Hindawi

Journal of Mathematics
Volume 2022, Article ID 2896053, 14 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2896053

Research Article
Topological Structures via Bipolar Hypersoft Sets

1 2,3
Sagvan Y. Musa and Baravan A. Asaad
1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, University of Zakho, Zakho 42002, Iraq
2
Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Cihan University-Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho 42002, Iraq

Correspondence should be addressed to Sagvan Y. Musa; sagvan.musa@uoz.edu.krd

Received 9 August 2021; Accepted 8 January 2022; Published 14 February 2022

Academic Editor: Carmelo Antonio Finocchiaro

Copyright © 2022 Sagvan Y. Musa and Baravan A. Asaad. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
In this article, we introduce bipolar hypersoft topological spaces over the collection of bipolar hypersoft sets. It is proven that a
bipolar hypersoft topological space gives a parametrized family of hypersoft topological spaces, but the converse does not hold in
general, and this is shown with the help of an example. Furthermore, we give a condition on a given parametrized family of
hypersoft topologies, which assure that there is a bipolar hypersoft topology whose induced family of hypersoft topologies is the
given family. The notions of bipolar hypersoft neighborhood, bipolar hypersoft subspace, and bipolar hypersoft limit points are
introduced. Finally, we define bipolar hypersoft interior, bipolar hypersoft closure, bipolar hypersoft exterior, and bipolar
hypersoft boundary, and the relations between them, differing from the relations on hypersoft topology, are investigated.

1. Introduction
Many challenges in engineering, artificial intelligence,
economics, environmental research, social science, and
other fields include ambiguous or unclear data. As a result,
traditional methods depending on the specific instance may
be ineffective in solving or modeling them. Many theories
have been developed to address these issues in light of this.
Soft set theory was introduced by Molodtsov [1] as a rev-
olutionary idea for dealing with uncertainty. In comparison
to earlier ideas, he demonstrated how effective soft sets are at
solving complex issues. Many scholars have since researched
soft set theory’s properties, operations, and applications (see,
for example, [2–8]). The relevance of topology and its
multiple applications, particularly in physics, economics,
and computer science, have piqued researchers’ interest in
the topological structure of soft sets. There were two defi-
nitions of soft topological spaces presented. Shabir and Naz
[9] were the first to establish the concept of soft topological
space on a universe set. Çaǧman et al. [10] used a soft set to
demonstrate the notion of soft topological space. Following
that, several academics concentrated on soft topological
spaces [11–26].
Shabir and Naz [27] first used bipolar soft set to combine
bipolarity [28] with soft set theory [1]. According to Dubois
and Prade [28], our decision-making is built upon two sides,
positive and negative, and we choose based on which is more
powerful. Some definitions, operations, and applications on
bipolar soft sets were studied in [29–32]. The notion of bipolar
soft topological spaces over an ordinary set was first intro-
duced by Shabir and Bakhtawar [33], along with studies into
bipolar soft connectedness and bipolar soft compactness. The
notions of interior and closure operators, basis, and subspace
in bipolar soft topological spaces were studied by Ozturk [34].
By redefining bipolar soft topological spaces on a bipolar soft
set, Fadel [35] has expanded the definition of bipolar soft
topological spaces introduced in [33]. They have covered the
key concepts and properties, as well as some illustrative ex-
amples. For additional work on the topological structures on
bipolar soft sets, one may study [36, 37].
In 2018, Smarandache [38] transformed the argument
mapping F into a multiargument mapping to turn gener-
alized soft sets into hypersoft sets. This notion is more
adaptable than soft set and more suited to challenges in-
volving decision-making. Under the hypersoft set envi-
ronment, some vital basics (e.g., elementary properties, set
 2 Journal of Mathematics
theoretic operations, basic laws, relations, functions, and
matrices) as well as applications are conceptualized in
[39–46]. Musa and Asaad [47] initiated the study of
hypersoft topological spaces. They defined hypersoft to-
pology as a collection of hypersoft sets over the universe X.
So, they defined elementary notions of hypersoft topological
spaces such as hypersoft open sets, hypersoft closed sets,
hypersoft neighborhood, hypersoft limit points, and
hypersoft subspace. Further, hypersoft closure, hypersoft
interior, and hypersoft boundary were studied, and some of
their basic properties were investigated.
Recently, Musa and Asaad [48] introduced the notion of
bipolar hypersoft sets, which was created by merging the
bipolarity [28] and hypersoft set [38]. It was distinguished by
two hypersoft sets, one of which provided positive data and
the other negative data. In their paper, they defined some
basic operations such as bipolar hypersoft subset, bipolar
hypersoft complement, and bipolar hypersoft difference.
Furthermore, aggregate operations such as intersection,
union, AND-operation, and OR-operation of two bipolar
hypersoft sets with their characteristics were explored and
illustrated with examples.
The following is how the rest of the paper is laid out:
Section 2 contains some basic definitions on bipolar
hypersoft sets. In Section 3, we introduce bipolar hypersoft
topological spaces, which are defined over an initial universe
with a fixed set of parameters. Then, we discuss some basic
properties of bipolar hypersoft topological spaces and define
bipolar hypersoft neighborhood, bipolar hypersoft subspace,
and bipolar hypersoft limit points. In Section 4, bipolar
hypersoft interior, bipolar hypersoft closure, bipolar
hypersoft exterior, and bipolar hypersoft boundary are
defined. Also, the relationship between these concepts is
investigated. In Section 5, we summarize the main results
and make suggestions for further studies.
2. Preliminaries
Here, we recall some basic terminologies regarding bipolar
hypersoft sets and hypersoft topological spaces.
Throughout this work, we use X as an initial universe,
P(X) as the power set of X, and E1 , E2 , . . . , En the pairs of
disjoint sets of parameters. For i � 1, 2, . . . , n, let Ai , Bi ⊆ Ei .
To keep things simple, for E1 × E2 × · · · × En ,
A1 × A2 × · · · × An , and B1 × B2 × · · · × Bn we use the nota-
tions E, A, and B, respectively. Let A, B ⊆ E and each el-
ement in A, B, and E is obviously an n-tuple element.
Definition 1. [48] A bipolar hypersoft set over X is defined
as (Λ, Ω, A) where Λ and Ω are mappings given by
Λ: A ⟶ P(X) and Ω: ¬A ⟶ P(X) such that
Λ(α) ∩ Ω(¬α) � ϕ for all α ∈ A.
A bipolar hypersoft set (Λ, Ω, A) can be represented as
follows:
(Λ, Ω, A) � 􏼈(α, Λ(α), Ω(¬α)): α ∈ A and Λ(α) ∩ Ω(¬α) � ϕ􏼉.
(1)
Definition 2. [48] Let (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) and (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) be two
bipolar hypersoft sets over a common universe X, we say
that (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) is a bipolar hypersoft subset of (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) if
for all α ∈ A:
(1) A ⊆ B and;
(2) Λ1 (α) ⊆ Λ2 (α) and Ω2 (¬α) ⊆ Ω1 (¬α).
We symbolize it by (Λ , Ω , A) ⊑􏽥 (Λ , Ω , B).
1 1 2 2
If (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) is a bipolar hypersoft subset of (Λ1 , Ω1 , A),
then (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) is said to be a bipolar hypersoft superset of
(Λ2 , Ω2 , B). It is symbolized by (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , B).
Definition 3. [48] (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) and (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) are said to be
bipolar hypersoft equal if (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) ⊑􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) and
(Λ2 , Ω2 , A) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , B).
Definition 4. [48] (Λ, Ω, A)c � (Λc , Ωc , A) is defined as the
bipolar hypersoft complement of (Λ, Ω, A), where Λc and Ωc
are mappings given by Λc (α) � Ω(¬α) and Ωc (¬α) � Λ(α)
for all α ∈ A.
Definition 5. [48] We called (Φ, Ψ, A) over X a relative null
bipolar hypersoft set if for all α ∈ A, Φ(α) � ϕ and
Ψ(¬α) � X.
An absolute null bipolar hypersoft set over X is denoted
by (Φ, Ψ, E).
Definition 6. [48] We called (Ψ, Φ, A) over X a relative
whole bipolar hypersoft set if for all α ∈ A, Ψ(α) � X and
Φ(¬α) � ϕ.
An absolute whole bipolar hypersoft set over X is
denoted by (Ψ, Φ, E).
Definition 7. [48] A bipolar hypersoft set (Γ, Θ, C), where
C � A ∩ B, is defined as the difference of (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) and
(Λ2 , Ω2 , B) over a common universe X if for all α ∈ C:
Γ(α) � Λ1 (α) ∩ Λc2 (α) � Λ1 (α) ∩ Ω2 (¬α) and
Θ(¬α) � Ω1 (¬α) ∪ Ωc2 (¬α) � Ω1 (¬α) ∪ Λ2 (α).
We symbolize it by (Λ1 , Ω1 , A)\(Λ2 , Ω2 , B) � (Γ, Θ, C).
Definition 8. [48] A bipolar hypersoft set (Γ, Θ, C), where
C � A ∩ B, is defined as the union of (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) and
(Λ2 , Ω2 , B) over a common universe X if for all α ∈ C:
Γ(α) � Λ1 (α) ∪ Λ2 (α) and Θ(¬α) � Ω1 (¬α) ∩ Ω2 (¬α). (2)
≈
We symbolize it by (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) � (Γ, Θ, C).
Definition 9. [48] A bipolar hypersoft set (Γ, Θ, C), where
C � A ∩ B, is defined as the intersection of (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) and
(Λ2 , Ω2 , B) over a common universe X if for all α ∈ C:
Γ(α) � Λ1 (α) ∩ Λ2 (α) and Θ(¬α) � Ω1 (¬α) ∪ Ω2 (¬α). (3)
≈
We symbolize it by (Λ1 , Ω1 , A) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , B) � (Γ, Θ, C).
Journal of Mathematics
Definition 10. [47] If TH is a collection of hypersoft sets over
X, then TH is a hypersoft topology on X if:
(1) (Φ, E), (Ψ, E) belong to TH .
(2) The intersection of any two hypersoft sets in TH
belongs to TH .
(3) The union of any number of hypersoft sets in TH
belongs to TH .
Then, (X, TH , E) is called a hypersoft topological space
over X.
Definition 11. [47] Suppose that (X, TH , E) is a hypersoft
space over X, then the members of TH are said to be
hypersoft open sets in X.
Definition 12. [47] Suppose that (X, TH , E) is a hypersoft
space over X. A hypersoft set (Λ, E) over X is said to be a
hypersoft closed set in X, if (Λ, E)c belongs to TH .
3. Bipolar Hypersoft Topological Spaces
In this section, we introduce the concept of bipolar hypersoft
topological spaces and study its relation with hypersoft
topological spaces. Then, bipolar hypersoft subspace, bipolar
hypersoft neighborhood, and bipolar hypersoft limit point
are characterized.
Definition 13. Let (Λ, Ω, E) be a bipolar hypersoft set over X
and x ∈ X. Then x ∈ (Λ, Ω, E) if x ∈ Λ(α) for all α ∈ E. If
x ∈ (Λ, Ω, E), then automatically x ∉ Ω(¬α) for all ¬α ∈¬ E.
For any x ∈ X, x ∉ (Λ, Ω, E), if x ∉ Λ(α) for some α ∈ E.
Definition 14. (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are said to be
disjoint bipolar hypersoft sets if for all α ∈ E,
Λ1 (α) ∩ Λ2 (α)
≈
� ϕ. We denote it by
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) � (Φ, Ω, E) where Φ(α) � ϕ for all
α ∈ E and Ω(¬α) ⊆ X for all ¬α ∈¬E.
Definition 15. Let Υ ⊆ X. Then, the bipolar hypersoft set
(Y, Φ, E) over X defined by Y(α) � Υ for all α ∈ E and
Φ(¬α) � ϕ for all ¬α ∈¬E.
Definition 16. Let Υ ⊆ X. Then, the subbipolar hypersoft set
(ΛΥ , ΩΥ , E) over Υ of a bipolar hypersoft set (Λ, Ω, E) over
X is defined as
ΛΥ (α) � Υ ∩ Λ(α) for all α∈E and
ΩΥ (¬α) � Υ ∩ Ω(¬α) for all ¬α ∈¬E.
Definition 17. If TBH is a collection of bipolar hypersoft sets
over X, then TBH is a bipolar hypersoft topology on X if:
(1) (Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E) belong to TBH .
(2) The intersection of any two bipolar hypersoft sets in
TBH belongs to TBH .
(3) The union of any number of bipolar hypersoft sets in
TBH belongs to TBH .
Then, (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is called a bipolar hypersoft to-
pological space over X.
3
Definition 18. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X; then the members of TBH are said to
be bipolar hypersoft open sets in X.
Definition 19. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X. A bipolar hypersoft set (Λ, Ω, E)
over X is said to be a bipolar hypersoft closed set in X, if
(Λ, Ω, E)c belongs to TBH .
Proposition 1. Let (X, TBH , E, ¬E) be a bipolar hypersoft
space over X. Then:
(1) (Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E) are bipolar hypersoft closed set
over X.
(2) The union of any two bipolar hypersoft closed sets is a
bipolar hypersoft closed set over X.
(3) The intersection of any number of bipolar hypersoft
closed sets is a bipolar hypersoft closed set over X.
proof. Follows from Definition 17 and De Morgan’s
laws. □
Definition 20. Suppose that X is an initial universe, E is the
parameters set, ¬E is the not set of E, and
TBH � {(Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E)}. Then, TBH is called the bi-
polar hypersoft indiscrete topology on X and
(X, TBH , E, ¬E) is said to be a bipolar hypersoft indiscrete
space over X.
Definition 21. Suppose that X is an initial universe, E is the
parameters set, ¬E is the not set of E, and TBH is the
collection of all bipolar hypersoft sets, which can be defined
over X. Then, TBH is called the bipolar hypersoft discrete
topology on X and (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is said to be a bipolar
hypersoft discrete space over X.
The following proposition shows that a bipolar hypersoft
topological space gives a parametrized family of hypersoft
topological spaces.
Proposition 2. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X. Then, the following collections define
hypersoft topology on X.
(1) T � 􏼚(Λ, E)|(Λ, Ω, E) ∈T 􏽥􏽥 􏼛.
H BH
􏽥􏽥
(2) ¬TH � 􏼚(Ω, ¬E)|(Λ, Ω, E) ∈T BH 􏼛 (provided that X
is finite).
Proof. (1) Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X. Then:
(i) (Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH imply that (Φ, E),
(Ψ, E) ∈􏽥 TH .
(ii) Let (Λ1 , E), (Λ2 , E) ∈􏽥 TH . Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 ,
≈
Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH then (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥
TBH this implies that (Λ1 , E)⊓ 􏽥 (Λ2 , E) ∈􏽥 TH .
4 Journal of Mathematics

(iii) Let 􏼈(Λi , E)|i ∈ I􏼉 belong ≈to TH . Since (Λi , Ωi , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 and
TBH for all i ∈ I so that ⊔ i∈I (Λi , Ωi , E)∈􏽥􏽥 TBH thus
Ω1 , ¬E􏼁 � 􏼈 ¬ ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ1 , χ3 , χ4 􏼉􏼁, ¬ ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
􏽥 i∈I (Λi , E)∈􏽥 TH .
⊔
Ω2 , ¬E􏼁 � 􏼈 ¬ ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ􏼁, ¬ ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Hence, TH defines a hypersoft topology over X.
(2) The proof is similar to part (1). □ Ω3 , ¬E􏼁 � 􏼈 ¬ ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ1 􏼉􏼁, ¬ ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Ω4 , ¬E􏼁 � 􏼈 ¬ ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ3 , χ4 􏼉􏼁, ¬ ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Remark 1. The converse of Proposition 2 is incorrect as the (5)
next example shows.
Then,
Example 1. Let X � 􏼈χ1 , χ2 , χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉, E1 � 􏼈ω1 , ω2 􏼉, E2 � 􏼈ω3 􏼉, TBH � 􏼈(Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E),
and E3 � 􏼈ω4 􏼉. Assume that TH � {(Φ, E), (Ψ, E), (Λ1 , E), (Λ3 , Ω3 , E), (Λ4 , Ω4 , E)} where (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E),
(Λ2 , E), (Λ3 , E), (Λ4 , E)} and ¬TH � 􏼈(Ω1 , ¬E), (Ω2 , ¬E), (Λ3 , Ω3 , E), and (Λ4 , Ω4 , E) are bipolar hypersoft sets over
(Ω3 , ¬E), (Ω4 , ¬E)} are two hypersoft topologies on X X, defined as follows:
where the hypersoft sets (Λ1 , E), (Λ2 , E), (Λ3 , E), (Λ4 , E),
(Ω1 , ¬E), (Ω2 , ¬E), (Ω3 , ¬E), and (Ω4 , ¬E) are defined as
follows:
Λ1 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Λ2 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Λ3 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ􏼁􏼉,
Λ4 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
(4)

Λ1 , Ω1 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Λ2 , Ω2 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 􏼉, ϕ􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁},
(6)
Λ3 , Ω3 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Λ4 , Ω4 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 , χ4 􏼉􏼁􏼉.

If we take TH then Φ(¬α) � X\Ψ(α) � X\X � ϕ and hence

≈ (Ψ, Φ, E)∈􏽥􏽥 TBH .
Λ1 , Ω1 , E􏼁 ⊓ Λ2 , Ω2 , E􏼁 � (Λ, Ω, E), (7)
(ii) Let (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH . Then (Λ1 , E) ∈􏽥
then TH and Ω1 (¬α) � X\Λ1 (α). Also, (Λ2 , E) ∈􏽥 TH and
Ω2 (¬α) � X\Λ2 (α). Now, since TH is a hypersoft
(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, topology, then (Λ1 , E) ⊓ 􏽥 (Λ2 , E) ∈􏽥 TH . Let (Λ, E) �
(8) (Λ1 , E) ⊓ 􏽥 (Λ2 , E); then Ω(¬α) � X\Λ(α) � X\
􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁􏼉, (Λ1 (α) ⊓ 􏽥 Λ2 (α)) � (X\Λ1 (α)) ⊔ 􏽥 (X\Λ2 (α)) �
≈
􏽦 Ω1 (¬α)⊔ 􏽥 Ω2 (¬α). Hence, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)
but (Λ, Ω, E) 􏽦∉ TBH . Hence, TBH is not a bipolar
∈􏽥􏽥 TBH .
hypersoft topology on X.
(iii) Let 􏼈(Λi , Ωi , E)|i ∈ I􏼉 ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH . Then 􏼈(Λi , E)|i ∈ I􏼉
The following proposition demonstrates when the ∈􏽥 TH and Ωi (¬α) � X\Λi (α). Now, since TH is a
converse of Proposition 2 will be true. hypersoft topology, then ⊔ 􏽥 i∈I (Λi , E) ∈􏽥 TH . Let
(Λ, E) � ⊔ 􏽥 i∈I (Λi , E) then Ω(¬α) � X\Λ(α) �
≈
X\(⊔ 􏽥 i∈I Λi (α)) � ⊓ 􏽥 i∈I Ωi (¬α). Thus ⊔ i∈I (Λi , Ωi , E)
Proposition 3. Suppose that (X, TH , E) is a hypersoft space ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH . Therefore, the proof is completed. □
over X. Then, TBH consisting of bipolar hypersoft sets
(Λ, Ω, E) such that (Λ, E)∈􏽥 TH and Ω(¬α) � X\Λ(α) for all
¬α ∈¬E, defines a bipolar hypersoft topology over X. Definition 22. Let (X, TBH1 , E, ¬E) and (X, TBH2 , E, ¬E)
be two bipolar hypersoft topological spaces over X. If
TBH1 ⊑􏽥􏽥 TBH2 , then TBH2 is said to be finer than TBH1 . If
Proof
T BH1 ⊑􏽥 T or T
BH2 ⊑􏽥 T , then T
BH2 and T
BH1 BH1 BH2
(i) Since (Φ, E) ∈􏽥 TH , then Ψ(¬α) � X\Φ(α) � X\ϕ � are said to be comparable bipolar hypersoft topologies
X and hence (Φ, Ψ, E) ∈􏽥 TBH . Also, since (Ψ, E) ∈􏽥 over X.
Journal of Mathematics 5

≈
Proposition 4. Let (X, TBH1 , E, ¬E) and (X, TBH2 , E, ¬E) (Λi , Ωi , E) ≈∈􏽥􏽥 TBH1 and ⊔ i∈I (Λ ≈i
, Ωi , E)∈􏽥􏽥 TBH2 .
be two bipolar hypersoft topological spaces on X, and then 􏽥
Therefore, ⊔ i∈I (Λi , Ωi , E)∈􏽥 TBH1 ⊓ TBH2 .
≈
(X, TBH1 ⊓ TBH2 , E, ¬E) is a bipolar hypersoft topological ≈
Thus TBH1 ⊓ TBH≈2 defines a bipolar hypersoft topology
space over X.
on X and (X, TBH1 ⊓ TBH2 , E, ¬E) is a bipolar hypersoft
Proof
topological space over X. □
≈
(i) (Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E) belong to TBH1 ⊓ TBH2 . Remark 2. The union of any two bipolar hypersoft topol-
≈
(ii) Let (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH1 ⊓ TBH2 . Then ogies on X may not be a bipolar hypersoft topology on X.
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥 TBH1 and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E),≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥 TBH2 . Since (Λ≈1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ Example 2. Let X � 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 , χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉, E1 � 􏼈ω1 , ω2 􏼉, E2 � 􏼈ω3 􏼉,
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH1 and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) and E3 � 􏼈ω4 􏼉. Let TBH1 � {(Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E),
≈ ≈
∈􏽥􏽥 T BH2 , so (Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E)∈􏽥􏽥 T
1 1 2 2 ⊓ BH1
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E), (Λ3 , Ω3 , E)} and TBH2 � {(Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E),
TBH2 . (Γ1 , Θ1 , E), (Γ2 , Θ2 , E), (Γ3 , Θ3 , E)} be two bipolar hypersoft
topologies defined on X where (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E),
(iii) Let 􏼈(Λi , Ωi , E|i ∈ ≈I)􏼉 be a family of bipolar hyper-
(Λ3 , Ω3 , E), (Γ1 , Θ1 , E), (Γ2 , Θ2 , E), and (Γ3 , Θ3 , E) are bi-
soft sets in TBH1 ⊓ TBH2 . Then (Λi , Ωi , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH
≈ 1 polar hypersoft sets over X, defined as follows:
and (Λi , Ωi , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH2 , for all i ∈ I, so ⊔ i∈I

Λ1 , Ω1 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ3 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ2 , χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ1 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

Λ2 , Ω2 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ1 , χ2 , χ3 􏼉, ϕ􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁}, (9)
Λ3 , Ω3 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

and

Γ1 , Θ1 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 3 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ3 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

Γ2 , Θ2 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉􏼁􏼉, (10)
Γ3 , Θ3 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

Then, ≈
(1) If (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of
TBH1 ⊔ TBH2 � {(Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), x ∈ X, then x ∈ (Λ, Ω, E).
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E), (Λ3 , G3 , E), (Γ1 , Θ1 , E), (Γ2 , Θ2 , E), (Γ3 , Θ3 , E)}. (2) Each x ∈ X has a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood.
If we take
(3) If (Λ, Ω, E) and (Γ, Θ, E) are bipolar hypersoft ≈
≈
Λ1 , Ω1 , E􏼁 ⊔ Γ1 , Θ1 , E􏼁 � (Λ, Ω, E), (11) neighborhoods of some x ∈ X, then (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
(Γ, Θ, E) is also a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x.
then (4) If (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of
(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 3 , χ4 􏼉, ϕ􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, X, ϕ􏼁􏼉, x ∈ X and (Λ, Ω, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Γ, Θ, E), then (Γ, Θ, E) is
also a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x ∈ X.
(12)
􏽦 ≈ ≈
but (Λ, Ω, E) 􏽦
∉ TBH1 ⊔ TBH2 . Hence, TBH1 ⊔ TBH2 is not Proof
a bipolar hypersoft topology on X.
(1) It follows from Definition 23.
Definition 23. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar (2) For any x ∈ X, x ∈ (Ψ, Φ, E) and since (Ψ, Φ,
hypersoft space over X, and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft E)∈􏽥􏽥 TBH , so x ∈ (Ψ, Φ, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Ψ, Φ, E). Thus,
set over X and x ∈ X. Then, (Λ, Ω, E) is said to be a bipolar (Ψ, Φ, E) is a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x.
hypersoft neighborhood of x if there exists a bipolar
(3) Let (Λ, Ω, E) and (Γ, Θ, E) be the bipolar hypersoft
hypersoft open set (Γ, Θ, E) such that x ∈ (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥
neighborhoods of x ∈ X, then there exist (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)
(Λ, Ω, E).
and (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH such that x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥
Proposition 5. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar (Λ, Ω, E) and x ∈ (Λ , Ω , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Γ, Θ, E). Now x ∈
2 2
hypersoft space over X; then: (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and x ∈ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) imply that x ∈
6 Journal of Mathematics

≈ ≈
≈ ≈ (3) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊔ (Λ2 ,
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ Ω2 , E)d .
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH . So, we have x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓
≈ ≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Γ, Θ, E). Thus, (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
(Γ, Θ, E) is a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x. Proof
(4) Let (Λ, Ω, E) be a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of
(1) Let x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d so that x is a bipolar hypersoft
x ∈ X and (Λ, Ω, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Γ, Θ, E). By definition,
limit point ≈ of (Λ1 , Ω1 , E). Then, by definition
there exists a bipolar hypersoft open set (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ ((Γ, Θ, E)\{x}) ≠ (Φ, Ψ, E) for every
such that x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Γ, Θ, E).
bipolar hypersoft open set (Γ, Θ, E) containing x.
Thus, x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Γ, Θ, E). Hence, (Γ, Θ, E) is
But (Λ1 , Ω1 ,≈E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), and it follows that
a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x. □ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊓ ((Γ, Θ, E)\{x}) ≠ (Φ, Ψ, E). Thus, x ∈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d . Therefore, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊑􏽥􏽥
d
Proposition 6. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) .
≈
hypersoft space over X and (Λ, Ω, E) is any bipolar hypersoft (2) Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and
open set over X; then (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft neigh- ≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), it follows
borhood of each point of ∩ α∈E Λ(α), that is, of each of its points. ≈
from (1.) that ((Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E))d ⊑􏽥􏽥
1 1 2 2
Proof. Let (Λ, Ω, E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH . For x ∈ ∩ α∈E Λ(α), we obtain ≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d and ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d ⊑􏽥􏽥
x ∈ Λ(α) for each α ∈ E. Therefore, ≈
x ∈ (Λ, Ω, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E) and hence (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar (Λ , Ω , E)d . So, ((Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E))d ⊑􏽥􏽥
2 2 1 1 2 2
≈
hypersoft neighborhood of x. □ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d .
≈
(3) Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 ,Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) and
Remark 3. The converse of Proposition 6 is incorrect as the ≈
next example shows. (Λ , Ω , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ , Ω , E) ⊔ (Λ , Ω , E), by (1.), we
2 2 1 1 2 2
≈
have (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d and
d
≈
Example 3. Consider TBH1 given in Example 2 and let (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d . So,
(Λ, Ω, E) be any bipolar hypersoft set defined as follows: ≈ ≈
(Λ , Ω , E)d ⊔ (Λ , Ω , E)d ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ , Ω , E) ⊔
1 1 2 2 1 1
(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁, ≈
(13) (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d . Now, let x∈ ((Λ1 , Ω1 ,E) ⊔
· ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ2 , χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉􏼁􏼉, ≈ ≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d . Then, ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)) ⊓
Then, (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of each ((Γ, Θ,E)\{x}) ≠ (Φ, Ψ,E) for every bipolar
point of ∩ α∈E Λ(α), that is, of each of its points, but it is not a hypersoft open set (Γ, Θ, E) containing x. Therefore,
≈
bipolar hypersoft open set. (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ ((Γ, Θ, E)\{x}) ≠ (Φ,Ψ, E) or
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊓ ((Γ, Θ, E)\{x}) ≠ (Φ, Ψ, E). Thus, x ∈
Definition 24. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d or x ∈ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d and then x ∈
hypersoft space over X and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft ≈ ≈
set over X. A point x ∈ X is called a bipolar hypersoft limit (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d . Therefore, ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔
≈ ≈
point of (Λ, Ω, E) if (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ ((Γ, Θ, E)\{x}) ≠ (Φ, Ψ, E) (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d ) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 ,E)d ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d . Now, we
for every bipolar hypersoft open set (Γ, Θ, E) containing x. ≈
have ((Λ1 ,Ω1 ,E) ⊔(Λ2 ,Ω2 ,E))d �(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d
The set of all bipolar hypersoft limit points of (Λ, Ω, E) is ≈
denoted by (Λ, Ω, E)d . ⊔(Λ2 ,Ω2 ,E)d . □

Proposition 7. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar

hypersoft space over X and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bi- Remark 4. The equality in Proposition 7 (2.) does not hold
polar hypersoft sets over X. Then, in general as shown in the next example.
≈ ≈
(1) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) implies (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊑
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d . Example 4. Let us consider the bipolar hypersoft topological
≈ ≈ ≈ space (X, TBH1 , E, ¬E) in Example 2 and let (Λ, Ω, E) and
(2) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d ⊑ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 ,
d
E) . (Γ, Θ, E) be bipolar hypersoft sets defined as follows:

(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

(14)
(Γ, Θ, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 , χ 4 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
Journal of Mathematics
≈ ≈
Then, (Λ, Ω, E)d � (Γ, Θ, E)d � 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉. But
≈
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
(Γ, Θ, E) � (Φ, Ψ, E) and ((Λ, Ω, E) ⊓≈ (Γ, Θ, E))d �
(Φ, Ψ, E)d ≈� ϕ. Hence, ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))d ≠
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)d ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)d .
Definition 25. Let (X, TBH , E, ¬E) be a bipolar hypersoft
space over X and let Υ be a nonempty subset of X. Then,
TBHΥ � 􏼚 ΛΥ , ΩΥ , E􏼁 |(Λ, Ω, E) ∈􏽥 TBH }, (15)
is said to be the relative bipolar hypersoft topology on Υ and
(Υ, TBHΥ , E, ¬E) is called a bipolar hypersoft subspace of
(X, TBH , E, ¬E).
It is easy to verify that TBHΥ is a bipolar hypersoft
topology on Υ.
Example 5. Any bipolar hypersoft subspace of a bipolar
hypersoft indiscrete topological space is a bipolar hypersoft
indiscrete topological space.
Example 6. Any bipolar hypersoft subspace of a bipolar
hypersoft discrete topological space is a bipolar hypersoft
discrete topological space.
Proposition 8. Assume that (Υ, TBHΥ , E, ¬E) and
(Z, TBHZ , E, ¬E) are bipolar hypersoft subspaces of
(X, TBH , E, ¬E) and Υ ⊆ Z. Then, (Υ, TBHΥ , E, ¬E) is a
bipolar hypersoft subspace of (Z, TBHZ , E, ¬E).
Proof. Since Υ ⊆ Z, then Υ � Υ ∩ Z. From Definition 16,
each bipolar hypersoft open set (ΛΥ , ΩΥ , E) is defined as
ΛΥ (α) � Υ ∩ Λ(α) and ΩΥ (¬α) � Υ ∩ Ω(¬α), for each α ∈ E
where (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft open set of
(X, TBH , E, ¬E). Now, for each α ∈ E,
ΛΥ (α) � (Υ ∩ Z) ∩ Λ(α), ΩΥ (¬α) � (Υ ∩ Z) ∩ Ω(¬α),
⇒ΛΥ (α) � Υ ∩ (Z ∩ Λ(α)), ΩΥ (¬α) � Υ ∩ (Z ∩ Ω(¬α)),
⇒ΛΥ (α) � Υ ∩ ΛZ (α), ΩΥ (¬α) � Υ ∩ ΩZ (¬α),
(16)
where (ΛZ , ΩZ , E) is a bipolar hypersoft open set of Z. So,
(Υ, TBHΥ , E, ¬E) is a bipolar hypersoft subspace of
(Z, TBHZ , E, ¬E). □
4. Bipolar Hypersoft Closure, Bipolar Hypersoft
Interior, Bipolar Hypersoft Exterior, and
Bipolar Hypersoft Boundary
In this section, we introduce the notions of bipolar hypersoft
closure, bipolar hypersoft interior, bipolar hypersoft exte-
rior, and bipolar hypersoft boundary supported with some
properties and relations between them.
Definition 26. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space, and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over
X. The bipolar hypersoft closure of (Λ, Ω, E) is denoted by
(Λ, Ω, E) and is defined as the intersection of all bipolar
hypersoft closed supersets of (Λ, Ω, E).
7
In other words, (Λ, Ω, E) � ⊓ \{(Γ, Θ, E)| (Γ, Θ, E)c
∈􏽥 TBH , (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)\}.
􏽥
Proposition 9. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space, and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over
X. Then:
(1) (Λ, Ω, E) is the smallest bipolar hypersoft closed set
containing (Λ, Ω, E).
(2) (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed set if and only if
(Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E).
Proof
(1) It follows from Definition 26.
(2) Suppose that (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed
set. So, (Λ, Ω, E) itself is the smallest bipolar
hypersoft closed set over X containing (Λ, Ω, E) and
hence (Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E). Conversely, let
(Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E). By (1.), (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar
hypersoft closed, and (Λ, Ω, E) is also a bipolar
hypersoft closed set over X. □
Proposition 10. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bi-
polar hypersoft sets over X. Then:
(1) (Φ, Ψ, E) � (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Ψ, Φ, E) � (Ψ, Φ, E).
(2) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E).
(3) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) implies (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E).
≈ ≈
(4) ((Λ1 , Ω1 ,E)⊔(Λ2 , Ω2 ,E)) � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)⊔(Λ2 ,Ω2 , E).
≈ ≈
(5) ((Λ1 , Ω1 ,E)⊓(Λ2 , Ω2 ,E)) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)⊓(Λ2 , Ω2 , E).
(6) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E).
Proof
(1) Since (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Ψ, Φ, E) are bipolar hypersoft
closed sets, then by Proposition 9 (2.), we have
(Φ, Ψ, E) � (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Ψ, Φ, E) � (Ψ, Φ, E).
(2) By Proposition 9 (1.), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) is the smallest
bipolar hypersoft closed set containing (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)
and so (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E).
(3) By (2.), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E). Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)
⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), we have (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E).
But (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed set.
Thus, (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed set
containing (Λ1 , Ω1 , E). Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) is the
smallest bipolar hypersoft closed set over X con-
taining (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), so we have
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E).
8 Journal of Mathematics

≈
(4) Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) and ≈ ≈
≈ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)). So, ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)) �
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), by (3.), ≈
≈ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)).
(Λ , Ω , E)
1 1 ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ ,Ω , E)⊔(Λ , Ω , E)) and
1 1 2 2
≈
(5) Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥
((Λ1 ,Ω1 , E)⊔(Λ2 ,Ω2 , E)). Hence, ≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), then
≈ 􏽥􏽥
(Λ1 ,Ω1 ,E) ⊔ (Λ2 ,Ω2 ,E) ⊑ ≈
≈ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and
((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)). Now, since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ≈
((Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E)) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ , Ω , E). Therefore,
1 1 2 2 2 2
and (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bipolar hypersoft closed sets, ≈ ≈
≈ 􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E).
((Λ1 ,Ω1 , E)⊓(Λ2 ,Ω2 , E)) ⊑
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) is also bipolar hypersoft
(6) Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed set,
closed. Also, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and therefore, by Proposition 9 (2.), we have
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) imply that (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E). □
≈
(Λ , Ω , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ , Ω , E) ⊔ (Λ , Ω , E). Thus,
2 2 1 1 2 2
≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) is a bipolar hypersoft Remark 5. The equality does not hold in Proposition 10 (5.)
≈
closed containing (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E). Since as the following example shows.
≈
((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)) is the smallest bipolar
≈ Example 7. Let us consider the bipolar hypersoft topological
hypersoft closed set containing (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔
≈
space (X, TBH1 , E, ¬E) in Example 2 and let (Λ, Ω, E) and
(Λ , Ω , E), we have ((Λ , Ω , E) ⊔ (Λ , Ω , E))) ⊑􏽥􏽥
2 2 1 1 2 2 (Γ, Θ, E) be bipolar hypersoft sets defined as follows:

(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, X􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ1 , χ2 , χ3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

(17)
(Γ, Θ, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 4 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

Then, (Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c and (Γ, Θ, E) � (Λ3 , Ω3 , E)c (2) (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft open set if and only if
≈
and (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Γ, Θ, E) � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c . Now, (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
≈
(Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E)o .
≈
(Γ, Θ, E) � (Φ, Ψ, E) and ((Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Γ, Θ, E))) �
≈
(Φ, Ψ, E) � (Φ, Ψ, E). Hence, ((Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Γ, Θ, E)) ≠ Proof
≈
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Γ, Θ, E). (1) It follows from Definition 28.
(2) Suppose that (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft open
Definition 27. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar set. Then, (Λ, Ω, E) is surely identical with the largest
hypersoft space over X, and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft bipolar hypersoft open subset of (Λ, Ω, E). But by
set over X and x ∈ X. Then, x is said to be a bipolar hypersoft (1.), (Λ, Ω, E)o is the largest bipolar hypersoft open
interior point of (Λ, Ω, E) if there exists a bipolar hypersoft subset of (Λ, Ω, E). Hence, (Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E)o .
open set (Γ, Θ, E) such that x ∈ (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E). Conversely, let (Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E)o . By (1.),
(Λ, Ω, E)o is a bipolar hypersoft open set, and
Definition 28. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar therefore, (Λ, Ω, E) is also bipolar hypersoft open
hypersoft space over X. The bipolar hypersoft interior of set. □
bipolar hypersoft set (Λ, Ω, E) is denoted by (Λ, Ω, E)o and
is defined as the union of all bipolar hypersoft open set
contained in (Λ, Ω, E). Proposition 12. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
≈ hypersoft space over X and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bi-
In other words,
≈
(Λ, Ω, E)o � ⊔ {(Γ, Θ, E)|(Γ, Θ, E)∈􏽥􏽥
TBH , (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑ (Λ, Ω, E)}. polar hypersoft sets over X. Then:
(1) (Φ, Ψ, E)o � (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Ψ, Φ, E)o � (Ψ, Φ, E).
Proposition 11. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar (2) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E).
hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X. (3) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) implies (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥
Then: (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o .
≈ ≈
(1) (Λ, Ω, E)o is the largest bipolar hypersoft open set (4) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 ,
contained in (Λ, Ω, E). E))o .
Journal of Mathematics
≈ ≈
(5) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 ,
o
E)) .
(6) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o )o � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o .
Proof
(1) Since (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Ψ, Φ, E) are bipolar hypersoft
open sets, then by Proposition 11 (2.), we have
(Φ, Ψ, E)o � (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Ψ, Φ, E)o � (Ψ, Φ, E).
(2) Let x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ; then x is a bipolar hypersoft
interior point of (Λ1 , Ω1 , E). This implies that
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) is a bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x.
Then, x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E). Hence, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 ,
Ω1 , E).
(3) Let x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o . Then, x is a bipolar hypersoft
interior point of (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and so (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) is a
bipolar hypersoft neighborhood of x. Since
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) is also a bi-
polar hypersoft neighborhood of x. This implies that
x ∈ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o . Thus, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊑􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o .
≈
(4) Since (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and
≈
(Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E) ⊑􏽥 (Λ ,Ω , E), we have, by
1 1 2 2 2 2
≈ as shown in the following example.
(3.), ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o and
o
≈
((Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E))o ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ , Ω ,E)o , implying
1 1 2 2 2 2
≈ ≈
((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊓
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o . Now, let x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o .
(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ 2 􏼉􏼁,
(Γ, Θ, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, X, ϕ),
Then, (Λ, Ω, E)o � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and (Γ, Θ, E)o � (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)
o ≈
and (Λ, Ω, E) ⊔ (Γ, Θ, E)o � (Λ3 , Ω3 , E). Now, (Λ, Ω, E) ⊔
≈
(Γ, Θ, E) � (Ψ, Φ, E) and ((Λ, Ω, E) ⊔ (Γ, Θ, E))o �
≈
(Ψ, Φ, E)o � (Ψ, Φ, E). Hence, ((Λ, Ω, E))t ⊔ n
≈
Γ, Θ, E))o ≠ (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Γ, Θ, E)o .
Proposition 13. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set
over X. Then, (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E).
Proof. It follows from Proposition 10 (2.) and Proposition12
(2.). □ ≈
Proposition 14. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bi-
polar hypersoft sets over X. Then:
(1) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E))c � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o .
(2) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o )c � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ).
(3) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) � (((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o )c .
9
Then, x ∈ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o and x ∈ (Λ2 ,Ω2 , E))o . Hence, x
is a bipolar hypersoft interior point of each of the
bipolar hypersoft sets (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) and (Λ2 , Ω2 , E). It
follows that (Λ1 ,Ω1 , E) and (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bipolar
hypersoft neighborhoods of x so that their inter-
≈
section (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) is also a bipolar
hypersoft neighborhood of x. Hence, x ∈ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)
≈ ≈
⊓ (Λ , Ω , E))o . Thus, (Λ , Ω ,E)o ⊓ (Λ ,Ω , E))o ⊑􏽥􏽥
2 2 1 1 2 2
≈ ≈
((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o . Therefore, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊓
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)⊓(Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o .
≈
(5) By (3.), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ≈⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)
implies (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω≈1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o
and (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) implies
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o ≈⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o . Hence,
≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 ,
Ω2 , E))o .
(6) By Proposition 11 (1.), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o is the bipolar
hypersoft open set. Hence, by (2.) of the same
proposition ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o )o � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o . □
Remark 6. The equality does not hold in Proposition 12 (5.)
Example 8. Let us consider the bipolar hypersoft topological
space (X, TBH1 , E, ¬E) in Example 2 and let (Λ, Ω, E) and
(Γ, Θ, E) be bipolar hypersoft sets defined as follows:
ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 2 , χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
(18)
ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ1 , χ4 􏼉, 􏼈χ2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
(4) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , Ec ))c .
≈
(5) ((Λ1 ,Ω1 ,E)\(Λ2 ,Ω2 ,E))o ⊑(Λ􏽥􏽥 1 ,Ω1 ,E)o \(Λ2 ,Ω2 ,E)o .
Proof. From the definitions of bipolar hypersoft closure and
bipolar hypersoft interior, we have:
≈
(1) (Λ , Ω , E) � ⊓ {(Γ, Θ,E) ∣ (Γ, Θ, E)c ∈􏽥􏽥 T , (Γ, Θ,
1 1 BH
≈
E) ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)}. ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E))c � [⊓ {(Γ, Θ, E) ∣
(Γ, Θ, E)c ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH , (Γ, Θ,E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)}]c . ((Λ1 ,
≈
Ω , E))c � ⊔ {(Γ, Θ,E)c ∣ (Γ, Θ,E)c ∈􏽥􏽥 T , (Γ, Θ,
1 BH
c≈ c c o
E) ⊑(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) } � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ) .
(2) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o � ⊔ {(Γ, Θ, E) ∣ (Γ, Θ, E) ∈􏽥􏽥 TBH , (Γ,
≈
Θ, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)}. ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o )c � [ ⊔ {(Γ, Θ,
E) ∣ (Γ, Θ, E) ∈􏽥􏽥 T , (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ , Ω , E)}]c .
BH 1 1
≈
((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o )c � ⊓ {(Γ, Θ, E)c ∣ (Γ, Θ, E)∈􏽥􏽥 TBH ,
≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ⊑ (Γ, Θ, E)c } � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ).
(3) Obtained from (1.) by taking the bipolar hypersoft
complement.
10 Journal of Mathematics

≈
(4) Obtained from (2.) by taking the bipolar hypersoft We also have (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)e � (Φ, Ω, E); that is,
complement. no point of (Λ, Ω, E) can be a bipolar hypersoft exterior
≈
(5) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) \ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))o � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ point of (Λ, Ω, E).
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )o � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊓ ((Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )o �
≈
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊓ ((Λ2 , Ω2 , E))c � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o Remark 7. Since (Λ, Ω, E)e is the bipolar hypersoft interior
of (Λ, Ω, E)c , it follows that (Λ, Ω, E)e is the bipolar
\(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o \(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)o . □ hypersoft open and is the largest bipolar hypersoft open set
contained in (Λ, Ω, E)c .
Definition 29. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft Proposition 15. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
set over X. A point x ∈ X is said to be a bipolar hypersoft hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X.
exterior point of (Λ, Ω, E) if and only if it is a bipolar Then,
hypersoft interior point of (Λ, Ω, E)c , that is, if and only if 􏽥􏽥
􏽥􏽥 􏼚(Γ, Θ, E)|(Γ, Θ, E)∈T ≈
(Λ, Ω, E)e � ⊔ c
BH , (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑ (Λ, Ω, E) 􏼛.
there exists a bipolar hypersoft open set (Γ, Θ, E) such that
x ∈ (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)c . The set of all bipolar hypersoft (19)
exterior points of (Λ, Ω, E) is called the bipolar hypersoft
exterior of (Λ, Ω, E) and is denoted by (Λ, Ω, E)e .
Proof. From the definitions of bipolar hypersoft interior and
Thus, (Λ, Ω, E)e � ((Λ, Ω, E)c )o . It follows that bipolar hypersoft exterior, we have
((Λ, Ω, E)c )e � (((Λ, Ω, E)c )c )o � (Λ, Ω, E)o .

o
(Λ, Ω, E)c 􏼁 � ⊔ 􏽥􏽥
􏽥􏽥 􏼚(Γ, Θ, E)|(Γ, Θ, E) ∈T 􏽥􏽥 c e
BH , (Γ, Θ, E) ⊑ (Λ, Ω, E) } � (Λ, Ω, E) . (20)

Proposition 16. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space over X and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bi-
polar hypersoft sets over X. Then:
(1) (Ψ, Φ, E)e � (Φ, Ψ, E) and (Φ, Ψ, E)e � (Ψ, Φ, E).
(2) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c .
(3) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e � (((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e )c )e .
(4) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) implies (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)e ⊑􏽥􏽥
□
(4) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) then (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c ⊑􏽥􏽥
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c , implying ((Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )o ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 ,
E)c )o . So, (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)e ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e .
(5) By (2.), we have (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c . Then,
(4.) gives ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )e ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e )e . But,
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )e . Hence, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o
⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e )e .
≈
(6) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))e ≈� ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔
≈

(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e . c o c
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ) �≈ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ) ≈� c o

(5) (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e )e . ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o ⊓ ((Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )o � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊓
≈
(6) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))e � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊓
≈
(Λ2 , (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)e .
≈ ≈
Ω2 , E)e . (7) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))e ≈� ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓
≈ ≈
(7) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))e ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 ,
c o
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ) � ((Λ ≈ 1
, Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ) ⊑􏽥≈
c c o 􏽥

e
E) . ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ) o ⊓ ((Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )o � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊓
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)e . □

Proof Definition 30. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar

e c o o hypersoft space over X; then, bipolar hypersoft boundary of
(1) (Ψ, Φ, E) � ((Ψ, Φ, E) ) � (Φ, Ψ, E) � (Φ, Ψ, E). bipolar hypersoft set (Λ, Ω, E) over X is denoted by ≈
o
(Λ, Ω, E)b and is defined as (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
(Φ, Ψ, E)e � (Φ, Ψ, E)c 􏼁 � (Ψ, Φ, E)o � (Ψ, Φ, E). (Λ, Ω, E)c .
(21)
Remark 8. From Definition 30 it follows that the bipolar
(2) By definition, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e � ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o and by hypersoft sets (Λ, Ω, E) and (Λ, Ω, E)c have the same bipolar
Proposition 12 (2.), we have ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o ⊑􏽥􏽥 hypersoft boundary.
(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c . Hence, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e ⊑􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c .
(3) (((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)e )c )e � ((((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o )c )e Proposition 17. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
c o c c o
� (((((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ) ) ) ) � (((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c )o )o � hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X.
c o e
((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ) � (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) . Then:
Journal of Mathematics 11

≈ ≈
(1) (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E). (Λ, Ω, E)o ) ⊔ ((Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)e ) � (Λ,
􏽥􏽥 (Φ, Ω, E)⊓
Ω, E)o ⊔ 􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)o .
(2) (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Λ, Ω, E)\(Λ, Ω, E)o . ≈
≈
(3) ((Λ, Ω, E)b )c � (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)e . (5) ((Λ, Ω, E)o )b � (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊓ ((Λ, Ω, E)o )c �
≈ ≈ ≈
(4) (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)\(Λ, Ω, E)b . (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)c ⊑ (Λ, Ω, E) ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)c �
(5) ((Λ, Ω, E)o )b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)b . (Λ, Ω, E)b .
≈ ≈
(6) ((Λ, Ω, E))b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)b . (6) ((Λ, Ω, E))b � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E))c ⊑ (Λ, Ω, E)
≈
⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)c � (Λ, Ω, E)b . □
Proof
≈ Remark 9. The next example shows that the equality of
(1) By definition, (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)c .
Proposition 17 (4.) is incorrect, whereas it is equal in
Hence, (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E).
≈ hypersoft topology.
(2) (Λ, Ω, E)b≈ � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)c �
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ ((Λ, Ω, E) ) � (Λ, Ω, E)\(Λ, Ω, E)o .
o c
≈ Example 9. Let X � 􏼈χ1 , χ2 , χ 3 􏼉, E1 � 􏼈ω1 , ω2 􏼉, E2 � 􏼈ω3 􏼉,
(3) ((Λ, Ω, E)b )c ≈ � [(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)c ]≈c �
c and E3 � 􏼈ω4 􏼉. Let TBH � {(Φ, Ψ, E), (Ψ, Φ, E), (Λ1 , Ω1 , E),
((Λ, Ω, E)) ⊔ ((Λ, Ω, E) ) �((Λ, Ω, E)c )o ⊔ (Λ,
c c
e≈ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), (Λ3 , Ω3 , E)} be a bipolar hypersoft topology
Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)o .
o
≈ defined on X where (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E), and (Λ3 , Ω3 , E)
(4) (Λ, Ω, E) \≈ (Λ, Ω, E)b �≈(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ ((Λ, Ω, E)b )c ≈� are bipolar hypersoft sets over X, defined as follows:
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ ((Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)e ) � ((Λ, Ω, E) ⊓

Λ1 , Ω1 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉, 􏼈χ1 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ1 , χ2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

Λ2 , Ω2 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ2 , χ3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ1 􏼉, 􏼈χ3 􏼉􏼁􏼉, (22)
Λ3 , Ω3 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉, ϕ􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉, ϕ􏼁􏼉.

Let (Λ, Ω, E) be any bipolar hypersoft set defined as ≈ ≈ ≈

(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
(23)
Then,
(Λ, Ω, E)o � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
(Λ, Ω, E)b � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
(24)
⊓ [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c ] ⊑􏽥􏽥 [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔
≈ ≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)] ⊓ [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c ] �
≈ ≈ ≈
[(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )] ⊔
≈ ≈
[(Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊓ ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )] �
≈ ≈ ≈
[((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c ] ⊔
≈ ≈
[((Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E)c ) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E)c ] ⊑􏽥􏽥
2 2 2 2 1 1
b ≈ ≈ ≈
[(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ] ⊔ [(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)b ⊓ c

c 􏽥 ≈
Hence, (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ] ⊑ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)b ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)b .
≈ ≈
(2) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))b � [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 ,
(Λ, Ω, E)o ≠ (Λ, Ω, E)\(Λ, Ω, E)b . (25) ≈ ≈
Ω , E)]
2 ⊓ [((Λ , Ω , E) ⊓ (Λ , Ω , E)) ]
1 1
c
⊑􏽥􏽥 2 2
≈ ≈ ≈
[(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)] ⊓ [((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 ,
Proposition 18. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar ≈ ≈
Ω2 , E))c ] � [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)] ⊓ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c
hypersoft space over X and (Λ1 , Ω1 , E), (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) are bi- ≈ ≈
polar hypersoft sets over X. Then: ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c � [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)
≈ c ≈ ≈ ≈
≈ ≈
(1) ((Λ , Ω , E) ⊔ (Λ , Ω , E))b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ , Ω , E)b ⊔
1 1 2 2 1 1
⊓ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ] ⊔ [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E) ⊓
≈ ≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E)b . (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c ] �[((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)c ) ⊓
≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈
(2) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E))t ⊓ nΛ2 , Ω2 , E))b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)b ⊔ (Λ2 , (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)] ⊔ [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ ((Λ2 , Ω2 , E)) ⊓
b ≈
Ω2 , E) . (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)c )] � [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E)b ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)]
≈ ≈ ≈
⊔ [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊓ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)b ] ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ1 , Ω1 , E)b ⊔
Proof (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)b . □
≈
(1) ((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E))b �
≈ ≈ ≈ Proposition 19. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
[(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)] ⊓ [((Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X.
≈
(Λ2 , Ω2 , E))c ] � [(Λ1 , Ω1 , E) ⊔ (Λ2 , Ω2 , E)] Then:
12 Journal of Mathematics

≈
(1) (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E). Remark 10. The quality of Proposition 19 (1.) and (2.) does
≈ ≈
(2) (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)e ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Ψ, Φ, E). not hold in general, whereas it is equal in hypersoft topology.

Proof Example 10. Consider TBH and (Λ, Ω, E) given in Example

9. We found that
≈ ≈ ≈
(1) (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ [(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)o � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 2 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
c o ≈ ≈ o
(Λ, Ω, E) ] � [(Λ, Ω, E) ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)] ⊓ [(Λ, Ω, E) b
(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉.
≈ ≈ ≈
⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)c ] � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ [(Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (26)
≈
((Λ, Ω, E)o )c ] ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Ψ, Φ, E) � (Λ, Ω, E).
≈ Now,
(2) By Proposition 17 (3.), (Λ, Ω, ≈E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, ≈E)o �
((Λ, Ω, E)b )c , then (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E)e ⊔ (Λ,
b c≈
Ω, E) � ((Λ, Ω, E) ) ⊔ ((Λ, Ω, E)b ) ⊑􏽥􏽥
b
(Ψ, Φ,
E). □

c
(Λ, Ω, E) � Λ1 , Ω1 , E􏼁 � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 2 􏼉, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁􏼉,
e
(27)
(Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ1 􏼉􏼁, ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ3 􏼉, 􏼈χ 1 , χ2 􏼉􏼁􏼉,

Then, Proposition 21. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar

o≈ b
hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X.
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊔ (Λ, Ω, E) � 􏼈 ω1 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, ϕ, 􏼈χ 3 􏼉􏼁, If (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed set, then
· 􏼐 ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 􏼉, 􏼈χ3 􏼉􏼁􏼉 ≠ (Λ, Ω, E), (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E).
(28)
proof. Suppose that (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed
Also, set. By Proposition 5 (1.), (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E). Since
􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)e ⊔
(Λ, Ω, E)o ⊔ 􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E)b � 􏼈 ω , ω , ω 􏼁, 􏼈χ 􏼉, ϕ􏼁 (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft closed set, then (Λ,
1 3 4 3
Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E). This implies that (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ,
ω2 , ω3 , ω4 􏼁, 􏼈χ 1 , χ 3 􏼉, ϕ􏼁􏼉 ≠ (Ψ, Φ, E).
Ω, E). □
(29)
Remark 12. The converse of Proposition 21 is false in
general, while it is true in hypersoft topology.
Proposition 20. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X. Example 12. Consider TBH , (Λ, Ω, E), and (Λ, Ω, E)b given
If (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft open set, then (Λ, Ω, E) and in Example 9. It is easy to see that (Λ, Ω, E)b ⊑􏽥􏽥 (Λ, Ω, E) but
(Λ, Ω, E)b≈ are disjoint bipolar hypersoft sets, that is, (Λ, Ω, E) is not a bipolar hypersoft closed set.
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E).
Proposition 22. Suppose that (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft
proof. Let (Λ, Ω, E) be a bipolar hypersoft open set. By set of a bipolar hypersoft space over X. If (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar
Proposition 17 (3.), (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ, Ω, E)b )c . But hypersoft open set and a bipolar hypersoft closed set, then
(Λ, Ω, E)o � (Λ, Ω, E) since (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E)
open set. Hence, (Λ, Ω, E) ⊑􏽥􏽥 ((Λ, Ω, E)b )c . This implies that
(Λ, Ω, E) and (Λ,≈Ω, E)b are disjoint bipolar hypersoft sets, proof. Suppose that (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft open set
that is, (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E). □ and a bipolar≈ hypersoft closed set. Then (Λ, Ω, E)b ≈�
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω,
≈
E)c � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
((Λ, Ω, E) ) � (Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)c � (Φ, Ω, E).
o c
□
Remark 11. The next example illustrates that the opposite of
Proposition 20 does not hold in general, whereas it is true in Remark 13. The next example shows that the opposite of
hypersoft topology. Proposition 22 is incorrect in general, while it is hold in
hypersoft topology.
Example 11. Consider TBH , (Λ, Ω, E), and (Λ, Ω, E)b given
in Example
≈
9. It is easy to see that Example 13. Consider TBH , (Λ, Ω, E), and (Λ, Ω, E)b given
(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E). Hence, (Λ, Ω, E) and in Example 9. We saw that (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E), but
(Λ, Ω, E)b are disjoint bipolar hypersoft sets, but (Λ, Ω, E) is (Λ, Ω, E) is neither a bipolar hypersoft open set nor a bipolar
not a bipolar hypersoft open set. hypersoft closed set.
Journal of Mathematics
Proposition 23. Suppose that (X, TBH , E, ¬E) is a bipolar
hypersoft space and (Λ, Ω, E) is a bipolar hypersoft set over X.
Then:
≈ [6] A. Sezgin and A. O. Atagün, “On operations of soft sets,”
(1) (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E).
≈
(2) (Λ, Ω, E)e ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Φ, Ω, E).
proof
≈ ≈ ≈ [8] M. Zhou, S. Li, and M. Akram, “Categorical properties of soft
(1) (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊓ [(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓
o ≈ ≈
(Λ, Ω, E) ] � [(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)] ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)≈c
c
� (Λ,≈ Ω, E)o ⊓ [9] M. Shabir and M. Naz, “On Soft topological spaces,” Com-
(Λ, Ω, E) � (Λ, Ω, E)o ⊓ ((Λ, Ω, E)o )c � (Φ, Ω, E).
c puters & Mathematics with Applications, vol. 61, no. 7,
≈ c o ≈
(2) (Λ,
≈
Ω, E)e ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)b � ((Λ, Ω, E)≈
) ⊓ [(Λ, Ω, E)
≈ [10] N. Çaǧman, S. Karatas, S. Enginoglu, Soft topology,” Com-
⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)c ] � ((Λ, Ω, E))c ≈⊓ [(Λ, Ω, E) ⊓≈
c c
((Λ, Ω, E)) ] � [((Λ, Ω,≈ E)) ⊓ (Λ, Ω, E)] ⊓
(Λ, Ω, E)c ] � (Φ, Ω, E) ⊓ ((Λ, Ω, E))c � (Φ, Ω,
E). □ topological spaces,” Symmetry, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 265, 2020.
5. Conclusions
We have introduced bipolar hypersoft topological spaces
over the collection of bipolar hypersoft sets. The notions of
bipolar hypersoft neighborhood, bipolar hypersoft subspace,
and bipolar hypersoft limit points are introduced, and their
elementary characteristics are investigated. In addition, we
have defined bipolar hypersoft interior, bipolar hypersoft
closure, bipolar hypersoft exterior, and bipolar hypersoft
boundary, and the relations between them are studied. In the
end, it is necessary to establish more topological structures
such as compactness, connectedness, and separation axioms
for the practical applications.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Authors’ Contributions
The published version of the manuscript has been read and
approved by all authors.
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