refilltheflowervaseswithcleanwater,removinganydeadleaves.
- Dustthefurniture,skirtingboard,windowsanddoors.Rubupbrightsurfaces.
- Arrangematsandrugs.
- Leavewindowsopen.

Weeklycleaning
 - Removethecurtains.Putoutthecushionsandrugstoair.Grouptogetherhardfurnitureandcoveritwithacl
oth.
- Removevases,ornamentsandpictures.
- Sweepdowntheceilingandwallsandremoveanycobwebs.Sweeptheroom.Cleantheflooraccordingtok
ind.
- Washandcleananypaintedareas.
- Cleanthewindows,mirrorsandpictures.
- Cleantheskirtingboard.
- Dustandpolishthefurnitureaccordingtoitskind.
- Cleancarpet,rugsandmatsthoroughlywithacarpetsweeperorhardbrush.
- Ifthereisabookcase,removeallbooksanddustthoroughlywithacleandryduster.
- Cleanalltheornamentsfromtheroomandreplacethem.
- Restoreeverythingtoitsproperplace.
- Changechaircovers,cushioncoversandcurtainsifnecessary.

Occasionalcleaning

- Washordrycleanthecurtains.
- Washordrycleanmaterialthatcoversfurniture.
- Washordrycleancushioncovers.
- Cleanoutcupboardsanddrawers.
- Washthewallsandceiling.
- Cleanthelampshades.

Thekitchen

Dailycleaning

- Openthewindowsinthemorning.
- Sweepthefloor.
- Washupandcleanthesinkorbowlsusedforwashingup.
- Removeanyrubbish;emptytherubbishbin.
- Wipeoverthestoveandrefrigerator.
- Scrubthekitchentable.
- Dustthechairsorstoolsusedinthekitchen.
- Cleantheflooraccordingtoitskind.
- Arrangetheutensilsontheshelves.

Weeklycleaning

- Openallthewindows.
- Sweepdowntheceilingandwalls.
- Cleanfireplaceorstoveaccordingtoitskind.
 - Scrubthetablesandbenchesorstools.
- Emptyandcleanthecupboardsandshelves.
- Spraywithinsectspraysagainstpests,thenlinethemwithcleanpaperandrearrangethecontents.
- Cleantheracks,bins,containersandutensilsaccordingtotheirkind.
- Washandcleananypaintwork.
- Cleanthewindows.Washthecurtainsifnecessary.
- Cleanorpolishtheflooraccordingtofinish.Resurfaceamudfloorifnecessary.

Occasionalcleaning

- Washthecurtains.
- Washthewalls.
- Washtheceiling.

Bathroomandtoilet.

Dailycleaning

- Openthewindowsanddustthewindow-sill.
- Airbathmatandtowelsonclothesline.
- Sweepthefloor.
- Wipethetileswithadampcloth.
- Rinseoutthewashbasinandbath.Rubthewettapswithdryclothuntiltheyshine.
- Removeanystainonthemirror.
- Flushthetoiletandsomedisinfectants,brushwithalavatorybrush.Wipethetoiletseatwithacloth.
- Replacethebathmatandfoldandreplacethetowels.
- Tidyawaytoiletriessuchastalcumpowder.
- Checkthatthereisenoughsoapandtoiletpaper.

Weeklycleaning.

- Openthewindows.
- Putthedirtytowelinthelaundrybasket.
- Removethebathmatandanyloosearticleandwashifnecessary.
- Dusttheceilingsandwalls.
- Sweepthefloor.
- Washthetilesthoroughlyandrubwithsoftcloth.
- Cleanthebathandbasinproperly.Polishtaps.
- Cleanthemirror.
- Cleanthewindowsaswellasthewindow-sill.
- Cleanthetoiletinsideandout.Cleanthetoiletbrushandhangitoutside.Addsomedisinfectanttothepan.
- Washthefloorwithdisinfectantandwarmwater.
- Replacethebathmatanyotherarticles.
- Putoutcleantowels.
Occasionalcleaning

- Cleanoutthebathroomcupboardorshelves.
- Washthecurtains.
- Washthewallsandceiling.

Questions

1. Whatishousekeeping?
2. Describegoodhygieneinthehome.
3. Identifytherolesofahousekeeper.
4. Outlinetheroutineofcleaningofthehome.

1.0.10 HOUSEHOLDMAINTENANCE
Itisofutmostimportanceforeveryhouseholdtoensurethatthehouseitselfandallitemsinitarekeptingoodrepair.I
nordertoachievethiseveryhouseholdshouldplanforregularandtimelymaintenanceinordertopreventfurtherda
mage,lossandextracostthroughbuyingnewitems.

Someofthehouseholdmaintenanceactivitieswhichcanbecarriedoutatlittleornocostinclude:

- Simplerepairstobrokendownequipment.
- Painting.
- Sealingormendingcrackedfloorsandwalls.
- Mendingleakingpipes/taps.
- Smearingmudfloor.
- Repairinggrassroofs.
- Unblockingsinks.
- Unblockingdrainages
- Mendingarticles

Questions

1. Describehouseholdmaintenance.
2. Givesomeofactivitiesthatcandoneunderhouseholdmaintenance.
1.0.11HOUSEHOLDPESTS
Theseareorganismsthatareharmfultohumanbeingsandcausedamageinthehousehold.Theyrangefromcrawli
ngandflyinginsectstosmallanimalsthatarefoundinahome.Householdpestsareunwantedcreaturesbecausethe
yspreaddiseasestoman.Pestsmultiplyrapidlyandthismakesitdifficulttoeliminatethemcompletely.

CLASSESOFPESTS

1. Parasiticpests
Begbugs
Mosquitoes
Fleas
2. Foodpests
Housefly
Ants
Weevils
Cockroaches
Ratsandmice
Mites
Flourmoths
3. Peststhatattackclothesorwood
Furniturebeetle
Clothesmoth
Ratsandmice

PREVENTIONANDCONTROLOFHOUSEHOLDOFPESTS

Houseflies

- Disposeallrubbishorrefusefromtherubbishbinandburythepitthepitwhenitisfull.
- Coverallfoodoreatimmediatelyitisprepared.
- Userubbishbinswithtightlyfittinglids.
- Washdirtydishesassoonaspossible.
- Fitflyscreenonyourwindowstokeepawayflies.
- Keepthewholehouseascleanaspossible.
- Eliminatefliesbysprayingwithinsecticides.

Cockroaches

- Keepyourkitchenascleanaspossible.
- Donotleavefinishedjambottles,tinsandbeerbottleslyingabout.
- Cleanthecupboardsasoftenaspossible.
- Sealormendcracksorholes.
- Sprayindarkareaswithinsecticides.

Ants
 - Keepallsweetfoodsincontainerswithtightfittinglids.
- Putjamjarsinwatertowhichlittleparaffinisaddedtoactastraps.

Bedbugs

- Washbedframesonceinawhile.
- Washbeddingsasoftenaspossibleanddryinsunlight.
- Washbedswithveryhot/boilingwaterbypouringthewaterinallcorners.
- Spraywithinsecticideorparaffinmixedwithwater.Repeatforsomedays.
- Makesuretheeggsaredestroyed.

Mosquitoes

- Drainstagnantwaterandburyemptytinsandbottles.
- Cutalltallgrassaroundyourhomeastheseactasbreedingandhidingplace.
- Donotgrowmaizeorcanenearyourhouseasthesemayalsobehidingplacesaswell.
- Pourparaffininstagnanttodestroyeggs.
- Closewindowsearly.
- Usemedicatedortreatedmosquitonetsallthetime.
- Spraywithinsecticide.

Fleas

- Sweepanddustthehouseallthetime
- Washcurtainsandbeddings.
- Scrubfloorsandsprinkleswithcommonsaltandleavefor24hours.
- Regularlyuselimetowhitewashtheoutsideofyourhouseasthisalsohelpstokeepthemoff.

Weevils

- Drycerealscompletelyandstoreindrycleancontainerswithtightfittinglids.
- Eliminateexistingonesbyexposingtheattackedcerealstoextremeheat.
- Addpowderedinsecticidelikegamadoxtograinbeforestoring.
- Useashesaspreservative.

Ratsandmice

- Makesureyousealalltheholes.
- Donotleavefoodslyingabout.
- Spiltfoodshouldbecleanedandrubbishbinsemptied.
- Keepthehousecleanandstorefoodintightfittinglids.
- Killratsandmiceusingcats,trapsandpoison.
QUESTIONS

1. Definehouseholdpests.
2. Statetheclassesofhouseholdpests.
3. Explainthepreventionandpreventionofhouseholdpests

1.0.12ENTERPRENUERSHIP

Entrepreneurshipistheprocessofidentifyingandstartingabusinessventure.

Entrepreneurisatermappliedtothetypeofpersonalitywhoiswillingtotakeuponherselforhimselfaneworenterp
rise.

Itisimportanttorememberthattostartasuccessfulbusinessyouneedthe5Csandtheseare:

- Creativity
- Courage
- Commitment
- Capital
- Customers

Possibleentrepreneurialactivitiesinhomemanagementthatcanbedoindividuallyorgroupsinclude:

- Householdmaintenance
- Housekeeping
- Interiordecoration
- Articlemending
- Laundryservice
- Makinghouseholdcrafts

Questions

1. Definethetermentrepreneurship.
2. Listtheelementsofanentrepreneurer.
3. Identifypossibleentrepreneurialactivitiesinhomemanagement.
TOPIC2:HEALTHANDSAFETYINTHEHOMEANDHOSPITALITY

INDUSRTY
Whenapersongetsinvolvedinanaccidenthe/
shemayneedassistancebeforethesituationgetsworse.Accidentshappenalmosteverydayandcanhappenanyw
here.Mostaccidentshappeninhomeswhileothershappenoutsidehomes.Theseaccidentscanbeminororserious
.PeoplemustknowhowtoofferassistanceorFirstAidwhenthesehappen.Ifaninjuredpersondoesnotgethelpquic
klyitmayleadtodeathorpermanentinjury.

2.0.1SAFETYANDFIRSTAID
DefineFirstAid.

- FirstAidistheassistancegiventoanypersonsufferingasuddenillnessorinjury.
- Itisthefirsttreatmentgiventosomebodywhohasfallensickbeforebeingtakentothehospital.
- Thefirsthelpgiventothecasualtybeforebeingtakenthehospital.

Whoisafirstaider?

- Thisisapersonwhoprovidesfirstaidandhasreceivedtrainingandholdsafirstaidcertificatefromanorgan
izationortheemployer.

Thequalitiesofafirstaider.

- Musthavesufficientknowledge.
- Mustbeunderstandingandsympathetic.
- Mustbeabletoimproveandactveryfast.
- Mustalwaysbecalmandtakecharge.
- Mustbeinnovative.
- Mustbekindandloving.

ContentsoftheFirstAidkit.

- Adhesiveplastersforminorcutsandgrazes
- Preparedwounddressings
- Sterilizedcottonwool
 - Gauzebandagesinaroll
- Triangularbandagesforslings
- Crepebandages
- Safetypins
- Tweezers/razorblade.
- Scissors
- Rollofsurgicaltape
- Antisepticsolutiontocleanwounds
- Antisepticcream.
- Painkiller
- Medicatedsoap
- Asmallblanket
- Abookletonbasicfirstaidinformation
- Aclinicalthermometer
- Surgicalspirit

Dangersthatcanoccurinthekitchen.

1.Floorandfloorcoverings:iffloorsarewet,orhighlypolished,unevenfloorsoriffloorcoveringsarebadlyjoined
orlooseoruntidyfloors.Thiscausefallsleadingtoinjuryanddeath.

2.Faulty,electricalappliances,kitchenclothesnearheat,flammablegoodsnearheat,chippans.Thesecausefires
orelectricshock.

3.Hotliquids,hotequipmentandsteam.Thesecauseburnsandscalds.

4.Unlockablepoisonousliquids/
medicinese.g.overdosemedicineorwrongmedicinesorusingcontaminatedclothsandsinks,orhouseholdbleac
hesorchemicals,orweedkillersandpesticidesordrycleaningfluidsorsolvents.Thesecausepoisoning.

5.Darkworkingsurfaces.Thesemaycausecutsandfalls.

Badlighting:causingaccidentslikecuts.

Sharpequipmentcausingcutsorbruises.

Storage:highorhigherstoragepartswhichmaycausefalls,fractures.

Safetyprecautionstoadheretowhileinthekitchen.

 .mopupwaterimmediatelyanddrythoroughly
 Neverpolishfloortoahighglossorusenonslippolish.
 Donotplaceanyrugormatonahighlypolishedorveryslipperyfloor.
 Floorsshouldbesmoothandeven.
 Tidyupfloor-notrailingcablese.t.c.
 Thekitchenmustbeadequatelylit.
  Avoidputtingkitchenclothesnearasourceofheat.
 Turnoffelectricalapplianceswhennotinuse.
 Donotleaveitemssuchasdrycleaningfluidsnearheatsource.
 Neverleaveitemschippansorhotfatunattended.Avoidfillingpanswithfat.
 HandlesforSaucepans(pots)withhotliquidsshouldnotbeplacedwheretheycanbepushedoffthestove.
 Nevermoveaboutwithhotwaterinakettle.
 Useovengloveswhicharestrongandhavenoholes.
 Usewoodenspoonstostirhotliquids.
 Neverleaveutensilsclosetoapartofthecookerwhichison.
 Havinglockingmedicinecupboardsandbuybottleswithchildproofcups.
 Haveseparateclothesforseparatejobs.
 Beforeleavingthechemistsmakesureyouunderstandthedosagerequired.
 Spraycarefullythepesticide,removeallfoods.
 Noelectricalapplianceshouldbeusedclosetowateranddonotswitchonwithhothands.
 Storesharputensilssafely.
 Covergardenfishpondswithafirmguard.
 Covernakedwires(electric).

Commonaccidentsinthekitchen.

BURNSANDSCALDS

1.Coolthewholeareawithcoldwaterforseveralminutestokillthepainandreduceriskofblistering.

2.Donotremoveclothingthathasbeenburnt.

3.Removeclothingthathasbeensoakedinacorrosivechemical(protectyourownhandsfirst).

4.Removejewelleryifpossibleastheareamayswell.

5.Covertheareawithacleanclothtoreducetheriskofinfection.

6.Liepatientdownandkeepthemwarm.

7.Badlyburnedpatientsmaybegivensipsofwater.

8.Protectblisters,donotburstthem.

9.Ifclothingcatchesfire,throwpatienttothefloorandsmotherflameswitharugorblanket.

CHOKING

1.Aseriesofsharpblowsbetweentheshoulderbladesmaydislodgetheobstruction.Trytogettothepersontobend
oversothattheheadislowerthanthechest.

2.Ifthisdoesn’twork,trytohookouttheobstructionwiththefinger.
3.Smallchildrenshouldbeturnedupsidedownandhitontheback.

4.Asalastresort,usetheHeimlichmanoeuvre.

5.Standorkneebehindthepatient,withonearmaroundtheirabdomen.Holdyourfistwithyourotherhand.Pullbot
hhandstowardsyouquickly,thrustingyourelbowsinwardsandoutwardstocompressthepatient’sabdomen.The
aimistopushoutanddislodgetheobstruction.Thismaycauseinternalinjurytoayoungchildandshouldonlybeuse
dforolderchildrenandadults.

ELECTRICSHOCK

1.Ifpossibleswitchoffthepowersupply.Donottouchthepatientuntilisdone.

2.Ifthisisnotpossible,pushthepatientawayfromtheappliancewithawoodenhandleorstick.

3.Lookforsignsthatthepatientisbreathing,andifnecessarybeginresuscitation.

POISONING

Thefollowingcanallcausepoisoning:

-Acids

-Bleach

-Carpetcleaner

-Detergents

-Lavatorycleaner

-Paraffin

-Ovencleaner

-Petrol

-Shoepolishe.t.c

1.Telephoneforambulance

2.Donotinducevomiting.

3.Dilutethepoisonbygivingtepidmilkorwaterinsips.

4.Wipefaceandlipsgentlywithclothorsponge.

5.Donotpourwaterintothemouthofunconsciouspatientasthismaychokethem.
Ifthepatienthasswallowedpills,trytomakethemvomitbyputtingfingersintotheirthroat.Donotgivesaltwateror
anythingelsetomakethemvomit.

SHOCK

Shockisamedicaltermusedtodescribetheeffectonthebodyofalargelossofbloodorotherbodyfluidfollowingse
verebleeding,burning,heartfailure,persistentvomitingordiarrhea,oranemergencyoperation.Thesymptomso
fshockare:

Cold,clammyskin,heavysweating,faintness,blurredvision,nausea,vomiting,confusion,anxiety,thirst,shallo
wbreathing,weakpulse.

Thisisaserioussituationandshouldbetreatedimmediately.

1.Liepatientdownwithfeetraisedandheadononeside.

2.Trytostopthelossofbloodorfluid.

3.Callformedicalhelp.

4.Loosentightclothing.Donotmoveunnecessary.

5.Coverpatientwithablanket.

6.Donotgiveanythingtodrink.

Inallcasesofinjury,seekmedicaladvicewhenfirstaidhasbeenadministered.

RESUSCITATION.

Ifsomeonehasstoppedbreathingitisimportanttostartmouth-to-
mouthresuscitationbeforemedicalhelparrivesinordertosavetheirlife.Thebrainsuffersdamageifitwithoutoxy
genformorethanthreeminutesanddeathwillfollowsoonafter:

Whattodo:

1.Checkthepatient’sbreathing.ifithasstopped.

2.Clearthemouthbyremovingfalseteeth,dirtoranyotherobjects.

3.Bendtheheadbackwithonehandandpushthejawupwardswiththeothertoliftthetongueawayfromthebackoft
hethroat.

4.Squeezethenostrilstogether,placeyourmouthoverthepatient’smouth,andblowgently.Watchforchesttorise
.

5.Letthechestfall(takeyourmouthaway)thenrepeataboutfifteentimesaminute,continuinguntilthepatientstart
stobreatheagainoruntilhelparrives.
6.Placethepatientintherecoveryposition,withtheheadtoonesideincaseofvomiting,andonearmunderneathtop
reventthepatientrollingontohisorherback.

7.Ifthehearthasstoppedpumping,itwillneedtobemassaged.Pressonthelowerhalfofthebreastboneusingthehe
elofonehandandtheotherontop.Pressaboutonceasecondfivetimes,thencontinuemouth-
mouthresuscitation.Repeatuntiltheheartstartsbeatingandbreathingiscontinuous.

Questions

1. DefineFirstAid.
2. Whoisafirstaider?
3. Statethequalitiesofafirstaider.
4. Whatarethecontentsinthefirstaidkit?
5. Listdifferentdangersthatcanoccurinthekitchen.
6. Discusssafetyprecautionstoadheretowhileinthekitchen.
7. Statecommonaccidentsinthekitchen.

2.0.2ADOLESCENCE
Adolescenceistheperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood.Changesatadolescenceincludeemotionalchanges
whichmaycauseadolescentstochangetheirbehavior.Adolescentsneedtounderstandthesechangesiftheyareto
cooperatewithparentsandothermembersofthefamily.

Theybegintobemoreawareofthemselvesandthusestablishingasenseofidentity.Parentsshouldunderstandthat
adolescenceisthestagewhenteenagersshouldgainresponsibilityforadultwould.

CHANGESDURINGADOLESCENCE

Girls

- Breastsenlarge.
- Hipswiden.
- Ovariesgrowinsize.
- Hairgrowsaroundthepubicareaandarmpits.
- Waistbecomedistinctandhipsincreaseinsize.
- Theystarttheirmenstrualperiod.
- Thereismarkedincreaseinweightandheight.

Boys

- Shouldersbroaden.
 - Theyexperience‘wetdreams’.
- Voicedeepens.
- Suddenincreaseinweightandheight.
- Testisandpenisincreaseinsize.
- Hairgrowsaroundthepubicareaandarmpits.

FEMALEANDMALEREPRODUCTIVEORGANS

Female

Vaginaisthemuscularbirthcanal.

Functions

- Itreceivesthespermcellsfromthemaleorgan(penis).
- Providesthepassagetotheuterusthentotheovum(egg).
- Providespassageforthebabyduringbirth.

Cervixisamuscularneckorgatewaybetweentheuterusandvagina.

Function

- Itprovidespassagesforspermsandbaby.

Uterusisabagsurroundedbyamuscularwall.

Functions

- Toprovideroomforthefertilizedovumtodevelopuntilitisreadytobeborn.
- Tocontractandforcethebabyoutthroughthecervixduringchildbirth.

Fallopiantubes-
(oviducts)thesearetwomusculartubesleadingfromeithersideoftheuterustotheovaries.Ontheinsidetheyarelin
edwithciliawhichpropelthematureovafromtheovariestotheuterus.

Functions

- Toallowpassageofspermsfromtheuterustotheovumforfertilizationtotakeplaceneartheovaryendofth
efallopiantube.
- Toprovideroomforfertilizationanddivisionofzygoteorfertilizedovumtotakeplace.
- Toprovidepassageformatureovafromtheovariestotheuterusandthentotheoutsideduringovulation.
- Matureovausuallydieinthefallopiantubesbeforetheyentertheuterusiffertilizationfails.

Ovaries-thesearetwoeggshapedorgansoneithersideoftheuterusinthelowerpartoftheabdominalgap.

Functions

- Toproduceova.
Male

Testicles–theyaretwosexglandscoveredbyamuscularbagknownasscrotum

Functions

- Toproduceandstoresperms.

Urethra–
thisisatubewhichleadsfromthebladdertotheoutsideendingatthetipofthepenis.Itisconnectedtothevandeferen
s.

Function

- Toprovidepassageforbothurinefromthebladderandspermsfromthevandeferens.

Penis-
itisamuscularstructurewithanetworkofbloodvesselswhichenablesittoerect(stiffen)inreadinessforthesexual
act.

Function

- Todirectthespermsintothevagina

SAFELIFESTYLES

Asafelifestyleisacleanandsafelife.Itisfreeofdeadlyhabitswhichmaybeinjurioustoanindividual’slife.Ifapers
onisnotleadingasafelifestyletheresultcouldbepermanentinjurytoone’simageordeath.Unsafelifestylesaresi
mplyhabitslearntfromourfriends,orotherpeoplewhomwemoveormixwithoften.

Thereforesafelifestylemeansleadinglifethatissafeforapersontolivelonger.

TypesofSafeLifeStyles

- Sticktoonepartner.
- Abstainfromsexoravoidcasualsex.
- Makeuseofcondomsthoughnot100℅safe.
- Goforbloodcheckup.
- Donotdrinkbeerheavily.
- Nodrugabuse.
- Reproductivehealtheducation.

TypesofUnsafeLifeStyles

- Havingtoomanysexualpartners.
 - Havingunprotectedsex,oralsex,lesbianism,homosexualitydrysex.
- Prostitution/promiscuityinbrothels.
- Drugabuse.
- Drunkennessleadingtomisbehaving.
- Usingunsterilizedneedles
- Makingtattooswithuseduprazorblades.

Drugandsubstanceabuse

Adrugisanysubstanceorchemicalotherthanfoodwhich,whentaken,affectsbodyfunctions,structuresandproc
esses.

Drugabuseistheuseofdrugsorchemicalssubstancesforwrongreasons

Typesofdrugs

Psychoactivedrugsarethechemicalsubstancesthataffectthethinking,feeling,mood,consciousness,perceptio
nandbehaviorofapersonsuchas;

- Narcoticsaredrugswhichhavesleep-inducingandpain-
relievingpropertiesandrelaxtheusere.g.opium,morphine,heroin.
- Stimulantsaredrugswhichactonthecentralnervoussysteme.g.caffeine,nicotine,cocaine.
- Sedativesthesedrugsdepressthecentralnervoussystemandproduceacalmingeffect,relaxmuscles,reli
evethefeelingofanxietyaswellaspromotesleep.
- Hallucinogensaredrugswhichcausechangesinfeelingsandmakethosewhotakethemtohearandseeima
ginarythingse.g.marijuana,hemp
- Inhalantsarechemicalsthatproducevapourorareinvapourforme.g.glue,paint,petrol.

Effectsofdrugandsubstanceabuse.

Therearemanyeffectsofdrugabuseandtheydifferfrompersontoperson.Sometheseare:

- Asuddenchangeinattitude,includinglackofinterestinactivitiesonceenjoyed.
- Frequentvagueandwithdrawnmoods.
- Adeclineinworkorschoolperformance,orregularskippingofclasses.
- Increasedfrustrationlevels.
- Changesinsleepingandeatinghabits.
- Weightloss.
- Evidenceofdrugusesuchassmellofmarijuana.
- Frequentborrowingofmoneyandstealing.
- Disregardforpersonalappearance.
- Brokenrelationshipswithfamilyandfriends.

HIVANDAIDS
Duetothepracticeofunsafelifestyleslikeoralsex,lesbianismandhavingunprotectedsexapersonismorelikelyto
contractHIVandAIDSaswellothersexuallytransmittedinfection.HIVisthevirusthatcausesAIDS.AIDSisadis
easewhichcomesaboutasaresultoftheweakenedimmunesystemandithasnocure.Butcanbemanagedbytaking
anti-
retroviraldrugsfortherestofone’slife.HIVstandsforHumanImmuneDeficiencyViruswhileAIDSstandsforA
cquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome.

TransmissionofHIV

TheHIVgermwhichcausesAIDScanbetransmittedthroughwayssuchas:

- Unprotectedsex.
- Bloodtransfusion.
- Mothertochildeitherduringpregnancyorchildbirth.
- Havingmultiplesexualpartners.
- Usingunsterilizedneedles.
- Makingtattooswithuseduprazorblades.
- Bloodcontactwithaninfectedpersonthroughanopenwound.

Teenagepregnancy

Teenagepregnancyiswherebygirlwhoisbelowtheageofconsentbecomespregnant.Thepregnancycanbeasare
sultoflackofreproductivehealtheducationorduetounsafelifestyleorpeerpressure.

Effectsofteenagepregnancy

- Losslearningtimewhilelookingafterthebabybeforegoingbacktoschool.
- Itcontributestorapidpopulationincrease.
- Theteenagemotherrisksherlifeduringchildbirth.
- Itcreatespressureontheprovisionofsocialservices.
- Theteenagemothermaybepsychologicallyaffected.
- Itcanalsoleadtobreakdownoftherelationshipwithparentsandotherfamilymembers.
- Thegirlmaysufferrejectionbythepersonwhoimpregnatedher.

Questions

1. Definethetermadolescence.
2. Statechangeswhichoccuringirlsandboyduringadolescence.
3. Definesafelifestyle.
4. Mentiontypesofsafeandunsafelifestyles.
5. Whatisadrug?
6. Whatisdrugabuse?
7. Describethetypesofdrugs.
8. Outlinetheeffectsofdrugs.
9. WhatdotheletterHIVandAIDSstandfor?
10. DistinguishHIVandAIDS.
 11. OutlinehowtheHIVgermistransmitted.
12. Statetheeffectteenagepregnancy.

2.0.3PREGNACYANDDELIVERY.
Pregnancy.

Thisisaperiodwhenawomanhasanunbornbabyinsideawomb.

Signsandsymptomsofpregnancy.

- Stoppingofnormalmonthlyperiodsforawomanwhohashadsexualintercourse.
- Breastsbecometenderandenlarged.
- Morningsickness.
- Enlargedabdomen.
- Feelingoffatigueandadesiretosleepforlongerperiodsthannormal.
- Frequenturinationduetotheenlargementoftheuteruswhichpressesonthebladder.
- Skinaroundthenippleschangesandbecomedarker.
- Movementofthefoetus.
- Likesanddislikesforcertainfoods.

Stagesofdevelopmentduringpregnancy.

Pregnancycanbecountedinweeksaswellasmonths.Forconvenienceitisdividedintotrimesters.

1. Firsttrimester(3months)
Itiswhenthebaby’sorgansareformed.Thereforeitisimportanttoavoidpoisonandotherthingsthatcanha
rmthebaby.
Theembryoisthesizeofafingernailandtheeyes,ears,limbs,brainandheartbegintoform.
2. Secondtrimester(6months)
Atthisstagealltheorgansincludingthesexofthebabyareformed.Thedangerofthefoetusbeingaffectedb
ytoxinismuchless.
3. Thirdtrimester(9months)
Atthisstagethebabyisbigandtakingupalotofspaceastheduedateapproaches.
 Duringthisstageseriousproblemscanoccursuchas:highbloodpressure,bleedingunexpectedly,having
unexplainedpains,headache,andsuddenwaterretentioncharacterizedbyswellingofhandsandfeet.
Closesupervisionisverynecessaryduringthisstage.

Dietaryneedsofapregnantwoman

Thepregnantwomanshouldhavethefollowing:

- Balanceddietforherandthebabytoreceivetherequirednutrientforhealthandgrowthofthebaby.
- Proteinsarerequiredforbuildingnewcells.
- Vitaminsareneededforgeneralgoodhealth.
- Calciumisneededforbuildingstrongbonesandteeth.
- Ironisrequiredtopreventanaemiaandfortheproductionofhaemoglobin.
- Dietaryfibreisneededtopreventconstipation.
- Thepregnantwomanshouldavoidtoomuchstarchfoodstopreventexcessweightgain.
- Avoidsweetfoodssuchascakesandsweets.
- Avoidtoomuchfattyfoodsandfriedfoods.

Choiceofclothesinpregnancy

Duringpregnancyawomanshouldconsidertheclothingsheweartosuitherchangingbody.Thetypeofclothessho
uldbethosethatwillsafeguardthewell-
beingofthemotherandtheunbornbaby.Theyshouldbethetypethatwillallowforthefreecirculationofairandblo
odaswellascomfortable.Thissimplymeansapregnantshouldnotweartightfittingclothes.Clothessuitableforap
regnantwomaninclude;

- Flatshoesforcomfort,safetyandsupporttheextrabodyweight.
- Loosematernitydresses.
- Well-fittingunderwear.
- Adjustablebras
- Warmclothingifnecessary.

Ante-natalclinic

Thisistheclinicwhichattendstotheneedsofexpectantmothers.Attheclinictheexpectantmotherareoffervariou
sservicessuchas;

- Theycheckthegeneralhealthofthemother.
- Pregnantwomenaretoldhowtakecareofthemselves.
- Thefoetalheartbeatischecked.
- BloodischeckedforanyseriousinfectionslikeHIVandothers.
 - Theyaregivensupplementaryirontablets,ifnecessary.
- Theytoldabouttheimportanceofhavingabalanceddiet
- Theyarecheckedwhethertheygainingweightorlosingweight.
- Thepregnantwomanisinformedabouttheexpecteddateofdelivery.
- Firsttimemothershaveanopportunitytosharewithexperiencedmothers
- Pregnancyisalsoconfirmed.
- Bloodpressureischeckedduringeveryvisit.
- Themotherisadvisedondiet,exercises,restandanyothernecessaryhealthmeasures.

Post-natalclinic

Thisistheclinicwhichisattendedbymothersafterdelivery.Theservicesofferedinclude:

- Checkingthegeneralofthemotheraftergivingbirth.
- Thebabyisalsochecked.
- Mothersareadvisedaboutfamilyplanningmethods.
- Registrationofthebabyisdoneifdeliverywasdoneathome.

Homeandhospitalconfinement

Earlyinherpregnancyamothermustdecidewhereshewouldlikeherbabytobebornshemaychoosetostayathome
orgotohospital.

Adoctorwilladviseagainsthomeconfinementif:

1. Themotherisaged35yearsorover.
2. Itisafirstbaby.
3. Thereisahistoryofcomplicationsinpregnancyordifficultiesinlabour
4. Twinsormultiplebirthsareexpected.
5. Themotherhasamedicalconditionthatrequiresmonitoring.
6. ThebabymaybeatriskbecauseoftheRhesusfactor.
7. Therehasbeenapreviousabortion,miscarriage,stillbirthorCaesareansection.
8. Thehomeconditionisunsuitableforthedeliveryofthebabyorthepost-natalcareofthemother.
9. Thewomanisveryyoung,soherpelvismaybetoosmallforthebabytobebornthroughthebirthcanal.

Advantagesofhomeconfinement

- Themotherisinfamiliarsurroundingsinwhichshecanfeelcomfortableandrelaxed.
- Shedoesnothavetoworryabouthowherfamilyiscopingduringherabsence.
- Duringandafterbirththemotherwillbeattendedbyherownmid-wife.
- Thebabyisalwaysnear.Aroutinecanbequicklyestablishedsothatthebabyfitsinwiththerestofthefamily
.
- Amotheriswithherhusbandandfamily,makingthebirthasharedevent.
- Themotherwillbewelllookedafter.
- Someonewillaroundtohelpinthehouseandensurerestandconstantcareforthemotherandbaby.
Disadvantagesofhomeconfinement

- Thebabyisborninsurroundingswhicharenotthoroughlycleanandsterile.
- Atraditionalmidwifemaybeexperience,butshecannotsolvesomeofthecomplicationsandproblemstha
toccurifshediscoversthem.
- Someabnormalitiesmaypassunnoticedormaynotbediscoveredearlyenough.
- Ittherearenorelativesandfriendswillingtohelp,themothermayhavetodoallhouseworkherself,aswella
smindingthebaby.
- Therearesomecaseswhichshouldnotbehandledathome.

Advantagesofhospitalconfinement

- Specialisthelpisalwaysavailable.
- Amothercanbeshownhowtohandleandlookafterhernew-bornbaby.
- Ifthebabysuffersfromalackofoxygenatbirth,thisconditioncanbemonitoredandtreatedimmediately.
- Apaediatricianisavailableifproblemsdevelopwiththebaby.
- Anyemergencytreatmentcanbegivenimmediatelybecausethemotherisinhospital.
- Anewmotherwillmeetandtalkwithothermothersinthewardandbeabletoshare“baby”stories.
- Othermothers,whomaybesufferingfromsimilardiscomfort,cansympathizeifproblemsarise.
- Thebabyisbornincleanandbettersterilizedsurroundings
- Themothergetsthenecessaryrest.
- Birthsareregisteredwhentheytakeplaceinhospitalsandthisenablesthegovernmenttoassesstherateofp
opulationgrowth.

Disadvantagesofhospitalconfinement

- Themotherandthebabyaretemporarilyseparatedfromtherestofthefamily.
- Thereislackoffreedombecausethemotherisinastrangeplace.
- Thehospitaldietmaynotbewhatthemotherisfamiliarwithorwhatshepreferstoeat.

Stageoflabourandchildbirth

Whenthewomanstartsthestagesofbirth,sheissaidtobegoingintolabour.Thesignswhichindicatethatlabourhas
begunare:

- Ashow–themucusinthecervixslipsdownandpassesoutofthebodythroughthevagina.
- Thebreakingofthewater-
thebabybeginstobepushedout;thepressurebreakstheamnioticsacandtheamnioticfluiddrainsaway.
- Regularandstrongcontractions.
Birthhasthreemainstages:

1. Thedilationorwideningofthecervix.
2. Theexpulsionofthebabyfromthewombthroughthecervixandvaginaintotheoutsideworld.
3. Thepushingoutoftheplacentaandtheremainsoftheumbilicalcord.

Typesofbirths

Normaldelivery-ababycomesoutwithheadfirstandthentherestofthebodypartsfollow.

Prematurebirth-whenthebabyisbornbeforeitisdue.

Breechbirth-whenthebabyisbornwiththelegsorbuttockscomingoutfirst.

Forcepsdelivery-
thisiswhenthedoctorusesasetofinstrumentswhichfitcloselyaroundthebaby’sskullinordertopullthebabysligh
tlyduringacontraction.

Caesareandelivery-thiswhenthebabyhastobedeliveredthroughacutmadeinthewalloftheuterus.

Induction-
aninducedbirththatisstartedartificiallybythedoctorbreakingthemembranessurroundingthebaby,orbyusingc
ertaindrugs.

Familyplanning

Familyplanningisspacingorlimitingthenumberofchildrenthefamilyshouldhave.Thecoupleshouldplanforth
earrivalofthebabyintheirlives.Theyshouldmakesurethattheycanaffordbeingwithachildandprovideasecurea
ndlovingenvironmentinwhichachildcangrowupin.

Reasonsforfamilyplanning

- Thecouplemayhavetheireducationincompleteandtheywishtocontinuesothattheycomplete.
- Thecouplemayfeelthattheyarefinanciallyunpreparedforparenthood.
- Thecouplemaybecareeroriented.
- Thecouplemayhavehealthyproblems

Methodsoffamilyplanning(birthcontrol)
Topreventpregnancy,someformsofcontraceptiveshavetobeused.Therearemethodsofcontraceptionavailabl
e.Eachmethodaimsatpreventingthespermfromfertilisinganovum.Butsomemethodsaremoresuccessfulandr
eliablethanothers.Informationandadvicefromthefamilyplanningcliniccanhelptheindividualtochoose.

(a) Abstinence-
thatishavingnosexualrelationships.Thisismosteffectiveanduniversallyacceptedmethodofavoidingp
regnancy.
(b) Oralcontraceptive-
thisisahormonepilltakendaily.Itpreventsmonthlyreleaseofovum.Aprescriptionisneeded.Itcancause
weightgain,headaches,visualdisturbances,moodchangesanddepression.
(c) Condom-
thisislatexmaterialthatfitoverapenis.Itcanalsobeonethatcanbewornbyafemalepartnerwhichfitsintot
hevagina.Ittrapsthesemenandreducestheriskofsexuallytransmitteddiseases.Thecondomcouldtearor
puncture.Itcanslipoffincaseofaman.Itcanonlybeusedonce.Itcanalsobedamagedbyheatandpetroleu
mproducts.
(d) Naturalfamilyplanning(rhythm)-
awomandeterminesfertileperiodsbychartingbodytemperatureandmucusdischargeduringmonthlycy
cle.Possibleproblemswiththismethodillnessandemotionalproblemswhichcouldaltertemperaturean
dmucusreadings.Itrequiresaccuraterecordkeeping.
(e) Diaphragm-
thisisadomeshapedlatexcupinsertedintothevagina.Itblockstheentrancetotheuterus.Itisusedwithsper
micide.Thepossibleproblemsareitincreaseschancesofbladderandurinaryinfections.Improperfitbeca
useofchangesinweightorchildbirth.
(f) Cervicalcap-
thisisasmalllatexorplasticthimbleinsertedoverthecervix.Itprovidesthebarrierbyfittingoverthecervix
andpreventingorblockingentrancetotheuterus.Itisusedwithspermicide.Itisdifficulttoinsertandmust
befittedbyhealthprofessionals.
(g) Spermicide-
thesearefoams,creamsorjellywithchemicalsthatactasbarrierstosperm.Theyshouldbeusedwithcondo
m,diaphragmandcervicalcap.Theyarenoteffectivewhenusedalone.Theycouldloseeffectivenessifins
ertedmorethan20minutesbeforeintercourse.Theymaycauseallergicreactions.
(h) Intrauterinedevice(IUD)-
thesearesmallplasticormetaldevicesinvariousshapesinsertedintotheuterus.Itmustbeinsertedbytrain
edmedicalpersonnel.Itpreventspregnancybyinterferingwithimplantationofthefertilisedovum.Itincr
easestheriskofpelvicinfection.Theremaybeheavymenstrualflow,painfulurinationandcramping.
(i) Hormoneimplant-
thesearecapsulesinsertedbeneaththeskininupperarm.Itpreventsmonthlyreleaseoftheovumforupto5
years.Itmaycauseirregularbleedingandmissedmonthlycycle.
(j) Hormoneinjection-
thisisaninjectiongivenonceevery3months.Itpreventsmonthlyreleaseoftheovum.Itmaycauseweight
gain,headaches,abdominalpainsandirregularperiods.
(k) Sterilisation-
thisisasurgicalprocedurewhichrequiresminorsurgerywithsomeriskofinfection.Infemalesitisknown
astuballigationwhileinmalesitiscalledvasectomy.Infemalesitinvolvesthesealingoffallopiantubes.I
nmalesitiscuttingortyingofthevasdeferens.Itmayrequiremajorsurgerytoreverse.
(l) Coitusinterruptus-
thisinvolveswithdrawingthepenisfromthevaginabeforeejaculation,thuspreventingtheentranceofspe
rmcellsintothefemalereproductivetract.Thismethodoftenprovesunsatisfactoryandmayresultinpreg
 nancy,sincesomemalesfinditemotionallydifficulttowithdrawjustpriortoejaculation.Alsosmallamou
ntsofsemencontainingspermcellsmaybeexpelledfromthepenisintothevaginabeforeejaculation.

Questions

1. Definepregnancy.
2. Describethesignsandsymptomsofpregnancy.
3. Outlinethestageofdevelopmentduringpregnancy.
4. Statethedietaryneedsofapregnantwoman.
5. Describethetypeofclothesuitableforapregnantwoman.
6. Identifytheactivitiesdoneattheante-natalandpostnatalclinics.
7. Statethecircumstancesunderwhichapregnantwomanmaynotbeallowedtodeliveryherbabyath
ome.
8. Statetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofhomeandhospitalconfinement.
9. Whatarethestagesoflabour?

10.Mentionthethreestageofchildbirth.

11.Identifythetypesofbirths.

12.Listthemethodsoffamilyplanning.

2.0.4 CHILDGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENT
Stagesofchildgrowth

Achild’sgrowsanddevelopsphysically,mentallyemotionallyandsocially.Thechildishelpedtodevelopby:

- Beingpartofahappyfamilywherehe/sheislovedandfeelssecure.
- Beingencouragedandpraisedfortryingnewskills.
- Beinggivenattentionbytheparentsandotheradultswhotalkwithhim/herandthusgivehim/
herbehaviortoimitate.
- Suitabletoyswhichstimulatehis/herbraingivehim/herpracticeincontrollingthebody.

PhysicalGrowthandDevelopment

Anormalnewbornbabywillwavehis/
herarmsandlegsaimlessly.Anewborncangripanobjecttightly,butcannotsituporholdhis/
herheadorbackstraight.Thebabyliesinacurledpositionasifinthewomb.

Ababyagedonetothreemonthscanholdobjectswhichareputintohis/herhand,showsinterestinhis/
hersurroundings.He/shefollowsmovingobjectstheeyesandsmileswhenhehe/
sherecognisesfamiliarfaces.Thebabycancontrolthemovementofthehead,canliewithhis/
herlegsstraightoutandcankickhis/herfeet.
Atninemonthsanormalbabycanpullhim/
herselfalongtheflooronthebottomorcrawl.Betweentheagesofeighteenmonthsandtwoyears,theaveragechild
isabletowalkconfidently.

Ahealthychildattwotothreeyearsold,canwalk,runandkicktheball.Mostnormalchildrenbetweenthreetofivey
earscanrunjumpandkicktheballwithconfidence.

EmotionalDevelopment

Ayoungbabyisnotabletocommunicatehis/
heremotionsandneedswithlanguage,sothisisdonebycryingorlaughing.Ifababycries,itisusuallyasignthatsom
ethingwrong.Ababymaycrybecause:

- He/sheishungry
- He/sheisthirsty
- Hasswallowedwind
- Thenappyiswetorsoiled
- He/sheistired
- Whenitistoocoldorhot
- Whenhe/shefeelshungry
- Whenhe/shefeelsinsecure

Whenachildgrowsolder,he/
shewillstartshowingemotionssuchasanger,andannoyancebycrying,screamingandkicking.

SocialDevelopment

Achild’ssocialdevelopmentisdependentonsecurity.Forachildtoacceptthecompanyofotherchildrenandofunf
amiliaradults,he/sheneedstofeelthathe/
sheislovedandispartofastablefamilyunit.Thechildshouldshowwillingnesstoplaywithastranger.Bytheageoft
wothechildwillenjoythecompanyotherchildren.

Atthreeyearsold,achildmayenjoyplayingwithotherchildren,butwillneedhelpinlearningtoshare.Atfourtofiv
eyearsofageanormalchildshouldhavelearnttosharetoysandwillplayhappilywithotherchildren,particularlyof
his/herownage.

Importanceofgamesandexercises

Playisimportantininfluencingmostofaspectsofchild’sphysicalandmentaldevelopment.Throughplay,childre
ncanlearnto:

- Controltheirbodyandcarryoutphysicalactivities
- Usetheirimaginationandcopythebehaviorofadults
- Becreativeandconstructive
- Usetheirintelligenceinworkingthingsoutforthemselves
- Communicateadultsandotherchildren
- Sharetheirpossessionsandovercomeshynessandanti-socialbehavior
Importanceofplayandexercises

- Playandexercisemakethechildcreativeandfit.
- Theystimulatetheflowofblood.
- Theydevelopmusclesandhelpthechildtolearnhowtocontrolthemuscle.
- Theyhelpinmentalgrowth
- Theypromotesocialgrowth
- Tobeimaginativeandimitateadultsituations

Safetyduringplay

Childrenshouldneverbelefttoplaydangerously.

- Dangerousitemslikesharpobjectshouldnotbenearchildrenastheymaysteponthem.
- Thechildrenshouldnotbeleftaloneinanunguardedenvironmentlikeswimmingtoplayastheymaydrow
n.
- Theplayplaceshouldbecleanandsmalltoys,beads,orgrainshouldnotbewithinreachastheymayeatthe
morputtheminthenostrils.
- Childrenshouldnotbelefttoplaywherethingsmayfallonthem.
- Thechildshouldneverplaynearfireorpoolofwater.
- Theplayplaceshouldbewellventilated.Freshairisnecessarytosupplyoxygenduringplayandexercises.
- Clothingshouldallowfreemovementandthechildshouldbedressedaccordingtoweather.
- Toysandotherplayobjectsshouldbeclean,colour-
fast,noteasilychippedoffandwithoutsharpcornerstocutthegums

Familychildcare

Therearethingsthateveryoneinthefamily,andeveninsociety,expectseachmemberofthefamilytodo.Theseexp
ectationsdefinetherolesofeachpersoninthefamily.

Rolesoffamilymembers

Intoday’sfamilysystemchildrearingisoftensharedbybothparents.

Theroleofthefather

- Togivefinancialsupporttothefamily.
- Toenforcediscipline.
- Tohelpwithhouseholdchoreswheneverpossible
- Takethechildrenoutattheweekendsothatthewifecandoanynecessarywork.
 - Helpingintheeveningbyplayingwiththechildrenorreadingtothem.
- Makingtimetoattendschoolmeetings

Theroleofthemother

- Tomakefinancialcontributionstowardstherunning.
- Topreparemealsforthefamily.
- Topreparechildrenbeforetheygotoschool.
- Todothenecessaryhouseholdchores.

Theroleofchildren

- Tohelpparentsdowhateverthereistobedonearoundthehouse.
- Toteachyoungerchildrensocialandbehaviouralskills.
- Tolistentotheyoungeronetoprovidethemasenseofsecurity.

Theroleofgrandparents

- Tohelptrainchildreninacceptablesocialbehaviour.
- Grandmothersprovideadvicetowomenandinstructyounggirls.

Theroleofauntsanduncles

- Toactassubstituteparentswhenthechildren’sparentsareaway.
- Advisenephewsandniecesonwhethertheyhavechosenasuitablemarriagepartner.
- Togeneraladviceonsocialbehaviourtoteenagers
- Unclesandauntsmayassisttheyoungermembersofthefamilyfinancially.

Weaning

Thisisthegradualintroductionofsolidfoodstoababyataboutsixmonths.Thisdoesnotmeanthatbreastfeedingsh
ouldbediscontinued.Itisimportantthatpropersupplyofnutritiousfoodsismaintainedinordertomeetthedeman
dsofthegrowingchild.Thesuitablefoodsshouldbeinformofpurees,soups,freshfruitjuices,shreddedvegetable
sandmeat.

Behaviouralproblemsofchildren

Allchildrenbehave‘badly’orare‘difficult’fromtimetotime.Thisispartofgrowingup.Theextenttowhichchildr
enbehavedependsonboththechild’sownnatureandthewayinwhichtheparentsdealwithbehavior.Thepointatw
hichbehaviorwillcauseconcernvariesfromfamilytofamily.Behaviorpatternsonlybecomeabehaviouralprobl
emwhentheyarecarriedtotheexcessthatiswhenthechilddoesnotgrowoutofthemandthechildthebehaviorbeco
mesextreme.Someofthebehaviouralproblemsinclude:

- Tempertantrums
- Hyperactivity
- Thumb-sucking
- Nail-biting
 - Day-dreaming
- Obsession
- Foodfads
- Lying
- Stealing
- Aggression
- Jealousy

Questions

1. Whatarethestagesofchilddevelopment?
2. Mentionthereasonswhybabiescry.
3. Statetheimportanceofplayandexercises.
4. Outlinethesafetyrulesduringplay.
5. Mentiontherolesofeachfamilymemberinchildcare.
6. Listthebehaviouralproblemsofchildren.

2.0.5 CHILDREN’SCLINIC

Thisisthechildren’sclinicwherechildrenundertheageoffiveyearsaretakenfortreatment,consultationand
weighing.

Activitiesatthechildren’sclinic

- Immunizationagainstsomeofthechildhooddiseasesisgiven.
- Thechildrenareweighedandtherecordedintheunder-fivecard.
- Mothersaregivenhealthtalksonhowtobringuphealthychildren.
- Registrationofbirthisdone.
- Mothersaregivenadviceonthebestfeedingmethodforthebaby.
- ChildrenaregivenvitaminAsupplement.
- Childrenaregivendewormingmedication.
- Thegeneralhealthofthechildisassessed,ifilltreatmentisgiven.
- Dietisalsodiscussedandthemotheradvisedonit.

Diseaseswhichachildcanbeimmunizedagainstare:

- Polio
- Tetanus
- Whoopingcough
- Diphtheria
- Measles
- Diarrhoea
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
 - Hepatitis
- meningitis

Children’sailmentsandtreatment

Ahealthychildislivelyandcheerful.Ifachildbecomespale,listlessandwillnoteatmeals,thesearesignsthatallisn
otwell.

Manychildhoodailmentsareinfectious.Thismeansthattheycanbepassedonfromonepersontoanotherbythespr
eadofvirusesandbacteria.

Disease Treatment
Notifythedoctor
Keepthechildinbeduntiltemperaturedrops.
Giveaspirinorparacetamol.
Measles
Givealightdietwithplentyofliquids.
Adarkenedroomisadvisable.
Ifachildcomplainsabouteyes,earsorbreathing,sendforthedoctor.
Sendforadoctorwhomayprescribeantibiotics.
Whoopingcough Givelightdietwithplentyofliquids.
Watchforsignsofearandlunginfection.
Keepthechildinbeduntiltemperaturedrops
Mumps Paracetamoloraspirincanbegiven.
Givelightdietwithsoftsolidsthatdonotneedchewingandplentytodrink.
Onlykeepthechildinbedifhe/shefeelspoorly.
Relieveitchingbycoveringscabswithcalaminelotion.
Chickenpox Trytostopthechildfromscratchingthescabsthiscancausescarring.
Cutnailsshortandifnecessary,getthechildtowearcottongloves.
Germanmeasles Keepthechildawayfrompregnantwomen.Thisdiseasecandamageayou
ngfoetus.
Keepyourselfandthechildclean.
Keepthechild’sfoodclean.
Diarrhoea Giveplentyoffluids.
Usethetoiletproperly.
Avoidusingtoomuchsugarinthechild’sfood.
Makesurethechildremainscalmandisnotover-anxious.
Clothethechildlightly,especiallywithcottonclothes.
Heat-rash Keephim/herinacoolplace.
Dusttheaffectedareaswithheatpowderwhichhasasoothingeffect.
Isolatethechildwiththecoldfromotherhealthypeople.
Usehandkerchiefwhencoughingorsneezing.
Avoidlendingorborrowingthehandkerchief.
 Commoncold Sterilizethehandkerchief.
Keepwarm,especiallyduringcoldorwetmonths.
EatfoodsrichinvitaminC.
Avoidcrowdedplaces.
Fever Controlofthegermswillmeancontroloffever.

Questions

1. Identifytheactivitiesundertakenatthechildren’sclinic.
2. Namethediseasesachildcanbeimmunizedagainst.
3. Outlinethechildren’sailmentsandtheirtreatment.

TOPIC3FOODANDNUTRITION
3.0.1MEALPLANNING

Everyonehasdifferentneedsandrequirementsforfood,accordingto;

-Ageandsex.

-Healthcondition

-Dailyactivity

-Theclimateinwhichtheylive

-Theirlikes,dislikes,foodcustomsandtaboos.

Thepreparationandconsumptionoffoodisalsoinfluencedby;

1. Theinterestandmotivationofthepersonwhoispreparingthefood.
2. Theculinaryabilitiesandskillsofthefoodpreparer.
3. Thetimeandthefacilitiesthatisavailableforpreparingfood.
4. Thefoodsthatisavailable.
5. Theincomeavailabletobespentonfood.

Appetiteandthedesiretoeatfoodarealsoaffectedby;

1.Thecolour,appearance,andpresentationofthefood.
2.Thetaste,smell,andtextureofthefood.

3.Thesurroundingsandatmosphereinwhichthefoodiseaten.

FOLLOWINGDIETARYGUIDELINES.

Toachieveahealthydiet,thedietaryguidelinesshouldbefollowedascloselyaspossible.Informationabouthowd
ifferentfoodscanbeusedinahealthydietisavailablefromvariousplaces,including;

-Foodlabels

-Supermarketinformationleaflets

-Foodadvicecenters

-Healthvisitors

-Healthcenters

-Childcareclinics

-Computerdatabases.

-MagazinearticlesandTVprogrammes.

INDIVIDUALREQUIREMENTS.

Pregnantwomen

Essentialfattyacids–forbraingrowthandcelldivision.

VitaminK–
deficiencycanleadtohaemorrhaging(bleedingwherethebloodwillnotclot)inthefirstmonthafterbirth.Mostne
wbornbabiesaregivenvitaminK,eitherbymouthorasaninjection,topreventthis.

VitaminB12–
AvegetarianmothermaybedeficientinvitaminB12andmayneedtotakeasupplementduringpregnancyandwhile
breastfeedingtoensureshehassufficient.Thefoetusstoresvitamin12sothatithasenoughforthefirst6monthsafter
birth.

Calcium–
thefoetusneedsalotofcalciuminthelastfewweeksofpregnancy,astheskeletondevelops.Ifthereisnotenoughcal
ciumorvitaminDinthemother’sdiet,shemaylosecalciumfromhermother’sdiet;shemaylosecalciumfromhers
keleton,whichcanleadtoweakenedbonesandteeth.

Iron–
themothermusthaveenoughironduringpregnancy.itisneededtosupplyherownbodyandtoprovidethegrowing
babywithastoreofironforthefirstfewmonthsafterbirth.Breastmilkandcow’smilkarebothpoorsourcesofiron,s
othisstoreisvital.

Duringpregnancy,thelevelofhaemoglobininthebloodischeckedregularly.Ifthereislessthan10mg,themotheri
sanaemicandthedoctormayprescribeirontablets.

NSP–
constipationcanbeaprobleminpregnancy.Ifitis,womenshouldincreasetheamountoffibreintheirdietandtakeg
entleexercise,e.g.walkingandswimming.

Folate–
folateisrequiredveryearlyinpregnancyforthecorrectdevelopmentofthebrainandnervoussysteminthefoetus.

Awomanneedssufficientfolateinherdietevenbeforeshebecomespregnant,folatedeficiencycanleadtomiscarr
iage(losingthedevelopingfoetus),slowgrowth,malformationsinthefoetus(e.g.spinalbifida),orprematurebirt
h.

VitaminE–
mostvitaminEistransferredtothelast10weeksofpregnancy.Ifababyisbornprematurely,butmayneedavitamin
Esupplement.

Post–natal(afterthebirthofthebaby).

Afterthebirth,themother’snutrientrequirementsincrease.Herbodyneedsmorenutrientstocopewiththedeman
dsofbreast-feedingandtheincreasedactivityassociatedwithrearingababy.

Anyweightgainedduringpregnancywillusuallytakeafewmonthstogo.Weightlossishelpedconsiderablyifthe
motherisbreast-feedingmothersshouldincreasetheirintakeofliquids.

Infancy.

Breast-feeding(lactation).

Humanbreastmilkisspecificallydesignedtofeedhumanbabies.itisthebestmilktogivebabiesbecause:

1. Itprovidesthecorrectmixandquantityofnutrientsfortheinfanttogrownormally.
2. Themilkisattherighttemperatureandconsistency.
3. Thebabyliesclosetothemothertofeed,andformsastrongbondwithher,andshewiththebaby.
4. Theactionofsuckingproduceshormonesinthebabybodythathelptheintestinestodevelopandtoabsorbn
utrientsmoreeffectively.
5. Thebabydigestsvirtuallyallthemilkwhichgivesitafeelingofsatiety(fullness)anddrowsiness.
6. Thebabytakesonlywhatitneeds,andisthereforelesslikelytobecomeoverweight.
7. Immunityfromcertaindiseasesispassedtothebabyfromthemother.
8. Nopreparationisneeded,sobreast-
feedingisveryconvenientespeciallywhengoingout,andwhenthereareotherchildrentolookafter.
9. Thereislittlechanceofthebabypickingupgastricinfections(stomachupsets),becausethemilkissterilea
nddoesnotcomeintocontactwiththeoutsideair.
10. Breast-fedbabiesarelesslikelytobesensitivetofoods,orhaveeczemaandasthma.

Forthefirst5days,themotherproducesawaterysubstancecalledcolostrum.Thisprovidesessentialnutrientsan
dimmunitytothebaby.Afterthis,themilk“matures”,andthevolumeproducedincreasesasthebabydemandedm
oreofit.

Mothersareadvisedtofeed“ondemand”ratherthankeeptoarigidfeedingtimetable,asbabiesneeddifferentamo
untsatdifferenttimesoftheday.Gradually,thebabyestablishesitsownfeedingtimetable,andthemothercanpred
ictwhentofeed.

Breast-
feedingtakestimetobecomeproperlyestablished,andthemothermayhaveproblemswithsoreandcrackednippl
es,infectionofthebreast(mastitis),andengorgement(over-
fullbreastsleadingtolumpinessanddiscomfort).midwivesandhealthvisitorscanofferhelp,support,andencour
agementtonewmotherswhomaywanttogiveupbreast-feedingwhenproblemsarise.

Oncebreast-
feedingisestablished,itcangoonformanymonths,andgivegreatpleasureandgoodhealthtobothbabyandmothe
r.

Replacementfeeding(Bottle-feeding):

Noteverymotherisabletoorwantstobreast-feedherbaby,andsheshouldnotbemadetofeelbadaboutthis.

Instead,sheneedscarefulguidanceonbottle-
feeding.Herpartnerandothermembersofthefamilycanalsoenjoythepleasureoffeedingthebaby.

Powderedmilkpreparationsforbottle-
feedingbabiesaremadefrommodifiedcow’smilk.Ordinarycow’smilkmustnotbegivenbecauseitistoohighin
mineralsaltsandprotein,andwouldputagreatstrainonthebabies’kidneys.

Bottle-
fedbabiesarenotatanydisadvantage,aslongasthemilkispreparedexactlyasinstructed.Usingtoomuchpowered
milktomakeupafeedcanleadtoobesity,greatthirst,andgiveitmoremilk,thuscausingmoreproblems.

Powderedmilk,bottles,teats,andsterilizingequipmentareallexpensive,andbottlesandteatsmustbesterilizedaf
teruse.Milkistheperfectmediumforbacteriatogrow,andpoorlycleanedequipmentcancausedangerousinfecti
ons.Somebabiescannottoleratecow’smilk,andmaybecomeilloraffectedbyeczema.
Babiesunder4monthsshouldnothavesweetenedfruitjuicesorotherdrinks,asthesugarinthemcancausetoothde
cay,evenwhentheteethhavenoterupted(comethrough)theyshouldhaveplainboiledwaterasasupplementdrink
iftheweatherishot.

Complimentaryfeeding(weaning).

Weaningisthegradualintroductionofsolidfoodsintothebaby’sdiet,tosupplementmilkwhichstillformsthemai
npartofthediet.By6months,allbabiesshouldhaveamixeddiet(avarietyofsolidfoodsandmilk).mostbabiessho
uldnothaveanysolidfoodsbeforetheyare4monthsold.belowthatagethekidneysanddigestivesystemmaynotbe
developedsufficientlytocopewithsolid

Toddlers.

-Protein–forbodygrowth.

-Calcium–forbonesandteeth.

-Fluoride–forteeth.

-Iron–forredbloodcells.

Adolescents

Thisisastageofrapidgrowthandhighenergydemand.Inaddition,teenagersarealsoundergoingmanyphysicalc
hangesthatrelatetobodydevelopment.

 Mealsshouldbebalancedtogiveplentyofprotein,mineralsaltsandcarbohydrates.
 Adolescentgirlsshouldbegivenadditionalquantitiesofiron-
richfoodtocompensateforlossduringmenstruation.
 Adequateamountsoffoodshouldbegiventoteenagersastheytendtohavealargeappetite.
 Fatsandoilsshouldbeprovidedincontrolledquantitiesbecauseahighintaketendstoworsentheconditio
nsofoily-facialskin,pimplesandblackheads.
 Mealsshouldvaryincolourandtextureandservedinregularintervals.

Manualworkers

Manualworksuchasgardening,mechanics,mansory,carpentrydemandsalotofphysicalenergy.

 Provideawell-balanceddietwithhighamountsofstarchyfoods.
 Ensurethequantitiesareenoughtosatisfy.
 IncludefoodsrichinvitaminBforthereleaseofenergyfromthebody.
 Serveenoughfluidstoreplacethoselostinperspiration.

Invalids
Invalidsarethosepeoplewhosufferfromdifferentillnesses.Theextentoftheillnessmayvaryfrommildtoveryser
ious.Patientwhorequirespecialdietsarethosesufferingfromdiabetes,kidneyandheartdiseaseandHIV/
AIDSvictims.Insuchcases,thedoctor’srulesshouldbestrictlyfollowed.

Invalidshavereducedappetitesandarenotabletotoleratetheordinarymealspreparedintheregularmethods.

 Themealsshouldbebalancedwithplentyofprotectivefoods.
 Thedietshouldhaveplentyoffluidsintheformoffruitjuices,milk,soups,andnutritiousdrinks.
 Foodsrichinfatsarenotgoodchoicesforaninvalid’sdiet.
 Reducetheamountofcarbohydratesastheinvalidisnotactive.
 Thefoodshouldbesoftandeasilydigestible.
 Thefoodshouldbepreparedandservedinhygienicconditionstosafeguarditfromcontamination.
 Themealsshouldbeattractivelylaidandthefoodvarietyprovidedindifferentcolours,texturesandtempe
rature.
 Themealsshouldbeservedatregularintervalsandpunctually.
 Firstserveasmallhelping,andthenencourageasecondone.
 Avoidfoodswhichhavestrongverystrongflavoursandsmells.Seasoningandspicesshouldbeusedspari
ngly.

Convalescents

Convalescentsarethoseonthepathofrecoveryfromillness.Themealsareplannedontheprincipleasforinvalids.I
naddition,thefollowingpointsshouldbeobserved.

 Increasetheportionsslightlyasthepatientrecovers.
 Servemoreenergy-givingfoodsasthepersonbecomesactive.
 Applymorevariedmethodsofcooking.

Vegetarians

Vegetarianseatvegetablesandlegumesbutavoidmeat.Therearetwocategoriesofvegetariansi.estrictvegetaria
nsandlacto-vegetarians.

Thestrictvegetarians(vegans)donoteatanyfoodsthatoriginatefromanimals.

Thelacto-vegetarianavoidsmeatbutcantakeanimalproductssuchasmilk,eggsandcheese.

Inpreparingandservingfoodtovegetarians:

 Ensureabalanceddietbyincludingcompleteorincompleteproteinsfromplantsources.
 Eggdishes,milkandcheese,inadditiontopulses,shouldbeprovidedforlacto-vegetarians.
 Vegetablefatsandoilsshouldbeusedinpreparingthemeals.
 Varythewaythefoodsarecookedtoavoidmonotony.
 Goodseasoningwillmakethemealappealingandensureitistasty.
 Agoodamountofvegetablesshouldbeincludedinthediettoprovidethewouldbeomittednutrients.
Elderly

Therearephysiologicalchangesthatoccuratoldagewhichtendtoaffectthenutritionalrequirementsoftheelderly
.

Whenplanningmealsfortheelderly:

 Avoidveryhardfoodsbutprovidesomeforexercisingtheteeth.
 Ensurethemealiswellbalancedwithanemphasisonproteinandprotectivefoods.
 Thefoodshouldprovidegoodamountsofcalciumandphosphorustostrengthenbones.
 Thefoodsshouldbeeasytodigest.
 Thefoodshouldbewell-cookedandflavoured.
 Avoidfattyandgreasyfoods.
 Servethefoodattractivelyinsmallquantitiesandatregularintervals.

Lactatingmothers

Thesearethewomenormotherswhoarebreastfeeding.Amothershouldeatproperlybecauseapoordietaffectsth
ebaby’sbreastfeeding.

 Abreastfeedingmothershouldhealthydietthathasadequatecaloriesandplentyoffluids.
 Thedietshouldbebalanced.
 Themothersshoulddrinkalotofwatersoastoreducehydrationandquenchtheirthirst.
 Avoidintakeofcaffeinateddrinkssuchascoffeeandalcoholicdrinkswhenbreastfeeding.

Waysofservingmeals

Whetheryouarepreparingaformaltablesetting,casualtablesetting,orbuffettablesetting,thecomfortofyourgue
stsshouldbetoppriority.Eachstylehasitsownguidelinestofollowbutyourultimategoalshouldbetohaveatablet
hatisattractiveandcomfortable.

GuidelinesforallTableSettings

 Toavoidovercrowding,allow24"to30"foreachsetting.Placesettingsshouldbe1"fromtheedgeofthetab
le,andavoidcenterpiecearrangementsthatobstructtheviewofguests.
 Donotplaceitemssuchascoffeecups,teacups,and/
ordessertplatesonthetableifitcrowdsyourguests.Itisappropriatetobringthoseitemstothetableafterthe
maincoursehasbeenclearedanddessert
 Ifashortageofplacesettingsisaproblem,mixinpiecesthatdonotmatch.Mixandmatchplacesettinghasb
ecomeapopulartrend.
 Whendecidingonatablecenterpiece,keepitlow.Large,tallcenterpiecesobstructtheviewofyourguests.
 Chooseanatmospherethatisappropriateforyourgathering,anatmospherethatcomplimentsyourmeala
ndencouragesconversation.
FormalTableSetting

 Laycutleryinorderused,fromoutsidetoinside.
 Savespacebyplacingthedessertspoonandforkattopoftablesetting.Iftableseemstoocrowded,bringwh
enservingdessert.
 Glassesareatthetoprightcorner,wineglassplacedabovetipofknife.
 Threegobletsaresetataformaldiningarrangement:awatergoblet(left),whitewinegoblet(topright)andr
edwinegoblet(abovetipofknife).
 Napkinscanbeplacedondinnerplateortotheleftofforks.

CasualTableSetting

 Thislessformaloptionprovidesmorespaceforguestsaroundthedinnertable.
 Dessertspoonandforkareoptionalandcanbeplacedabovethedinnerplate.
 Breadandbutterplateisoptionalandcanbeplacedabovetheforksontheleft.
 Twogobletsaresetatacasualdiningarrangement:awatergoblet(left)andonewinegoblet(abovetipofkni
fe).
  Napkinscanbeplacedondinnerplateortotheleftofforks.
 Papernapkinsareappropriateforacasualsetting,foldedandsettotheleftofforks.

BuffetTableSetting

 Startwithplates,followedbysidedishes,maindish,vegetables,salads,breads
 Tabledecorationsareplacedaboveandincenterofbuffetarrangement.
 Setdrinks,glasses,cupsanddessertonaseparatetabletoavoidcongestion.
 Ifchoosingtousepapernapkins,thenapkinsmaybeplacedbetweeneachplateinthestacktoconservespac
e(notmorethan12platesperstack).

AppropriateStemware

SparklingWine/
WaterGoblet RedWine WhiteWine
Champagne

Questions

1. Listtheconditionsforindividualfoodrequirements.
2. Statethefactorsthatinfluencethepreparationandconsumptionoffood.
3. Mentionthesourcesdietaryguidelineinformation.
4. Statethereasonswhyisbreastfeedingbestforthebaby.
5. Outlinetheimportanceofprotein,calcium,fluorideandironinthe
dietofatoddler.
6. Statetheguidelinesfortablesettings.
7. Describetheformsoftablesettings.

TOPIC4:FAMILYANDCOMMUNITY
4.0.1ADULTHOOD
Adulthoodisaperiodofoptimummentalfunctioningwhentheindividual'sintellectual,emotional,andsocialca
pabilitiesareattheirpeaktomeetthedemandsofcareer,marriage,andchildren.

Rolesofanadult
- Todevelopalifeplanforindividual,familyandcareergoals
- Todemonstratepositivewaysofbehavingandrelatingtootherfamily,careerandcommunitysettings.
- Tomanageindividualandfamilyfinances.
- Topromoteparentingrolesandresponsibilities.
- Tobuildknowledge,skills,attitudesandbehaviourtowardtheeverchangingsociety.
- Livingindependentlyandfamilyformation.
- Decisionmakingrelatedtonutrition,wellness,clothing,housingandtransportation

Initiationceremonies

Initiationceremonyisthemarkerofthisstartorthebecomingpartofthegroup,theplacewhereknowledgeispasse
donortested.Thetimewhentheonebeinginitiatedbecomesmarkedas,iswitnessedas,andiscelebratedforthecha
ngethathasstarted,thegrouptheyhavebecomepartof,andtheresponsibilitiesthatcomewiththatbelonging.

Initiationmeanstostart,tobecomepartof,tobeadmittedasamemberofagroup,tobegivensecretknowledge,andt
ohavepowerorrighttotakeactionaspartofthatgroup.

TheimportanceofInitiationceremoniesasmarkersofriteofpassageinlifeandasrecognitionoftheskills,responsi
bilityandageoftheindividualwithinthecommunityhasalwaysbeenimportantandunderstood.Itispartofourhea
lthypsychologicaldevelopment,ofthearchetypicaljourneyintomaturityweassoulsindividuallyandcollectivel
yallmustundertake.

Roleofinitiationceremonies

- Tointroduceandcelebrateadolescentboysandgirlsasadultmembersofthecommunity.

- Thosebeinginitiatedareinstructedandpreparedfortheirroleswithintheceremonyandlaterinlifeasanad
ult.
- Teachingtheadolescentsgoodhygienepractices.
- Teachingaboutexemplarybehaviourasmembersofthecommunity.
- Helpteenspreparethemselvestobegoodhusbandsandwives.
- Adolescentsgainaccessknowledge,andtosexuality

Questions

1.Defineadulthood.

2.Mentiontherolesofanadult.

3.Describetherolesofinitiationceremonies.

4.0.2COMMUNITYANDSOCIALSERVICES.
Communitysocialservicesareservicesofferedbyserviceorganizationsforthebenefitofthecommunitiesinwhic
htheseorganizationsexist.Theyoperateeitherindependentlyorincollaborationwithgovernmentagencies.

Someoftheseorganizationswhichprovideservicesincommunityare:

- Clinics
- Playparks
- Clinics
- Playparks
- Youthfriendlyhealthservicese.g.YouthAlive,KaraCounselling
- Earlychildcentres
- Non-governmentalorganizationse.g.ZambiaRedCrossSociety

Waterandfuelconservation.

Waterandfuelconservationistheeconomicaluseofthesecommoditiestomaketheyarereadilyavailablewhenev
ertheyareneededinordertoensurehumansurvival.

Waterconservation

Waterisaverypreciousandimportantcommodityinthelifehumanity.Therefore,whereeverthiscommodityma
ybeavailableisimperativeitisutilizedwithoutmostcarebecausethelackofwatermayleadtolosshuman,animala
ndplant.

Inordertoensureavailabilitywaterneedtobeusedwithcarethroughvariousmethodsofwaterconservationsucha
s;

- Ensuringthattapsareclosedwhennotinuse.
- Mendingleakingpipes.
- Notwateringgrassandgardensusinghosepipes.
- Washinghouseholdutensilsinwatercollectedbasin
- Usinglaundrywatertowatergrassandotherplants

Fuelconservation

Fuelisusedinindustryaswellasfordomesticpurposeswhichrangefromfiresforcookingandheatingincoldtooill
ampsandgasstovesandcookers.

Thetypesfuelmaybesolid,liquidorgas.Theconservationoffuelasasourceofenergycanbedonethroughtheuseo
fenergyconservingtoolslike;

-Sawduststoves

-Solarcooker

-Jellystoves

-Wondercooker
-Claystoves

-Improvedbrazier

Whenusingacookerthereareseveralwaysinwhichfuelcanbesavedinordertoreduceoncostoffuel.Someofthese
waysinclude:

-Planmealscarefully–cookawholemealintheoven.

-Cutvegetablessmallastheycookerquicker.

-Matchringpanandringsizes.

-Regulatetheheatandavoidwastefulboiling.

-Electrickettlescanbeusedinplaceofcookerringsforboilingwater.

-Usedividedpan,ononering.

-Makeuseofpressurecooker.

-Microwavecookerssavefuelandtime.

Questions

1.Identifyorganisationswhichoffersocialservicesinyourcommunityandstatetheirfunction.
2.Mentionthewaysinwhichwaterandfuelcanbeconserved.
3.Listthecookersthatareusedinordertoconservefuel.
4.Mentionwaysofconservingfuelinthekitchen.

4.0.3ENTERPRENEURSHIPINTHECOMMUNITYANDHOSPITALITY

INDUSTRY

Leisureandtourism

Leisureandtourismiswholespectrumofactivities,fromvisitingatouristattraction,goingtoahealthclub,toeatin
arestraintortravellingabroad.

Restaurants.

Restaurantisapublicplace;providingfoodandbeverageonacommercialbasis.Itsopenforallpeopletotakerefres
hment,providefoodandbeverageagainstmoney,allfoodandbeveragetosatisfyguests.Thewordrestaurantcom
esfromrestandrent,soguestrestinandpayrentforhavingrefreshmentandbeverage.Manypeoplethinkthathotel
sandrestaurantsarethesameinfunctionanddefinition,actuallyitsdifferent,hotelhasaccommodationsystemtos
taynightwithsomefacilitieslikefood,butrestaurantsyoucangetthatfacilitieswithoutaccommodation.
Arestaurantprovidesdifferenttypesofservicesforcustomers,peoplewhohavenotimetheyaresometimesforce
dtoeatinarestaurant.Butnotonlyeatingmostofrestaurantsnowprovidesmeetingareainforthosecustomerswho
wantstoarrangespecialeventsintherestaurantsuchasmarriageorengagement,birthdayparty,andgraduations,c
ompanyspecialmeetings,orothersthatwhytherestaurantsbecomingmoreimportantplaceinnowdays.

Characteristicsofagoodrestaurant.

1.TheCleanlinessinarestaurantisanessentialelement,andkeepingthe
restaurantcleanisessentialtoavoidpossibilityofillnessforcostumers.

2.Providingagoodcleanenvironmenthelptopromotethecostumeroverall
experienceoftherestaurant.

3.Waterswhoareworkingintherestaurantshouldknowthemenuverywell.

4.Thestaffwhointeractswiththeguestsintherestaurantsshouldbepoliteand
well-manneredandmaintainapositiveattitudeandbehaviour.

5.Thegoodrestaurantshouldhaveoneormoreuniquefeaturesthatstandoutina
customer'smindandgiveitacompetitiveadvantageoverothers.

6.Fixingbalancedpricesthatmeetscostumers’expectations.

Hotels.

Hotelisaformofbuildings,symbols,corporateorbusinessentitythatprovidesservicesaccommodationlodging,
foodandbeverageandotherservicefacilitieswhereallserviceisintendedforthegeneralpublic,boththosewhosta
yovernightatthehotelorthosewhosimplyusecertainfacilitiesownedbythehotel.

Theservicesprovidedbyahotelinclude:
1.Servicesinn.
2.Thefoodandbeverage.
3.Serviceofluggage.
4.Washingclothes.
5.Useoffacilityfurnishingsanddecorationsinit.

Characteristicsofagoodhotel.

1.Hotelindustryiscapital-intensiveindustriesclassifiedaslaborintensiveaswellas
ameansofmanagingalargeventurecapitalneededtoforcemanyworkers.
2.Influencedbythecircumstancesandchangesineconomic,political,social,cultural,andsecuritywherethehote
lislocated.
3.Producesandmarketsitsproductsinconjunctionwiththeplacewhereitsservicesproduced.
4.Operates24hoursaday,withoutadayoffinservicetohotelcustomersandsocietyatlarge.
5.Treatcustomerslikekingsbutalsototreatcustomersaspartnersinbusinessbecauseofthehotelservicesarevery
dependentonthenumberofcustomerswhousethehotelfacilities.

Sourcesoffinanceforbusinessventure.

Moststart-
upsmakeuseofthepersonalfinancialarrangementsofthefounder.Thiscanbepersonalsavingsorothercashbalan
cesthathavebeenaccumulated.Itcanbepersonaldebtfacilitieswhicharemadeavailabletothebusiness.Thefollo
wingaresomeofthesourcesoffinanceforabusiness:

- Savings-Anentrepreneurwillofteninvestpersonalcashbalancesintoastart-
up.Thisisacheapformoffinanceanditisreadilyavailable.
- Borrowingfromfriendsandfamily-
Thisisalsocommon.Friendsandfamilywhoaresupportiveofthebusinessideaprovidemoneyeitherdire
ctlytotheentrepreneurorintothebusiness.Thiscanbequickerandcheapertoarrangeandtheinterestandr
epaymenttermsmaybemoreflexiblethanabankloan.

- Creditcards-
Theuseofcreditcardsisthemostcommonsourceoffinanceamongstsmallbusinesses.Eachmonth,theen
trepreneurpaysforvariousbusiness-
relatedexpensesonacreditcard.15dayslaterthecreditcardstatementissentinthepostandthebalanceispa
idbythebusinesswithinthecredit-freeperiod.
- Bankloan-Banksandcreditunionsofferloanstolargeandsmallbusinesses.
- Homeequitylineofcredit-
Homeequitylinesofcreditareloansthatfinancialinstitutionsgivehomeownersbasedonhowmuchequit
ytheyhaveintheirhome,thevalueoftheirhomeandtheircurrentmortgage.

Questions

1.Defineleisureandtourism.

2.Statethecharacteristicsofahotelandrestraint.

3.Mentionthesourcesoffinanceforbusinessventures

TOPIC5:HEALTHANDSAFETY
5.0.1RESPONSIBLEPARENTHOOD

Family

Societyismadeofpeople,andmostpeopleliveinfamilies.Familiesarenotallthesame.Yettheyallsharecertainas
pect.Afamilyisgroupofpeoplewhorelatedeitherthroughbloodormarriage.
Typesoffamilies.

- Nuclearfamily-
thisisfamilycomprisingonlythehusband,wifeandchildrenonly.Itdoesnotincludeanyotherrelatives.
- Singleparentfamily-
thisisafamilymadeupofonlyoneparenteitheramotherorfatherwholivesthechildren.
- Blendedfamily-
thistypeoffamilyincludethehusbandandwifewithchildrenfromtheirformermarriagesandhaveaccept
abletobringupthechildrentogether.
- Extendedfamily–thisisafamilywherethenuclearfamilylivewithotherrelatives.
- Polygamousfamily-atypeoffamilywhereahusbandmayhaveseveralwivesandtheirchildren.
- Polyandryfamily-thisisafamilywhereawifemayhaveseveralhusbands.

Functionsofafamily

- Toprovidebasicneedstoitsmemberse.g.food,clothing,shelter.
- Toprovideemotionalsupportandlove.
- Creatingafeelingofbelonging.
- Providingasenseofsecurity.
- Itactsasanagentofsocialiastion.
- Teachingrespectforauthority.
- Passingontraditionandculture.
- Supervisingbasiclearning.
- Teachingrolesofdifferentmemberofthefamily.
- Acquiringandpassingonproperty.
- Fittingindividualmembersofthefamilyintothesystemoftheirsociety.
- Reproducingtocontinuelifeandthefamilyline.

Factorsinfluencingthesizeofthefamily.

- Culturalfactorsandattitudetowardsuseoffamilyplanningmethods.
- Educationleveloffamilyhassignificantrelationshipwithsmallfamilysize.
- Prospectsforeducationalandeconomicattainment.
- Maritaldissolutionduedeath,divorceorseparation.
- Theeconomicsstatusofthefamily.
- Thechangesinfamilypatterns.
- Thesocialandeconomicrolesandopportunitiesavailabletowomen.

Advantagesofasmallfamily

- Asmallfamilycanbenefitchildrenandparentsandmakeiteasiertofindsufficientresourcesforafamily.
- Childrencanenjoytheirparents’fullattentioninsteadofsharingitwithmultiplesiblings.
- Inafamilywithfewerchildren,siblingrivalryislesslikelytobeaproblemamongchildren.
 - Parentscanspendmoretimewiththeindividualchildandthechild‘sfavouriteactivities.
- Parentsofasmallfamilyshouldthereforebemorerelaxedandpatient.
- Fewerchildrenmeanthefamilybudgetismorelikelytoleaveroomforsomeextras,likeholidaysorseparat
ebedroomsforeachchild.
- Withasmallfamily,theretendstobemoreeducationalandsportsopportunity,asitiseasierandcheapertoh
aveonlyoneortwochildreninactivities.

Disadvantagesofasmallfamily

Ontheotherhand,therearealsosomedownsidesforallfamilymembersofasmallfamily.

- Childrencanendbecomespoiltandlessresponsiblethantheirpeergrowinginlargefamilies.
- Beinganonlychildisoftenassociatedwithegoismandlessdevelopedsocialskills.
- Parentswillfocusalltheirexpectationsonfewerchildren.
- Therewillbeheightenedpressuretosucceedontheindividualchild.
- Parentsaresometimesoverprotectiveandoverlyattentive,notreallylettingtheirchildexploreorplayatti
mes.
- Italsotendstocauseproblemsifthechildbecomesreluctanttobewithouthisparents.
- Therearefewerinteractionsbetweenchildren.
- Achildwhohasjustabrotherorsisterwillhavefeweropportunitiestolearnsocialskillsuchas:arguing,def
endingthemselvesandsoon.
- Secondly,youreceivelesssupportfromothersifyoucomefromanucleicfamily.Forexample,ifyouarein
hospitalfortreatment,youwillonlyhaveoneortwomemberstotakecareof.
- Whenyourchildrenoryourelderbrothersandsistersgrowup,theytendtomovetobigcitieswheretheyhav
ebetterjobsandeducation,youmayfeelmorelonely

Advantagesofalargefamily

- Itmightbesimplerforparentstoraisemultiplechildrenassiblingslearnfromeachotherandplaytogether.
- Inalargefamilyeverymembercancontributeisdomesticdutiesareshared.
- Also,somecommonfamilyactivities,suchasoutdoorgames,areprobablymorefunwithalargerfamily.
- Inalargerfamilytheolderchildrenlearntobemoreresponsibleearlierinlifebecausetheyareneededtohel
ptakecareofsmallersiblings.
- Thereisalwayssomeoneforthechildrentospeakto,andtheylearnthedifferencebetweenwantsandneeds
becauseparentsareunabletostopeverythingtogiveeverychildwhathewants.

Disadvantagesofalargefamily
 - Caringforalargefamilycanbestressfulandexhausting.
- Thereissimplynotenoughmoneytogeteverythingforeachchild.
- Notenoughroom,littlequietandchildrennotalwaysfeelingliketheygetenoughone-on-
onetimewiththeirparentsareotherdisadvantagesofalargefamily.

Question.

1.Definethetermfamily.
2.Describetherolesofthefamily.
3.Explainthefactorswhichinfluencethesizeofthefamily.

TOPIC6:HOMEANDCOMMUNITY
6.0.1FINANCIALMANAGEMENT.

Financialmanagementmaybedefinedasplanning,organising,directingandcontrollingthefinancialactivitieso
fanorganization.Financialmanagementalsomeans,“theactivityconcernedwiththeplanning,raising,controlli
ngandadministeringoffundsusedinthebusiness.”Itisconcernedwiththeprocurementandutilisationoffundsint
hepropermanner.

Budgeting-
thisistheprocessofcomingupwithonhowtospendincomeone’sincome.Thisisdonetoavoidoverspendingandt
oprioritiseone’sneeds.Thebestplanofexpenditureistheonethatmeetsthefamily’sfinancialgoalsandinorderof
priority.

Reasonsforbudgeting.

- Itenablesonetocontrolmoneythroughplanning.
- Budgetingimprovesone’sfinancialsituation.
- Budgetingenablesapersontoknowhis/herneedsandthereforeisabletoplanforthefuture.
- Withagoodbudget,oneisabletoreducethestressthatmaybebroughtaboutbynotknowinghowtospendm
oneyandonwhat.
- Budgetinghelpspeoplemonitortheirexpenditurebecausetheyhavealreadylaiddownaplanonhowtosp
endtheirincome.
- Budgetinghelpsthefamilyinmanagingcashflow.

Income-
isanymoneyorbenefit,whichisacquiredeitherbyearningitfromanemployerorasaresultofownworkorfromoth
ersources.Incomemaybeinformof:

- Wages.
 - Salaries.
- Royalties.
- Incomefromthesaleoffarmproduce.
- Incomefrominvestment.
- Interestonsavings
- Bonuses.
- Dividendonshares.
- Moneygift.

Expenditure-
thisisthemoneythatgoesoutofthehouseholdintheformofexpenses.Expenseshouldbelistedinorderofnecessit
y,forexample:

- Housing.
- Foodclothing.
- Fuel.
- Householdgoods.
- Hirepurchase.
- Travelling.
- Savings.

Savings-
thisismoneykeptforfutureuse.Thiscanbeintheformmoneykeptinthesavingsaccountorafixeddepositaccounti
nthebank.Foranindividualtosavemoneythefollowingshouldbetakenintoconsideration:

- Theamountofmoneytosaved.
- Howoftenamountsofmoneyareavailableforsaving.
- Findoutifitisnecessarytobeabletowithdrawmoneyatshortnotice.
- Considerthepurposeforsaving.
- Considerhowlongyouwishthemoneytoremaininthesavingscheme.

Questions

1.Definethefollowingterms.

-Financialmanagement

-Budgeting

-Income

-Expenditure

-Savings

2.Mentionthereasonsforbudgeting.

3.Outlinethepointstoconsiderwhenyouwishsavemoney.
TOPIC7:HOSPITALITY
7.0.1MARKETINGINTHEHOSPITALITYINDUSTRY

Marketingisamanagementprocessaimedatdeliveringcustomersatisfaction.
Marketingisalsothemanagementprocessresponsibleforidentifying,anticipating
andsatisfyingcustomerrequirementsprofitably.

Elementsofmarketing

Marketinginthetourismandhospitalityindustry requiresanunderstanding ofthedifferencesbetweenmarketin
ggoodsandmarketingservices.Tobesuccessfulintourismmarketing,organizationsneedtounderstandtheuniq
uecharacteristicsoftheirtourismexperiences,themotivationsandbehavioursoftravellingconsumers,andthefu
ndamentaldifferencesbetweenmarketinggoodsandservices.

 8PsofServicesMarketing

The8Psarebestdescribedasthespecificcomponents requiredtoreachselectedmarkets.Intraditionalmarketing
,therearefourPs: price,product,place,andpromotion.Inservicesmarketing,thelistexpandstothefollowing:

 Product:therangeofproductandservicemixofferedtocustomers.
 Place:howtheproductwillbemadeavailabletoconsumers inthemarket,selectionofdistributionchanne
ls, andpartners.
 Promotion:specificcombination ofmarketingtechniques(advertising,personalsales,publicrelations,
etc.).
 Pricing:partofacomprehensiverevenuemanagementandpricingplan.
 People:developinghumanresourcesplansandstrategies tosupportpositiveinteractionsbetweenhostsa
ndguests.
 Programming:customer-
orientedactivities(specialevents,festivals,orspecialactivities)designedtoincreasecustomerspending
orlengthofstay,ortoaddtotheappealofpackages.
 Partnership:alsoknownas cooperativemarketing,increasingthereachandimpactofmarketingefforts.
 Physicalevidence:waysinwhichbusinessescandemonstratetheirmarketingclaimsandcustomerscand
ocumenttheirexperiencesuchasstories,reviews,blogposts,orin-locationsignageandcomponents.

Thehospitalityservicesindustryispartofthehospitality,leisure,travelandtourismsector.Thissectoralsoinclud
esthefollowingindustries:
 Foodandservicemanagement.
 Gambling;
 Pubs,barsandnightclubs;
 Restaurants;
 Self-catering
 Accommodation,
 Holidaycentres
 Youthhostels;
  Travelandtouristservices
 Visitorattractions;
 Hotels.

Questions
1.Definethemarketing.
2.Identifythemarketingelementsinthehospitalityindustry.
3.Outlinefacilitiesfoundinthehospitalityindustry.

TOPIC8:CONSUMERSTUDIES
8.0.1CONSUMERPROTECTION

Aconsumerisapersonwhousesgoodsandservices.Weareallconsumersbecauseweuseclothes,cosmetics,shoe
s,busesetcfromproducersandsellers.Consumersareexpectedtomakeinformeddecisionsaboutwhattobuy,esp
eciallywhenmoneyisdifficulttocomeby.

TheneedsandexpectationsofZambianconsumersareprovidedforunder,TheCompetitionandConsumerProte
ctionActNo.24of2010.

CONSUMERRIGHTSANDRESPONSIBILITIES.

CONSUMERRIGHTS.

1. Therighttosafety-
thisrightisaimedatthedefenseofconsumersagainstinjuriescausedbyproductsotherthanmotorvehicles
,andimpliesthatproductsshouldcausenoharmtotheirusersifsuchuseisexecutedasprescribed.
2. Therighttobeinformed-
thisrightstatesthatbusinessesshouldalwaysprovideconsumerswithenoughappropriateinformationto
makeintelligentandinformedproductchoices.Productinformationshouldalwaysbecompleteandtruth
ful.
3. Therighttochoose-
thisrightstatesthatconsumersshouldhaveavarietyofoptionsprovidedbydifferentcompaniesfromwhi
chtochoose.
4. Therighttobeheard-
therighthastheabilityofconsumerstovoicecomplaintsandconcernsaboutaproductinordertohavetheis
suehandledefficientlyandresponsively.
5. Therighttoredress-
thisrightprovidesforconsumerstoreceiveafairsettlementofjustclaims,includingcompensationformis
representation,shoddygoods,orunsatisfactoryservices.
6. Therighttoconsumereducation-
therightstatesthatconsumersshouldbeabletoacquireknowledgeandskillstomakeinformed,confident
 choicesaboutgoodsandservices,whilebeingawareofbasicrightsandresponsibilitiesandhowtoactonth
em.
7. Therighttoahealthyenvironment-thisistherighttoliveandworkinanenvironmentthatisnon-
threateningtothewell-beingofthepresentandfuturegenerations.
8. Therighttosatisfactionofbasicneeds-
therightdemandsthatpeoplehaveaccesstobasic,essentialgoodsandservices:adequatefood,clothing,s
helter,healthcare,education,publicutilities,waterandsanitation.

CONSUMERRESPONSIBILITIES.

1. Tobewareandtocheckthequalityandsafetyofgoodsandservicesbeforebuying.
2. Towatchoutandgatherinformationaboutchangesandinnovations.Keepabreastofchanges.
3. Tothinkindependently,analyseneedsandwantsandmakewellconsidereddecisions.
4. Tospeakout.Informsellers,manufacturersandgovernmentaboutyourneedsandexpectations.

5. Theresponsibilitytobeanethicalconsumer;befairandavoiddishonestpractices.
6. Torespecttheenvironment;considertheimpactofyourdecisionsandactionsontheenvironment.Avoid
waste,litteringandcontributingtopollutionanddestructionofnaturalresources.

DECISIONMAKINGBEFOREMAKINGAPURCHASE.

Wheneveryoudecidetopurchasesomething,asabuyer,itisimportantthatyou:-

 Thinkbeforeyoubuy
 Shoparoundforthebestdeal
 Comparequalityandprice
 Askforadvice
 Inspectgoodscarefully
 Askaboutwarrantiesorguaranties
 Keepallinvoicesandreceiptsafterbuying.

CONSUMERPROCEDUREWHENDISSATIAFIEDWITHPRODUCT.

Wheneveryoupurchasegoodsthatarefaultyorlikelytobeharmfultoyourhealth,youaresupposedto:-

 Stopusingthegoods
  Letthesellerknowassoonaspossible
 Lookafterthegoodsuntiltheyarereturned
 Returnthegoodsandstatewhatyouwanttobedone
 Takeproofofpurchase
 Becalmasyouexplainyourself
 Incaseofconsumables,takethefoodtothenearestpublichealthorlocalcouncilauthorities,whointhebett
erpositiontotellwhethertheproductcontainsparticleswhichareharmfultothebodyornot.

SOURCESOFCONSUMERINFORMATION

 ConsumerAssociations
 Advertisements
 Radio
 Television
 Newspapers
 Magazines
 Internet
 Suppliersoftheproductsorservices.
 RegulatoryBodies
 Socialnetworks(friends,family,children,acquaintanceetc.)

ORGANISATIONSTHATPROTECTCONSUMERS

 GovernmentPublicHealthDepartment
 LocalCouncilAuthority
 ZambiabureauofStandards
 ZambiaWeightsandMeasures
 EnergyRegulationBoard
 CompetitionandConsumerProtectionCommission
 NationalWaterandSanitationCouncil
 ZambiaInformationandcommunicationAuthority
 PensionsandInsuranceAuthority
 PharmaceuticalSocietyofZambia

Questions
1.Definethetermconsumer.
2.Explainconsumerrights.
3.Describetheresponsibilitiesofaconsumer.
4.Statetheelementswiseshopping.
5.Describethemethodofconsumerredress.
6.Namethesourcesofconsumerinformation.
7.Listorganizationswhichprotectconsumers.

TOPIC9:TEXTILESANDCLOTHING
9.0.1 FIBRESANDFABRICS

Textilesaremanufacturedfromfibre.Examplesoftextilesarecotton,nylonandrayonfabrics.
Afibreisthebasicunitorhairwhichisusedtomakefabric.
Fabricisaclothmadebyweaving,knittingorbondingyarnstogether.Itisusedtomakegarmentsandotheritems.

Originoffibres
Naturalfibres
Animal-wool,silk,hair.
Plant-linen,cotton.
Regeneratedfibres.
Viscose,acetate,triacetate,lyocell.
Syntheticfibres.
Polymide/nylon,polyester,acrylic.

Advantagesanddisadvantagesofnaturalfabrics

Cotton–itpickedeitherbyhandormachine.Handpickingisbetterasitproducescleanlintofgoodquality.
Advantages
- Cottonishardwearing.
- Itlaunderswellandisstrongwhenwet.
- Itisnotaffectedbyboiling.
- Cottoniscooltowearandabsorbsmoisture.
- Itdyesreadily.
- Itdoesnotreacttoalkalis.
- Itcanstandhightemperature.
- Itcanbeblendedwithotherfibres
- Cottonisnoteasilyattackedbymoths.

Disadvantages

- Cottoncreasesreadily.
- Cottonisinflammable.
- Iflooselywoven,itshrinks.
- Cottonisweakenedbystrongsunlight.
- Mildewdevelopseasilyifcottonisstoreddamp.
- Concentratedhotacidsweakenfibres.
Usesofcotton

Itcanbeusedtomakeforavarietyofthings:sportswear,underwear,eveninggowns,bedlinen,tablelinen,curtains
,andtowels.

Linen-
thisisthenamegiventoyarnorfabricfromflaxfibreswhichareproducedfromstalksoftheflaxplant.Flaxisharves
tedbyeitherhandormachine.

Advantages
- Linenisstrongthancotton.
- Linenismoreabsorbentthancotton.
- Linenisgoodconductorofheat.
- Linenmaterialhasnofluff.
- Thesmoothnessandabsorbencyoflinenmakeitsuitableforteatowels,glassclothsandhandkerchiefs.
- Linenisnotelastic.
- Linenisnotelectrostatic.

Disadvantages

- Linenislikelytosplitacrossorlengthwiseiflaunderedcarelessly.
- Itcreasesreadily.
- Linenfabricfraysreadily.
- Itisattackedbymildew.
- Itisaffectedbyacidsandattackedbysilverfish.
- Itisinflammable.
- Itisexpensive.

Usesoflinen

Linenissuitableorteatowels,glassclothsandhandkerchiefs.Itisalsousedfortablelinen,curtains,bedcoversand
upholsteryfabric.

Wool-
istermgenerallyusedtorefertoallhairfibresfromanimals.Itmainlymadefromfleeceofsheep.Insomecountries
woolisobtainedfromanimalssuchascamel,llama,alpaca,horseandviana.

Advantages

- Wooliswarmandisabadconductorofheat.
- Itdoesnotcreasereadily.
- Itdrapeswell.
- Itishighlyabsorbent.
 - Woolcontainsnaturaloilsandthismakesitwaterrepellent.
- Woolisnon-inflammable
- Wollenfibresdyereadily.

Disadvantages

- Itiseasilydamagedbychemicals.
- Itiscanbeeatenbymoths.
- Itgetsdamagebypoorlaundrymethods.
- Itisharmedbyalkalis;onlygoodqualitysoapshouldbeused.
- Strongacidsareharmfultowool.
- Woolisweakwhenwet.
- Itiseatenbymoths
- Exposuretosunlightcauseswooltobecomeharshandloseitstensilestrength.

Usesofwool

Becauseofitswarmthwooliswidelyusedforwintercoats,jerseys,vests,scarfs,hats.Italsousedforcarpets,blank
etsandupholstery.

Silk-
itcomesfromasilkwormorcaterpillarofaspinningmoth.Themothscanbecultivated.Theymainlysurviveonmu
lberrytreeleaves.

Advantages

- SilkiswarminwinterandcoolIsummer.
- Itdoesnotcreaseeasily.
- Itissoftandsuitableforunderwear.
- Itabsorbsmoistureanddyeseasily.
- Itisstrong.

Disadvantages

- Itisexpensive.
- Itisspoiledbysweatespeciallyunderthearmpits
- Itisweakenedbychemicals.

Usesofsilk

Silkisusedtomakegarmentforspecialoccasions,e.g.weddings,festivalsandpartiesforimportantpeople.Itisals
ousedtomakeexpensivedresses,nightdressesandblouses.
Advantagesanddisadvantagesofman-madefabrics

Viscoserayon-itissometimereferredtoasartificialsilk.Rayonismadefromcottonlintersandwoodpulp.

Advantages
- Itdyesreadily.
- Viscoserayonisabsorbent.
- Viscoserayonismothproof.
- Theyarnisstrongmakingsuitableforgarments,householdfurnishingssailsandtents.
- Itisnoteasilyattackedbymildew.
- Itisnotasexpensivetobuyassilk.
- Itdrapeswell

Disadvantages
- Itlosesstrengthwhenwetandthereforerequirescarefullaundering.
- Itstretchesandshrinksmorethancotton.
- Easilydamagedbyroughhandlingandwringing.
- Itcanbedamagedbymildew.
- Deterioratesbysunlightmorerapidlythancotton.
- Canbedamagedbyalkalis.

Usesofviscoserayon

Viscoserayonisusedtomakedresses,blouses,skirtsandshirt.

Nylon-
itismadefrombenzenechemicalswhicharecombinedtogetherandthentheyreacttoformnylonandwater.

Advantages
- Itisnotattackedbymothandmildew.
- Itisstrongandlightinweight.
- Itcanstretchandreturntoitsoriginallength.
- Itisdirtrepellentandeasytolaunder.
- Itdriesquickly.
- Itiscrease-resistant.
- Itcanbepermanentlypleated.
- Nylondoesnotshrink.
- Itisnon-inflammable.
- Itsinsulationvalueisgood.
- Nyloncanbeblendedwithotherfibrestogivethemitsqualitiesandextrastrengthandlightness.
- Itisusedvirtuallyforalltypesofclothing.
Disadvantages
- Nylonfrayseasily.
- Itisnotabsorbent.
- Somepeopleareallergictoitbecauseofitschemicalcomposition.
- Itiseasilydamagedbyacidsandbleachingagents.
- Nylonwillmeltifheatedstrongly.
- Nylonrotsafterlongexposuretosunlight.
- Theyarndoesnotdyeeasily.
- Nyloniselectrostaticandtendstocling.

Usesofnylon

Nylonisusedforunderwear,nightwear,dressesandblouses.

Polyester–itismadefromacidsandalcoholderivedfrompetroleum.

Advantages
- Itisastrongfibre.
- Recoverswellfromstretching.
- Itdoesnotcreasequickly.
- Itdriesfast.
- Itisnotdamagedbydrycleaningorbleachingagents.
- Itisnotattackedbymoths,mildewandbacteria.
- Ithasgoodresistancetosunlight.

Disadvantages
- Itisnon-absorbentanddoesnottakedyeeasily.
- Itshrinksfromflame
- Itattractsdustdirt.

Usesofpolyester

Itusedtomakeuniforms,dresses,blouses,shirts,underwear,curtains,sheets,pillowcases,anddraperies.

Acrylic-
themostcommonacrylicfabricsareorlon,courtelle,acriliananddralon.Coal,airandwateraretreatedchemically
toproducethesefibres.

Advantages
- Fairlystrongbutdecreaseinstrengthwhenwet.
- Lightinweight.
 - Itisnotelastic
- Itisnotaffectedbydrycleaningbleaches,insects,mildewandsunlight.

Disadvantages
- Hangedonalinemaystretchoutofshape.
- Burneasily.
- Donotabsorbmoisturewell.

Usesofacrylic

Usedforknittedarticlessuchassweaters,socks,sportswear,blankets.Alsousedforcarpets,upholsteryandother
homefurnishings.

Questions.

1.Definetermsfibreandfabric.

2.Nametheclassesoffibresandgiveexamplesforeach.

3.Outlinetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcotton,silk,woolandlinen

4.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofviscoserayon,polyester,nylon

andacrylic.

Hardwaterandsoftwater
Thetypeofgroundthroughwhichwaterpassesdecideswhetherithardorsoft.Itsgoodnessdependsuponpurityan
dtexture.

Softwater

- Ithasweakacidsinverysmallamounts.
- Itlatherseasilywithrelativelysmallquantityofsoap.
- Itdoesnotformscaleorfurwhenheated.
- Itisnotharmfulthehands.
- Itcontainscarbonacidswhichhavethepowertodissolvecertainmetalslikeleadandironandsocausecorr
osion.
- Lesstimeisspentonwashing.
- Keepandmaintainfibre,retaincolourandlastlonger.

Hardwater
- Itdoesnotlathereasily.
- Itleaveswhitemarksontheskin.
- Scumisformedwhensoapisusedinhardwater.
 - Itcontainssubstanceslikecalcium,magnesium,bicarbonates,sulphatesandchlorides.
- Itfeelsharshontheskin.
- Moretimeisspentonwashing.
- Hardwaterweakensfibre.
- Moredetergentisused

Temporaryandpermanenthardness

Temporaryhardwatercontainscalciumandmagnesiumbicarbonates.Therearelessmineralelements.Thehard
nessisfairlyremovedandislessexpensivetopurify.Thecanremovedorsoftenedbyboiling.

Permanenthardnessiscausedbycalciumandmagnesiumsulphatesandchlorides.Thiscanberemovedbyadding
washingsoda,borax,soap,ammoniaorzeolite.Zeolitesareplantswhichconsistofspecialmineralfoundinthesoil
incertainpartsoftheworld.

Questions.

1.Namethetypesofwater.

2.Outlinethecharacteristicsofhardandsoftwater.

3.Describetheformsofwaterhardness.

Laundry
Launderingistheprocessofwashingandfinishinggarmentandarticles.Forittoproducesuccessfulresultsafewpr
ocessesorstagesmayneedtobefollowed.Theseprocessesare:

Mending-
itisimportanttomendclothesandarticlesbeforewashingtopreventthetornpartfromworseningasyourubandapp
lyfrictiononthem.

Sorting-
thisistheprocesswhereyouseparatearticlesorclothesaccordingtofabrics,colours,degreeofdirt,whiteorcolour
ed.

Soaking-
thisistheprocesswhichhelpstosoftenorloosendirtorstainstomakewashingofarticleseasier.Whenyousoakclot
hesorarticlescoldwatershouldbeusedsothatstainscomeoffeasily.

Bleaching-
thisisthemethodofremovingunwantedcolourorstainsusingchemicalsorartificialbleachingagent.Cottonsorli
nenmaybebleachedtomakethemlookwhiterandbrighter.

Washing-
thisprocessinvolvesremovalofdirtthathasbeenloosenedfromfabricsbysoaking.Thiscanbedoneusingwashin
gmethodssuchasfrictionmethod,scrubbingbrush,beatingstick,kneadingandsqueezingmethodandwashingin
machines.

Rinsing-
washedfabricsshouldberinsedthoroughlytoremovealltracesofdirtandsoap.Fabricsmustberinsedatleastthric
eortilltheyleaveclearwater.

Bluing-
thisistheuseofacleaningagentknownasblueinrinsingwatertowhitenorbrightendiscolouredwhiteclothes.

Starching-thisdonetogivecottonsasmoothandshiningfreshlook.Alsoarticlesdonotgetdirteasily.

Drying-
thisistheprocessofremovingwaterfromclothesorarticlesbymeansofputtingthewashedarticlesoutsideorin-
doorsonlinesorclotheshorse.Airandheathelpinthedryingprocess.Butnotallfabricsshouldbedriedinthesun.

Ironingandpressing-
thisdonetorestoreanicesmoothsurfaceappearanceofanarticle.Thisisdoneusingahotelectric,charcoalorflatiro
nthathasbeenheated.

Storage-
clothesandironedarticlesmustalwaysbestoredproperlytopreventmossfromgrowingonthemwhichisaresultof
retentionofmoisture.Clothesshouldbeairedbeforebeingstored.

Effectsofsoapywateronthesoilandplants.

Asanecologicallyresponsiblegardener,youwanttoconservewaterandavoidintroducingtoxinsintotheenviron
ment.Soapsanddetergentsaretoxictoplants.

Effectofsoapywater.

- Soapwillremaininthesoil,makingittoxicandeventuallydeadly.
- Astrongsolutionofsoapywatersprayedontofoliagecandisintegratetheleaves.

Questions

1.Whatdoesthetermlaundrymean?

2.Describethelaundryprocess.

9.0.2SEWINGTOOLSANDEQUIPMENT

Thecostumetechnicianisconstantlyaskedtoquicklyandefficientlyproduceahighqualityproduct.Therighttool
saidwiththistask.Atfirstthenumberofthesegadgetscanbeoverwhelmingbuttheyquicklybecomefamiliarfrien
ds.Thefollowingisalistofthemostcommontools:Thecostumetechnicianisconstantlyaskedtoquicklyandeffic
ientlyproduceahighqualityproduct.Therighttoolsaidwiththistask.Atfirstthenumberofthesegadgetscanbeov
erwhelmingbuttheyquicklybecomefamiliarfriends.Followingisalistofthemostcommontoolsfoundinthethea
tricalcostumeshops.

MEASURINGTOOLS:

Tapemeasures:Thisplastictapeis60"longwithsmallmetaltipsoneitherend.Mosttapemeasureshaveimperial
measurementsononesidewiththemetricequivalentontheother.
Rulers:Thesecomeinavarietyofsizesthemostcommonbeingthe18"andayard/
meterstick.The18"rulerisgenerallymadeofclearplasticwitha1/8"grid,whichallowsthetechniciantoseethefab
ricwhileheisworking.
Seamorsewinggauge:Thesesmall6"metalrulershaveaslidingdistanceindicator.Theseamgaugeisusedforqui
ck,accuratemeasurementsofsmallareassuchashems,buttonholes,pleatsandtrim.
Lorframingsquare:These90metalsquaresareusedforfindingandaligningthegrainoffabricortoestablishthet
ruebias.Theyarealsousedinpatterndraftingandalteration.
French,hipandmiscellaneouscurves:Thesetools,plasticormetal,arealsousedinpatterndraftingandalteratio
n.Theyarealsousefulfortrimordetailapplicationwhereacurvedlineisnecessary.

CUTTINGTOOLS:

Dressmakershears:Thesearebent-
handledscissors,commonlywitha7"or8"blade.Thebenthandleallowsthefabrictolieflatwhileitisbeingcut,thu
syieldingbettercontrolofthecuttingedge.Thesescissorsareavailableinleftorrighthandedstyles.NEVERcutan
ythingexceptfabricandthreadwithdressmakershears,sinceitwoulddulltheblades.
Paperscissors:Thesearesimplyaninexpensivevarietyofscissors,whichareusedforpaperandotheritemsthatw
oulddulldressmakershears.
Embroideryscissorsorthreadsnips:Embroideryscissorsaresmall,usually4"to5"inlengthwithverysharpbla
des.Threadsnipsareascissorsvariationthathasshortblades.Eithertoolisusefulintrimmingsmallareasoffabrico
rtoclipthreadsduringtheconstructionprocess.
Pinkingorscallopingshears:Thesescissorscutfabricineitherazig-
zagorscallopedpattern.Theyareusefulinfinishingrawedgesoffabricortoproduceadecorativeedge.NEVERcu
tagarmentoutusingthesescissorssincethecuttingedgeisnotaccurate.PinkingandScallopingshearsmustbeuse
dsparinglysincetheyareveryexpensiveandhardtosharpen.

Cuttingtables:Thesearelarge,flattablesusedtospreadfabricandpatternsoutwhilemarking,pinning,andcuttin
g.Theyareoftencoveredincorkandpaper,whichallowsthepinstobeplacedintothesurface.
Seamrippers:Thissimplepenlikedeviceallowsfortheremovalofmachineorhandstitchinginarelativelyaccur
ateandsafemanner.Thepointoftheseamripperisusedtoremovetwoorthreestitchesatonetime,NEVERpullthef
abricwhiletryingtoremovestitches,asitstretchesandcaneasilytearthefabric.NEVERusearazorbladeinplaceo
faseamripper.
MARKINGTOOLS:

Tracingwheels:Thesecomeintwostyles*onewithaserratededgeforuseonmostfabricsandasmoothedgeforde
licatefabrics.Tracingwheelsareusedwithdressmaker'stracingpapertotransferconstructionmarkingsfromthe
patterntothegarmentpieces.
Dressmaker'stracingpaper:Thisisaformofcarbonpaperforuseexclusivelyonfabric.Caremustbetakenwhe
nchoosingoneofthewiderangeofavailablecolorssincemostvarietiesproduceamarkthatremaininthefabricunti
lithasbeenlaundered.
Embroideryfloss:Tailor'stacksareusedtomarkverydelicateorsheerfabrics.Embroideryflossisusedinsteado
fregularsewingthreadbecauseitisheavierandstaysinthegarmentpieces-longer.
Tailor'schalk:Chalkisusedtotemporarilymarkfabricduringthecuttingandconstructionprocess.Chalkbrush
esoutofthesurfaceofthefabricsoitcanbeusedontherightsideofagarment.Tailor'schalkisusuallyfoundineither
apencilformorasmallsquarewithbevelededges.
Tailor'swax:Tailor'swaxhasaconsistencymuchlikethatofacrayon.Themarksitproducescanonlyberemoved
fromthefabricwithheatorlaundering,thereforeitisadvisabletotesttailor'swaxonasmallscrapoffabricbeforeus
ingitontherightsideofagarment.Tailor'swaxcomesinsmallsquaresinvariouscolors.
Pins:Mostpinsarestainlesssteelorbrassandaresizedfrom10to32.Size17isthegeneralpurposedressmaker'spi
n,butthereareseveralspecialvarietiesthatcanbeuseful.
Silkpinshaveverythinshaftswhichmakesthemidealforlightweightorsheerfabrics.
Ballpointpinshavearounded,floatingballatthepointwhichallowsthemtopassbetweenthethreadsandyarnsof
fabric.Theseareusedonknitanddelicatefabrics.
Coloredheadedpinsaresimplydressmaker'spinswithaplasticorglassheadthatmakesthemeasiertosee.
Corsagepinshaveaverylongshaftandsoareusefulinpatternmakingandwhenworkingonheavyorcoarsefabric
s.
T-pinshaveathickshaftandtaketheirnamefromtheshapeoftheirheads.T-
pinsareusedincostumecraftsworksuchaswigs,millinery,andaccessories.
Safetypinsareusedinfittingandmarkingcostumesbecauseoftheprotectiontheyprovidetotheactor.Becauseth
eyclosetheyaremoreaccuratetouseinafittingthanaregulardressmaker'spin.Safetypinscomeinavarietyofsizes
.
Pushpinsandthumbtacksareusedtoadherepatternstopaperorfabricduringpatternmaking.Theyarealsowide
lyusedincostumecraftswork.

HANDTOOLS:

Handsewingneedles:Allneedlesaresized#lthrough#10,thesmallerthenumberthefinertheshaftoftheneedle.
Avarietyofdifferentstylesareusedfordifferentfabricsandtasks.
Sharpsarethemostcommonneedleused,#8beingthegeneralpurposesize.
Betweensareshorterandhavearoundedeye.Theseneedlesareusedforfindhandsewing.
Milliner'sorStrawneedleshaveverylong,thinshafts.Theirextralengthmakesthemeasiertomanipulateandsoa
reusefulforquickbasting,workingwithheavyfabricsandcraftwork.
TapestryorCrewelneedleshaveathickshaftandanoversizeeye.Theycanbeusedwithseveralstrandsofthread.
Decorativestitchingwithyarnandotherfibers.
Curved,Upholstery,orCraftneedleshavethickshaftsandadullpoint.Theyareusedinthecreationandrepairofc
ostumeaccessoryitemssuchasshoes,hats,bags,etc.
Magnets:Thesecanbeusedtostorepinswhilesewingorareusefulinretrievingthatdroppedboxofpins.Manycos
tumeshopshaveamagnetmountedbeeachmachine
Thimbles:Thesecanbeplastic,metalorleather.Theyaretobewornontheindexorsecondfinger.Thethimbleisus
edtohelppushtheneedlethroughthefabricwhensewingbyhand.GETINTHEHABITOFWEARINGATHIM
BLE,YOURFINGERSWILLTHANKYOU.
Pincushions:Anysmall,firmlystuffeditemwillworkasapincushion.Thereareseveralsizesavailableaswellas
modelsthatarewornonyourwrist.Mostcostumeshopsalsohaveapincushionreservedforhandsewingneedlese
xclusively.
Beeswax:Thisisusedtowaxregularsewingthreadwithbeforehand-
sewing.Thewaxpreventsthethreadfromknotting.
Bodkin:Thisisusedtothreadelastic,string,orcordingthroughcasingsandopenings.Thebodkincanalsobeusedt
oturnsmalltubesoffabricrightsideout.Inapinchasafetypinwillwork.
Needlethreader:Thishelpspassthethreadthroughtheeyeofahandormachineneedle.
Tweezers:Thesecanbeusedtoremovetailor'stacksorsmallbitsofthreadinagarmentasitisconstructed.Theyare
alsousedtocleanouttheshuttleareaofsewingmachinesandtothreadsergers.
Pointturners:Thesesmallwoodenitemshaveapointononeendandacurveontheother.Theyareusedtogetsharp
cornersandflatcurveswhensewingenclosedseams.

PRESSINGEQUIPMENT:

Industrialiron:Theseareheavy-
dutyprofessionalsteamirons.Theydelivermoreheatandsteamthanahouseholdiron.Industrialironshaveanout
sidewatersourcethatusesdistilledwaterorafilteringsystem.
Toproperlyoperateanindustrialsteamirondepressthesteamreleaseonlylongenoughtosaturatethefabricwithst
eam,thenreleasethevalvesothattheheatfromtheironwillsetthefabricinthenewconfiguration.Thisprocessisth
esameasforsettinghair;moisturefollowedbydryingtimesetsthecurl.
Householdiron:Theseareidenticaltothosefoundinyourhome.Mostofthemareequippedwithasteamandadrys
etting.Householdironsareusedincostumeshopsformaintenanceandtopresssmall,hardtoreachareas.Whenah
ouseholdironisonthesteamsetting,thesteamispushedthroughtheventsonlywhentheironisplacedflatagainstth
efabric.Mostmodelshaveanadditionalbuttontoincreasethe
Ironingtable:Thissquareorrectangularpaddedtableisusedforthebulkofthepressingprocedures.Theironingt
ablesaresignificantlylargerthanaregularironingboardtoallowthecostumetechniciantospreadlargepiecesoff
abricoutflatforproperpressing.

Ironingboard:Thesearesimilartoironingboardsfoundinthehome,butaresturdiertowithstandconstantuse.Al
lironingboardsmustbelevelandwellpadded,theyalsohaveataperedendtopresssmallareas.
Presscloths:Thesepiecesoffabricareusedtoprotectthegarmentfrommarkingduringthepressingprocess.Nota
llfabricsneedthisprotection,butitisagoodideatocheckallfabricsfirstbeforepressingwithoutone.Therearesev
eraltypes:
Whitebroadclothormuslinisusedtoavoidcreatingashineonallfabrics.
Transparentpressingclothsallowthecostumetechniciantoseethefabricwhilepressing.Theseareespeciallyuse
fulwhenpressingdesigndetailssuchaspleatsortucks.
Heavyweightcottonduckordrillpressclothsareusedwhenafabricneedsalotofmoisturetoproperlypress.Th
epressclothismoistenedandplacedoverthefabric;heatisthenapplieduntilthepressclothisdry.
Theprocedureforusingapressclothisthesameforanyoftheabovetypes.Toavoidashine,placethepressclothove
rtherightsideofthefabricandpressasusual.Toavoidseamedgesmarkingtherightsideofagarment,placethepres
sclothbetweenthewrongsidecthefabricandtheseamallowance.
Needleorvelvetboard:Theseboardshavehundredsofsmall?
Dullmetalspikesattachedtoaheavyfabric.Theyareusedtopressanyfabricwithanaporpile.
Tailor'sham:Thisoblong,firmlystuffedcushionhasroundedcurves.Itisdesignedtopresscurvedareasofthega
rmentsuchasdarts,sleevecaps,andprincessseams.
Pressmit:Thisissimilartoaham,butitissmallenoughtoslipoveryourhand.Inadditionitcanbeslippedovertheen
dofthesleeveboardtopresssleevecapsandruffles.
Sleeveroll:Thistubular,firmlystuffedcushionisroundedoneitherend.Itcanbeusedtopresscurvesandseamsin
hardtoreachplaces.Withthisrollyoupressnotonlytheseam,butthesurroundingareaaswell,whichpreventscrea
ses.
Pointpresserorpressingboard:Thisisanimportanttoolbecauseithasavarietyofpressingsurfaces.Onesideoft
hesmoothwoodenblockhasanarrowridgethatispointed.Itisusedtopressopenenclosedseamssuchascollars,la
pels,etc.Itisalsousefulwhenpressingaseamthatcomestoapoint.
Poundingblockorclapper:Thissmoothwoodenblockisusuallyattachedtothepointpresser.Itisusedtoflattens
eamedgesandproducecrispflatedges.Tousethepoundingblockpresstheareaasusualandthenimmediatelyplac
etheblockovertheareajuststeamed.Thewoodenblockforcesthesteambackintothefabric,producingacrispedg
e.Onlargeorbulkyareasyoumayactuallypoundthefabricinacircularmotion.
Spraybottle:Oftenstubbornwrinklesandcreasesneedashotofwaterinadditiontothesteamprovided
bytheiron.Alightspraybeforepressingwillusuallyremovethesemarks.Pretestthefabricbeforeapply
ingthewaterassomefabricswaterspot.
Clothesbrushornylonnet:Aclothesbrushorawaddedpieceofnylonnetisusedtoremovesmallpiece
softhreadandlintfromthegarmentortheironingsurfaceBEFOREpressing.Ifyoupresswithoutremo
vingthislint,itcanpermanentlymarkthefabric.

Steamer:Hatsandvariousaccessoriesneedaconstantsourceofsteam.Thistoolhasagallonofwaterth
atisattachedtoamotor.Along,flexiblewanddeliversthesteam.Thesteamerisalsousefultomaintainc
ostumesduringtherunofaproduction.
Ironcleaner:Thisproductisdesignedtoremovescorch,marks,lint,anddirtbuildupfromthebedofthe
ironwhiletheironishot.Readthedirectionscarefullybeforeusing,andalwaysprotectthesurfaceofthe
ironingtablewithseverallayersofscrapfabric.

SEWINGMACHINES:

Dependingonthesize,locationandthedemandsplacedonacostumeshoptherecanbeanynumberofdifferentkin
dsofsewingmachinesrangingfromthebasictohighlyspecializedmodels.Thefollowingisalistofthemostcomm
onmodelsandabriefdescriptionoftheiruses:

Domesticlockstitchmachines:Thesearedesignedforthegeneralsewerandrangefrommodelswithonlystraigh
tstitchcapacitytothosethatembroider,monogramanddoavarietyofnoveltystitches.Inacostumeshopthemosti
mportantfeaturesofadomesticmachineareastraightstitch,zigzag,buttonholes,andastretchstitch.Manydomes
ticmachineshaveaFREEARMonwhichthelargeflatsewingareaisremovablemakingthesewingareasmalleno
ughtoaccommodatecuffs,collars,etc.
Industriallockstitchmachines:Theseareheavy-
dutymachinesthathavethedurabilitytowithstandconstantuse.Theysewanywherefrom800to1800s
titchesperminuteandareequippedwithmanytimesavingfeatures.Generallyindustrialmachinesares
traightstitchonly,buttherearemodelsthatzigzag.Industrialmachinescanbeusedonalmostanytypeof
fabricandareanecessityforsewingmultiplelayersoffabric.Theyarehardertocontrolbuttheirspeedc
utsthecostumeconstructiontimeinhalf.
Industrialblindhemmers:Thisisaspecialtymachinethatproducesaninvisible,quickhemonalmost
anygarment.Thismachineusesaconeofclearplasticthread.Thismachineonlyhemsgarments,butcan
savecountlesshoursofhandsewing.
Sergers:Thismachinecaneitherseamfabricpiecestogetherorbeusedtoproduceaquick,durablesea
mfinish.Sergersareavailableindomesticorindustrialmodelsandusefromtwotofiveconesofthread.
Asergerhasasetofknivesthattrimtheseamallowanceawayasthefabricisfedthroughthemachine;ther
eforeitisnecessarytoworkcarefullyandaccurately.
Sewingmachineaccessoriesandattachments:Thereareamultitudeofattachmentstoaccomplisha
specifictask.Attachmentsareavailableforanytypeofsewingmachine.Buttonholes,pleating,gatheri
ng,cording,etc.arejustsomeofthethingsthatcanbeaccomplishedquicklyandwithmoreaccuracybyu
singattachments.Allsewingmachineshaveamanualthatexplainsindetailhowtousetheattachments.
 Bobbins:Thesemetalorplasticspoolsholdthethreadforthebottomhalfofthelockstitchproducedond
omesticandindustrialmachines.Thebobbinsmustbewoundwiththechosenthread,andarestoredinor
closetoeachmachine.
Sewingmachineoil:Allsewingmachinesmustbefrequentlycleanedandoiled.Sewingmachineoilis
alightweight,highqualityoil,andthemanualforanymachinewillexplainhowandwheretolubricateth
emachine.

CRAFTSUPPLIES:

Costumecraftworkisawidefield,itmightincludedyeingandpaintingofcostumes,leather,fur,orbeadwork,jewe
lryconstruction,millinery,shoeandbootconstructionandrepair,wigstylingandmaintenance,maskmaking,an
darmorconstruction.Belowisalistofthemostbasicsuppliesandtoolsused:

Crafttables:Thesearelargesturdytablesthatarecoveredinpapersothatitcanberemovedasitbecomessoiled.Th
eyoftenhaveaseriesofdrawersorcabinetsunderneaththemtoprovidestorageforsupplies.
Hammers:Severaldifferenthammersareusefulincraftswork,themostcommonbeingarawhidemalletforleath
erandshoework,anda*holster'stackhammerforworkonjewelryandarmor.
Screwdrivers:Thesearenecessaryformachinerepairandmaintenanceaswellasjewelryandarmorconstruction
.
Pliers:Thesearethesmallervarietyandareusefulforjewelry,corsetandhoop,andarmorconstruction.
HotmeltgluegunandGluesticks:Thismainstayofthecostumecraftsareahasalmostunlimiteduses.Quickrepai
rstoshoes,hats,jewelry,andarmorcanbedone.Hotmeltgluecanalsobeusedtofabricatetrimanddetailworkonco
stumepieces.Thelarge,triggercontrolledmodelsaresaferandeasiertouse,butthesmall,pressurecontrolledmod
elsarebetterfordetailwork.
Stapleortackinggun:Thisisasmallversionoftheonesfoundinthesceneshopandisusefulforarmor,leather,felt
andjewelryconstruction.
Grommetandeyeletcuttersandsetters:Manycostumesandaccessoriesmustlacetogether,sothesecuttingan
dsettingtoolscomeinavarietyofsizes.
Poprivetguns:Arivetgunandtheaccompanyingtwo-partrivetsareusedextensivelyintheconstructionofvacu-
formarmorandaccessorypieces.
Stoveorhotplate:Theseareusedforpreparingdyestuffsandpaintsforapplicationtocostumes.Smallcostumeac
cessoriesareoftendyedinlargekettlesontopofthestove.
Dyevats:Onlythelargestcostumeshopshavecommercialdyevatssimplybecauseoftheirsize,comple
xity,andcost.Acommonalternativeisthesteam-
jacketedsoupkettlefoundinrestaurantsandcafeterias.Withtheseaconstanttemperaturecanbemainta
inedduringthedyeingprocess.
Wringerwashers:Theseareusedwithadyevattorinseandremovewaterfromfabricsandcostumes.

Adhesives:Therearemanyadhesivesthatareusedinmostcostumeshops.Someofthemareverybasic,
withothersdesignedforaspecificuse.Themostcommonare:
Whiteglue,amainstayisusedinmasks,jewelry,andfeltaccessoryconstruction.
Flexibleglueisusedforbead,sequin,trim,andjewelryapplicationtofabricssinceitwillnotpeeloffthef
abric.
Bargecementisspecificallydesignedforuseonleatherandshoeconstruction.
Bridalormillineryglueisacleardryinggluethatwillstanduptomostdrycleaningproceduresandsoitisi
dealforbeadingandtrimapplicationdirectlytocostumepieces.
 MAINTENANCEEQUIPMENT:

Sincecostumesarefrequentlysoiledsomemethodoflaunderingordrycleaningmustconstantlybeuse
dtokeeptheactorfreshandtopreservethelifeofthecostumes.Onlythelargestofcostumeshopshavethe
irowndrycleaningplants,butanycostumeshophastohave:

Washer:Thesearestandarddomesticmodelsorlargecommercialmodels.Notonlylaundryisdone,bu
tallfabricsarepreshrunkbeforeanycostumeismade.
Dryer:Onceagainaheavy-
dutycommercialdryerispreferable,butmanycostumeshopshavestandarddomesticdryers.Dryersar
ealsooftenusedtosetthedyeandpaintsappliedtocostumes.
MISCELLANEOUSEQUIPMENT:

Dressforms:Thesecomeineverystandardsizeformen,womenandchildren.Theyarealsoavailablein
specialformsforswimsuits,trousers,jacketandfullbodywork.Dressformsfoundincostumeshopsare
notadjustable,butaresolidsimplyfordurability.Theseareinvaluabletothecutterandstitcherduringth
econstructionprocess.

HowtotakecareofyourSewing Machine

1.Haveyourmachineservicedannually.
2.Inaddition,conductminitune-upsyourselfasrecommendedinyoursewingmachinemanual.
3.Aboutevery8hoursofsewingtime,oronceaseasonifyoudonotuseitasmuch,cleanlintfromthebobbi
ncaseareaandlubricatewithadroportwoofoil.
4.Changeneedlesfrequently.
5.Coveryourmachinewhennotinusetokeepitdustfree.
6.Cleanyourmachineifitisgoingintostorage.
7.Whenyoutakeyourmachineoutofstorage,runitforabitunthreaded.

Questions

1.Identifythesewingtoolsandequipmentusedfor:
-measuring
-cutting
-marking
-ironing
-pressing

2.Explainhowyouwouldcareforasewingmachine

TOPIC10:HOMEANDCOMMUNITY
10.0.1HOUSEHOLDCRAFTS
Thisistheartofusingtheacquiredskillstoproducehouseholditemseitherforpersonaluseorforsaletoearnextrain
come.

Theskillsinvolvedindoingmakinghouseholdcraftsinclude

- Weaving
- Knitting
- Crotcheting
- Beadwork

Softfurnishings-

Theterm‘softfurnishings’meansaccessoriesorextrasintheroom.Thesearethingslikecarpets,curtains,bedline
n,cushionsandcushioncovers,teatowels,chairbackse.t.c.

Choiceofsoftfurnishings

Whenchoosingsoftfurnishingsconsider:

- Durability.
- Design,colour,pattern,andtexture.
- Suitabilityforthepurpose.

Uses

- Theyaddcolourtotheroom.
- Toaddcomfort.
- Theyareusedasdecorations.
- Theyaddwarmth.
- Helptomakearoomhomelyandinviting.
- Helptomakeroomsmallorlarge.
 MINISTRY OF GENERAL EDUCATION.

HOME MANAGEMENT.
TEACHING AND LEARNING NOTES.