PFA SICS TARGET JEE 2016 x! MUHAMMAD YASIR BHAT. NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION CONTENTS Theory Free Body Diagram Exercise-1 Exercise-2 Exercise-3 (Section-A) Exercise-3 (Section-B) Exercise-4 Exercise-5 Answer key BANSAL CLASSES FR EV ATE Ll M Agee: i Ideal for Scholars 1 Comorate Office: “GAURAV TOWER’ A-10, Road No.-1, PIA, Kota-324006 (Raj, INDIA. Tel. (0744)2423738, 2423739, 2421097, 2424097, 2423244 Fax: 2436779 | Website : www.bansal.ac.in Emait: admin@bansal.ac.in 4NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION LAWS OF MOTION ‘We consider what might cause one object to remain at rest and another object to accelerate ? The two main factors we need to consider are the foreesiaeting on an object and the massf the object. We three basic laws of motion, which deal with forces and masses and were formulated more than three centuries ago by Isaac Newton, Once we understand these laws, we can answersuch questions as “What mechanism changes motion ?And “Why do some objects accelerate more than other ?” Force Everyone has a basic understanding of the concept of force. In a vague language merely deform it. The effect force on the state of motion of body was first understood by Isaac Newton (16421727) Newtonian Mehanics ‘The study of impact of force on the motion of a body as Newton presented it, is called Newtonian i mechanics. Newtonian mechanics does not apply to all situations. Ifthe speed of the interacting bodies is very large, an appreciable fraction of the speed of light, we must replace Newtonian mechanics with Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Ifthe interacting bodies are on the scale of atomic structure for example, they might be clectrons in an atom, We must replace newtonian mechanics with quantum "" mechanics, Newtonian mechanics isa special case of these two theories, it applies to the motion of objects ranging in size from very small to astronomical. Newton's First Law P = ‘When net force acting on a body is zero, then we can always find a frame in which acceleration of the body is zero, Sucha frame is called inertial reference franie. A frame moving with constant velocity w.rt. inertial reference frame is also an inertial reference frame. Thus inan inertial reference frame, ifno net force acts on a body, it's velocity connot change. Letus take an example, A block is kept on the floor, such that net force acting on itis zero, anditis at rest : hn —— (block is at restonltg OOF) a Frame A moving with constant velocity 10 m/s In the frame A : Observer A observes the block, to be moving with same velocity in opposite direction. The velocity of block remains 10 m/s towards left. Thus the block has zero acceleration wast.A, Therefore Aisaninertial reference frame. x ff’ 10.mis Rest| | NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION oes Ll is (Frame B moving with an acceleration 2 m/s.) (block is at rest on the floor) In the frame B : observer B observes the block to be accelerated in opposite direction. This Velotity! and these type of reference frames are known as non inertial reference frame. Anaccelerated frame is a non-inertial reference frame. An inertial reference frame is oneon which no net force acts. =] 2mis Rest Inertial frame is an ideal concept because only an isolated ‘object can have zero acceleration. However ‘we can assume earth to be an inertial reference frame, if we neglect its rotation & revol: tion. Thiscan be done because Earth’s acceleration due to revolution and rotation (0.034 nv/s*) is much smaller than the acceleration we notice in daily life i.e acceleration due to gravity (g=9.8 m/s?). ~ Mass Mass is that property of.a substance which speci show much resistance an object exhibits to changes Suppose a ball is moving in a straight line and a train is moving ina straight line; both with same constant speed. Which ones more difficult to stop, of course the train, Mass is an inherent property of an object and is independent of the object's surroundings and of the method used to measure it. The mass ofa closed system of bodies isindependent of the processes going nin the system, no matter what kind these processes ae. Also, mass isa scalar quantity and thus obeys therules of ordinary arithmetic. Mass should not be confused with weight. Mass and weight are two different quantities. Weight i the force with which Earth attracts the object and is dependent on mass. B Newton's Second law Newton’s first law explains what happens to an object when no net force acts on it. It either remains at rest or moves in straight line with constant speed. Newton’s second law answers the question, what i acceleration ofan object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. ‘Twice as much force Thrice as much force Fores oftand produces twice as produces thrive as ‘much acceleration much acceleration ion tmLAW FORGE & FRICTION acceleration «force ‘The same force Force of hand poate accelerates 3 blocks accelerates 2 blocks 7 accelerates the block acceler Boek on V3 sSmuch acceleration — os | acceleration « mass Thus, we can relate mass, acceleration, and force through the following mathematical statement of Newton's second law, by choosing proper units so that constant of proportionality is 1 : UF=ma vse) ‘we have indicated that the acceleration is due to the net force acting on an object. The net force on an objects the veetor sum ofall forces acting on the object. In solving a problem using Newton’s second law,, itis important to determine the correct net force on an object. ‘What happens when several forces act simultaneously on an object ? In this case, the object accelerates only ifthe net force acting on itis not equal to zero. R+E, +5 ii) _ There may be many forces acting on an object, but there is only one acceleration Note that equation 2 is vector expression and hence is equivalent to three component equations DF=ma, LF,=ma, LF=ma, When net force is zero, then the object is said to be in equilibrium. And ifnet force is zero, acceleration will also be zero, therefore velocity will be constant. When the velocity of an object is constant (including when objectis at rest), the object is said to be in equilibrium. Force is the cause of change in motion : Force does not cause motion. We can have motion in the absence of force, as described in Newton's first law. Force is the cause of change in motion as measured by acceleration. ‘vector sum ofall forces. “ma” is not a force : Equation (i) does not say that the product ma isa force. All forces on object are added vectorialy as in equation (ii) to get the net force on the left side of the equation. This net force is then equated to the product of the mass of object and the acceleration that results from the net force. Do not include an “ma force” in your analysis of the forees on an object. Definition of the newton ‘The SI unit of force is the newton, which is defined as the force that, when acting on an object of mass 1 kg, produces an acceleration of 1 m/s*. From the definition and Newton’s second law, we see that the newton can be expressed in terms of the following fundamental units of mass, length, and time 1N=1 kg. m/s?NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Newton's Third law Every action has equal and opposite reaction and the action reaction act on the different bodies, simultaneous) r=, “@ Caution (Action and reaction forces act on different objects. Two forces acting onthe same object, even ifthey are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, cannot be an action-reaction pair. Gi) Inan action reaction pair, both forces act simultaneously ie. we can not say one as action and other reaction. a As in figure, A block of 2 kg hangs by two massless strings. The tension in left string is low and makes 37° from horizontal. Find tension in right string. Also show action reaction pairs block as a system. Sol, block is in equilibrium i.e. rest so the net force on the block must be zero accounding to Newton's first law as observed from an inertial reference frame Sat T+T+mg > (8i+6)) +4, -20)=6 T, =81+14}, ie. tension inright string T,= 8? 414 =16.12N and string makes angle 7 @ =tan! (3) with the horizontal T Veravitationt pul on block peeve! pl on Earth Free body diagram (FBD) Inthis diagram the object of interests isolated from its surroundings and the interactions between the Remember notto show “M@"as foree in FBD. @ isthe effect of net force acting on an object! (CY EANS Angee errno aD NOTRE] Page FSNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION System ‘The system is what you choose to analyse motion. 1. According to system chosen, (Internal force (ii) External force ‘Whether a force is extemal or internal will depend on the system chosen. For example, earth is pulling a mass by applying a force mg on it. The mass is also applying a force mg on earth. If' we chose earth-mass as system, then mg becomes an intemal force as it s within the system. But if choose only mass m as system; then mg acting on the mass is an external force. | (system 1) mg (extemal force) | mg | { (Internal forces) ‘mg (extemal force) mg | (system) — 1 i i ree in FBD while solving ap 2. ena ee eter cee: @ (G) Conta forces» Field forces ‘The force experienced by an object without physical contact is known as field force. eg, Gravitational force, Electromagnetic force. Gravitational force : The force by which two bodies attract each other by virtue of their masses. Iftwo particles having masses m, & m, are seperated by a distance, then the magnitude of force is given SA by F a . Thisis called Newton’s law of Gravitation The force acts along the line joining the particles, this foree is always attractive in nature. For earth mass system, earth applies a force mg on mass m, which always acts towards the center of carth downwards. mg is called weight of the body. m (near surface) mgNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRIC oo TONS_LAW FORCE & FRICTION Electromagnetic force : Iftwo particles having charges q, and q, are separated by a distance r, then the magnitude of force is Kg iven by :F= a -Thisis called Coulomb's law and tacts along the line joining the particles. For like charges, the force is repulsive, and for unlike changes, the force is attractive Contact Force ‘The force experienced’ ¢g. Frictional force (which will be dealt in detail later), Normal force, tension. ~~ Normal force : al means perpendicular) to the contact suffice that prevents two objects In the situation shown, LCD is kept on the table. Weight mg acts on it downwards still itis at rest. ie, some force acts in the upward direction (Normal to the table) which balances the weight. This force is the normal force by the table on the LCD. F,; => F onmass by table F,=>F onmass by Earth © N-Fat i FerFme Hats Nena Gaston ectiog reac pair) N Does not always equal mg Inthe situation shown in figure and in many others, we find thatthe normal force has the same magnitude as the gravitational force. However, this is not always true, Ifan object is on an incline, if there are applied forces with vertical components, orf there isa vertical acceleration of the system, then # mg. Note : Normal force is always a pushing force. Normal force acts along the common normal N+—Action Reaction Pair me ce@ t ‘Acton Reastion PairNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION ‘y y N,:Normal force betweenm&M Mg N, :Normal force between M & floor fone surface is not well defined, then normal force acts perpendicular to the surface of second object. “Here we can not specty the perpendicularto the rod at the point ofcontact. Thusnormal acts perpendicular to the floor and the wall respectively. eg. Milustration : Find normal force at all contact points. wk ‘ng cos 0 foe hepsi emt monastic CQ oS Cylinders B & Care fixed and each cylinderisof mass m. FBDofA Neos 30° Ny aN mg ng 2.N cos30°= mg Ae, Nop N=mgcos 8NEWTON'S LAW FORC! Considering all the three together as system, y N 4 Some important about tension : a ~We assume string is massless, Unless specified. 7 p Strings will be tight only when the ends ae pulled apart. fension is a pulling force, acts away from the object along the string fension throughout the massless string is same. YApalley can change the direction ofthe force exerted by a cord. fk (@) Draw the FBD of the moving pulley assume that the pulley is massless. FBD of pulley i ar mg 1, DB ie.Net force on massless objectis always zero.NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Illustration = & When two unequal masses are hung vertically over a frictionless pulley of negligible mass the arrangement The device is sometimes used in the laboratory to measure the gravitational field strength. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the two masses and the tension in the string. Sol. The free body diagrams for the two masses are shown in figure. Two forces act on each block: the upward force exerted by the string. T, and the downward force of gravity. The magnitude of the net force exrted on m, is T- mg, the magnitude of the net force exerted on m, is T-mg. Because the blocks are connected by a string, their accelerations must be equal in magnitude. If ‘we assume m, > m, then m, must accelerate upward, while m, must accelerate downward. When Newton's second law is applied to m,, with acceleration upward, for this mass we find (taking upward to be the positive y direction) T-mg=ma . = mg ms Similarly, for m, we find mg-T= ma Adding) & (0) mg-T+T-mg=ma+ma or (S55) m,+m, )& When (ji) substituted into (i), we get 2mm, : T=\n+m, )& ) The result for the acceleration, (iii), can be interpreted as the ratio ofthe unbalanced force on the ~ system to the total mass of the system. (ii) Special cases When m, = m, a= Oand T= mg =mg=mg Ifm,>> m, a =g (a freely falling body) and T ~2m,g.LAW FORCE & FRICTION Basic steps for applying Newton's Laws ‘The following procedure is recommended when dealing with probl + Drawasimple, neat diagram of the system to help conceptualize the problem, + Ifany acceleration component is zero, the particle isin equilibrium in this direction and SF = 0. Ifnot the particle is undergoing an acceleration, the problem is one of non-equilibrium in this direction and SP= mi. : . _Tsolate the object whose motion is being analyzed.Draw a free-body diagram for this object. For systems containing more than one object, draw separate free-body diagrams for each object. Donot include in the free-body diagram, forces exerted by the object on its surroundings, + Establish (8824. Apply Newton’s second law, ZF =ma, in component form. Check your dimensions to make surey that all termshhave units of fores. * Solve the component equations for the unknowns, Remember that you musthave as many independent . om sure, your results are consistent with the free-bods liagram. Also check the predictions of your ston forexteme vale ofthe varies Bydoag wo youcaa oem dstetenorsingou esac Spring Force We know thatthe more foree we apply toa spring, the more it stretches. Fr a spring that obeys Hooke’s law, the extension of the spring is proportional to the se If we stretch spring by a x from its equilibrium position, it applies a restoring force F, fowards its equilbrium position, which is proportional tox, given by Fekx Here kis proportionality constant, known as spring constant or stiffness. A spring has tendecy of restoring its equilibrium position, thus whether we stretch it or compress, italways opposes the external force in the direction towards its equilibrium position, One more point isto be noted i that, a spring applies restoring force equally at both ofits ends, doesn’t matter whether an end is fixed or not. If we look at FBD of spring we will, - note that equal force on spring must act. —— —~T 0000000000000 —— —» Somboth efit. x isthe elongation in spring P-F=m xa (spring is massless, m, > 0) ‘therefore, FeF In figure anend ofthe springs fxedto wall and otheris pulled by applying force. As the restoring force is directly proportional to the deformation init, for stretching it by'x, we apply a force F on itand for stretching itto double the length (2x), we have to apply a force double of the previous value i.e. 2F. Let’s say Ram & Shyam are pulling a spring from two ends as shown in figure Ram moves x, and Shyam movesx,.NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Ram Shyam Ram and Shyam palling ‘spring from two ends The force acting on Ram and Shyam is k(x, +x,), not kgs, on Ram and gx, on Shyam. Force due to spring is kx where xis defined as\/— 1, where is present length and i natural length,NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Equivalent spring constant When two or more springs are connected in some manner then the combination can be replaced by a ~ single equivalent spring such tha it produces sqme elongation forsame applied foree. Parallel combination : ‘When springs are connected in parallel, then we can replace them by single spring of spring constant k, where k,, =k, +k,, This situation is shown in figure. Here we present the proof. - Ifthe force F pulls the mass m by y, the stretch in each spring will be same. int Novr for an equivalent spring Fk, x yand as spring constants are not equal so F, #F, For equivalence, : k, this reduces to k,=k, +k, For more springs k =k, +k, + + sn Series combination When spring are connected insris then we can replace them bya single spring of spring constant k, where I/k,,=1/k, + 1/k,, This situation is shown in figure, Here we present the proof. As the spring are massless, so force in the spring will be the same F, F Now for equivalent spring F =, y, as spring constants are not equal so extensions will notbe equal, but total extension y can be written as sum of two extensions y=y, +y, F F F a Formore than two springs Connected in series: k, k Lt, {et -sem> F Parts ofa spring : {fa spring of force constant k of length [i cut in two parts say of, and, let us assume that new force cofistants are k, and k, for the two parts. If we connect these two pars in series, the equivalent force constant must be initial k. Thus we have : 1 1 i ct According tothe molecular properties ofa spring the force constant of. part ofthe spring is inversely proportional o its length, which gives us : ; c k=* ae and ‘Where es a positive constant depending upon the material of spring, Substituting the above values of new force constants k, and k, in equation, we getNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION or Important points about Spring to remember : Here we are talking about ideal spring; ie. Thus the force acting on both the sides of springs qual ‘The straight line distance between the ends is called length ofthe spring. When itis placed on a horizontal table, the length of the spring is its natural length (|). ‘The spring can be stretched to increase its length or compressed to decrease its length. When a spring is stretched, it tries to compress back, and when compressed it tries to expand back. Ifthe extension and compression is not too large, (itis called being in elastic limit), then the foree exerted by the spring is proportional to its elongation or compression. F=kx.-—- Hooke's law. [This forces also referred toas tension inthe spring]. <_ywwww—> F ite 1 Here, k x Z 0 ‘Suppose, two people are pulling the springs, such that the spring is stretched by an amount x, on one side and x, on the other side. ‘Then, x, +x,=X, * Connected in parallel: Equivalentis k =k, +, +... as MED Ree * — Arubbercord (extensible) also acts as a spring 7 Connected in seri Cutting of spring and string: Spring force doesn't change instantaneously, whereas, the tension in the string changes instantaneously. Ifaspring seu, the tension nthat springbecomes eo instantaneotsy Illustration : The system shown in the figure is in equilibrium, Find the initial acceleration of A, B and C just after the spring-2 is cut. Spring Sol. FBD of blocks before cutting the spring A a le fm KX. KX, + pad 7 Spring 33K 3K Bm Bal ™ ch Ba Sing KX;Hmg — 'KXstmg %33K BalNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION 1. ht ee 7 3mg = KX, OD 2mg + KX, = KX, 2mg + 3mg = KX, => 5 mg = KX, KX, = 6 mg when spring 2iscut spring foree in other two spring remain unchanged, dec m ; T KX, ~ mg=ma, > a,=5gT he 2m 5 Pos KX, + 2mg=2ma, = a= 7 J 2mg 2 rs Bal T acceleration of 3m willbe zero, mg Conclusion : {tis important to remember that ropes can change tension instantaneously while spring need tomove to change tension, so inthis example tension in spring is not changing instantaneouslyNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Friction Frictional forces are unavoidable in our daily lives. If we were not able to counteract them, they would stop every moving object and bring to a halt every rotating shaft. About 20% of the gasoline used in an automobile is needed to counteract friction in the engine and in the drive train on the other hand, if friction were totally absent, we could not get an automobile to go anywhere, and we could not walk or ride a bicycle. We could not hold a pencil, and, if we could, it would not write. Nails and screws would be useless, woven cloth would fall apart, and knots would untie. When surfaces slide or tend to slide over one another, a force of friction acts. Friction is caused by the irregularities in the surfaces in mutual contact, and it depends on the kinds of material and how much they are pressed together. Even surfaces that appear to be very smooth have microscopic irregularities that obstructs motion. Atoms cling together at many points of contact. When one object slides against another, it must either rise over the irregular bumps of else scrape atoms off. Either way requires force. Although the details of friction are quite complex atatomic level, it ultimately involves the elctrostatic force between atoms & molecules. ‘The direction of the friction force is always in a direction opposing relative motion. An object, sliding downan incline experiences friction directed up the incline; an object that slides to the right experiences friction toward the left. Thus, ifan object is to move at constant velocity, a force equal to the opposing force of friction must be applied so that the two forces exactly cancel each other. The zero net force then results in zero acceleration and constant velocity. Static Friction Static friction acts when two contact surfaces are not moving relative to each other. For example, consider a block on a e horizontal table, as in figure. If we apply an extemal horizontal ‘ force F to the block, acting to the right, the block remains stationary ifF is not too large. The force that counteracts F and me keeps the block from moving acts to the left ands the frictional _F = {As long as the block is not moving force f. As long as the block is not moving, f= F. Since the blockis stationary, we call ths frictional force the force of static friction, f.. TE pe ktep two books cab atlep the other anil now wealow’? fm: push the lower book, both the books move together, the force : moving the upper bookis friction. Since the Feces eee books are moving with respect to ground but they are not moving ‘& the lower book being pushed slowly with respect to each other, this force of friction between two books is of static nature, Similarly when we walk on ground the friction force acting on the foot is of static nature, You may be suprised but the foot in contact with ground isnot moving while the other foot is moving. During this time friction acting between foot and ground is static friction. Pes tol eerie tooMlustration : Sol. NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Ifweare increasing our speed then static friction is acting in forward direction. This happens because we try to pull our leg backward while walking in forward direction. This means foot js trying to move in backward direction with respect to ground and ground applies fiction in forward direction on foot to. oppose the direction of relative motion. Nasenovag it eps nema oft fet movge tate ton Segoe nan eon eligi Static friction is self-adjusting and it opposes the tendency of relative motion In fact, in the previous case of books also, we can see that static friction acting in forward direction on upper book has given it some motion so it can move with the lower book. Another point to benoted here is that even by third lav, pair of static fiction is opposing relative motion by trying to slow down the lower book (which is being accelerated extemally). for example in figure we assume that the block is stationary and wee seethatstatefricionisactinginsuchadirectionsoas 5 to oppose the relative motion, F represents extemal force and t f, represents friction, £=\P+E Block is stationary due to static friction ‘The magnitude ofthe static friction between any two surfaces in contact can have the values £> 2, Initially the system is in © stulitrium and string connecting mo rigid support below iscu. Find TION the initial acceleration of m;? Q.10 “Inclined plane is moved towards right with an acceleration of ms? & © as shown in figure. Find force in newton which block of mass 5 kg exerts on the incline plane. (All surfaces are smooth) > Sms'—> Fo30N Q.14¢Force F is applied on upper pulley. If F= 30t where tis time ©” imsecond. Find the time when m, loses contact with floor. (assume pulley to be ideal) , smy-dig mpke QJ cin the figure, what should be mass m so that block A slide up with a constant velocity? WE na minimum normal force to be applied by each hand to hold three identical books in vertical position, Each book has mass'm' and value of coefficient of friction between the books as well as between hand and the bookiis w. Q 1W GFiad he scceletion of blocks and magnitude & deton fictional F=50N Circe between block A and table, ifblock A is pulled towards leftwitha force of SON. a % ‘coefficient of friction between 5 kg and 10 kg block is 0.5. If friction between them is [ah E 20N. What is the value of force being applied on 5 kg. The flooris frictionless. 10kg cGNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION [SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE] Q.1\ Abookisatrest ona table. What is the “reaction” force according to Newton's third law to the gravitational force by the earth on the book? (A) the normal force exerted by the table on the book (B) the normal force exerted by the table on the ground (©) the normal force exerted by the ground on the table (D) the gravitational force exerted on the earth by the book 2 Ram and Shyam are in trouble for fighting in the Bansal classes cafeteria. While Ram admits that he pushed Shyam, who immediately fell over backward, Ram claims that Shyam pushed back and is thus justas guilty. From the perspective of physics, (A) Shyam didn't push back on Ram. (B) Shyam pushed back on Ram, but with more force than Ram exerted on him. This difference of force exerted an equal and opposite impulse on Shyam himself so that he fell down. (C) Shyam pushed back on Ram, but with less force than Ram exerted on him because he accelerated butRam did not. (D) Shyam did push back on Ram, with exactly the same amount of force. Q.3_. Abelicopterismoving to the right ata constant horizontal velocity. It experiences three forces Fyeitioul > Fag and force on it caused by rotor Fy,» Which of the following diagrams can be correct free body diagram, representing forces on the helicopter ? ——> direction of motion Ri Frotot ma () Fo @®) Fang F gation F grvitsinal For Fre Fag Fea © @y ma F gavin F peviaina eI Aweight can be hung in any of the following four ways by string of same type. In which case i the string most likely to break? (A) @) A ®B oc @)DNEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION QS Aropeof mass 5 kgismoving vertically in vertical position with an upwards force of 100Nactingat the upper end and a downwards force of 70 N acting at the lower end. The tension at midpoint of the rope is (A) 100N. (B)85N (©75N (D)105N QW A-stunt man jumps his car over a crater as shown (neglect air resistance) (A) during the whole light the driver experiences weightlessness —~ votera es (B) during the whole flight the driver never experiences weightlessness (C) during the whole flight the driver experiences weightlessness only atthe highest point (D) the apparent weight increases during upward journey ag ‘What should be the minimum force P to be applied to the string so that » block of mass m just begins to move up the frictionless plane. ; Mgeos® (A)Mg tan 6/2 (B) Mg cot 6/2 © if a (D) None Q8 Jn spring of force constant k is cut into two pieces such that one piece is double the length of the other. Then the long piece will have a force constant of (A) 2/3)k (B)G/2)k (©C)3k (D) 6k 2.9 Block of3 kis initially in equiibeium end is hanging by two identical springs A and B as shown in figures, Ifspring A is cut from lower point at 0 then, find az 3p acceleration of block in ms at t= 0. (ays ®)10 (©@l1s 0 3 109A block of mass 2g slides down an incline plane of inclination 30°, The coefficientof friction between block and plane is 0,5. The contact force between block and plank is : (A)20Nt (B) 10y3 Nt (© 5V7 Nt (D) Svi5 Nt ‘Rte person in tho granite Meaing Oh erutchen’ Asstas tht the force exerted on each crutch by the ground is directed along the crutch. Ifthe coeffi- cient of static friction between a crutch and the ground is 0.90, determine the largest angle ©, that the crutch can have just before it begins to slip on the floor. (A) tan“ (0.9) B) cot (0.9) Osi! 0.9) (D) cos (0.9) Q 12 Asring of negiibe mass going overaclamped ply ofmass m stipports a block of mass M as shown in the figure. The force on the pulley by the clamp is given (A) v2 Mg (8) V2mg i © Joa+my+m? g Psloaeen 3 g ; (@HH'A body isplaced ona rough inclined plane of inclination. As the angle 0 is increased from 0°to 90° the contact force between the block and the plane. (A) remains constant (B) first remains constant then decreases (C) first decreases then increases (D) first increases then decreases Page #27'@.14. A force F = 144] acts on block shown: The force of fiction acting on the block is: @)-i @)-183 » E (©)-24i @-3i dts B=03 Q4fSe Block B of mass 100 kg rests on a rough surface of friction coefficient = 1/3. A rope is tied to block B as shown in figure. The maximum ‘acceleration with which boy A of 25 kg can climbs on rope without making is block move is : = H 4g 8 g 38 es (A) 3 ®) 3 © 2 @) 4 cas (Qe A flexible chain of weight W hangs between two fixed points A and B which are at the same horizontal level. The inclination of the chain with the horizontal at both the points of support is @. What is the tension of the chain at the mid point? (a) Zecosee9 Stand (Cy -eot0 @)none QT Find the acceleration of 3 kg mass when acceleration of 2kg mass is 2:msas showin in igure, (A)3 ms? @y2 ms? [3 ie Hoon kg} —-10N (©)0.5 ms? )zero ine [PARAGRAPH TYPE] Paragraph for question nos. 18 to 22 (Refer figure-1) Qu8> When F =2N, the frictional force between 5 kg block and ground is a om aa s ~ (©8n @)10N oe QJ9* When F=2N, the frictional force between 10kg block and 5 kg block is (a)2N @®)ISN (10N (D) None Q20+ Themaximum "F" which will not cause motion ofany of the blocks. (A) 10N @®)I5N (C)datainsufficient (D) None 21° Thesiitimum acceleration of Skgblock (A) 1 m/s? @)3 ms? (jo (D) None 2 © The acceleration of 10 kg block when F=30N (A)2mv/s? ®)3mz (© 1 m/s (D) None [REASONING TYPE] A body in equilibrium may not be at rest. ‘When a body is at rest, it must be in equilibrium. (A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1. (B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and staement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement. (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. a ae TRE PaOLAW FORCE & FRICTION Q.84% A block is suspended from spring and blocks in equilibrium. Statement-1 : Force acting at two ends of spring will be action reaction pair. ‘Statement-2 : Action and reaction force are of same type and act in opposite directions. (A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1. B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1. (© Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. Q.28+Gtatement-1: While draving a line ona paper, friction force acts on paper in the same direction along which line is drawn on the paper. Statement-2: Friction always opposes motion (A) Statement- is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1. (B) Statement- is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1. (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. Q.2@ eStatement-1: A rocket moves forward by pushing the surrounding air backwards. ‘Statement-2: Every actionhas an equal & oppositereaction. —_ ~(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1. (B) Statement- is true, statement? is true gnd statement-2 isNOT the correct explanation for statement-1. (C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2.is false. ~ (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2is true, 7 6 [MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE] Q.27 gTwomen of unequal masses hold on to the two sections of a light rope passing, ‘overasmooth light pulley. Which ofthe following are possible? OO Ee eel oa eR eee weclctie uv (By Theheaviermanis stationary while the lighter man climbs with some acceleration ~“f (©) Thetwo men slide with the same acceleration in the same direction {D)The twomen move with accelerations ofthe same magnitude in opposite directions Q.28 + “Adjoining figure shows. force of 40 N acting at 30° to the horizontal ona body of mass 5 kg resting on a smooth horizontal surface. Assuming that the ON acceleration of fee—fallis 10ms7, which ofthe following statements A,B,C, Dis (are) correct? at os, [1] The horizontal force acting on the body is 20N [2] The weight of the 5 kg mass acts vertically downwards ~~ [3] Thenet vertical force acting on the body is30N (A) 1,2,3 a (B12 C)2 only (©) lonly Page #29NEWTO! LAW FORCE & FRICTION \ Paragraph for question nos. 29 to 31 Inthe figure, a horizontal force of 100N is to be applied to 10 kg slab thats initially stationary ona frictionless surface. A 10 kg block lies on the top of the slab, there isno information about friction and coefficient of friction between the block and the slab. Block Slab| |—+>100 N * What can be a possible value of the acceleration of the slab? Aims (8) 10ms* (©2ms? @)oms 0305 Wa can be a possible value ofthe acceleration ofthe block? Vos? ()7ms (©loms wim ot Ifthe ground and the top surface ofthe slab both are rough, which ofthe following can be apossible free body diagram ? fis friction between block and slab, N is normal between block and slab, f, between slab and ground, N,fsnoma betwee Slab and ground, pees N N JE At f i dng ng Geter oA Tr Hoon block block Mg Mg. slab slab IMATRIX TYPE] .2%* nthe frst column m,, m, and M and situation is indicated. Match the description in column-I Column-t QY M=3kg, m, =6kg, m, =4 kg A®) _ Frictiononm, isstatic System is released from rest — M=3kg,m,=2kg,m,=6kg (& Friction on m, isstatic. System is released from rest ef M=3kg, m,=7kg,m,=3kg y¢ (®) Friction on m, iskinetic. System is released from rest — ® M=3kg,m,=1kg,m,=3kg gh )) ®& Friction onm, iskinetic. ‘System is released from rest (1) Mremainsatrest. awry 7 FF Senate mrattind, My Ore ayuda Drang emLAW FORGE & FRICTION SECTION-A (IT JEE Previous Year's Questions) Q lu ZAdlock of mass ¥3 kg isplaced on arough horizontal surface whose coefficient Fr} of fiictionis 1/2,/3 minimum value of force F (shown in figure) for which the 40 block starts to slide on the surface. (g=10m/s*) a (Ay¥20N, (B) 203 N ee (©) 10V3 N (D) None of these [JEE (Ser) 2003] 22/4, Two blocks A and B of masses 2m and m, respectively, are connected by a massless T and inextensible string. The whole system is suspended by a massless spring as shown in. the figure. The magnitudes of acceleration of Aand B, immediately after the string is cut, are respectively PEE2006] 2m] A Ads, (B)g,g2 me i () 22,92 ™ Q.29 Two particles of mass m each are tied at the ends of alight string of length 2a. The whole system is kept ona frictionless horizontal surface with the string held tight so that each mass is ata distance ‘a’ from the center P (as shown in the figure). Now, the mid-point of the string is pulled vertically upwards with a small but constant force F. As a result, the particles move towards each other on the surfaces. The magnitude of acceleration, when the separation between them becomes 2x, is [JEE 2007] (page x F Oye Q aM \TEMENT-1 Acloth covers a table, Some dishes are kept on it. The cloth can be pulled out without © dislodging the dishes from the table because STATEMENT-2 Forevery action there is an equal and opposite reaction (A) Statement-I is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1 (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2is True; Statement-2.is NOT acorectexplanation for Statement-1 (©)Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False (D)Statement-I is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2007] Q.5_ USTATEMENT-1 ; Itis easier to pull aheavy object that to push it ona level ground. [JEE 2008] and STATEMENT-2 : The magnitude of frictional force depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact. (A) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT? is True ; STATEMENT.-2 is a correct explanation for STATEMENT-1 (B) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is True ; STATEMENT-2 is NOT a correct explanation for STATEMENT-1 j (©) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2is False (D) STATEMENT-| is False, STATEMENT-2 is TrueNEWTON'S LAW FORGE & FRICTION @ ~Ablock ofmass mis onan inclined plane of angle 9. The coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 1 and tan 0> p. The block is held stationary by applying a force P parallel tothe plane. The direction of force pointing up the plane is taken to be positive. As Pis varied from P, = mg (sin @—p cos 6)toP, =mg(sin 8+ pcos 6), the frictional force fversus P graph will look like. “~~ [JEE-2010] © ‘* A block is moving on an inclined plane making an angle 45° with the horizontal and the coefficient of friction is u. The force required to just push itup the inclined plane is 3 times the force required to just prevent it from sliding down, Ifwe define N= 10 y, then Nis, (JEE-2011] * A small block of mass of 0.1 kg lies on a fixed inclined plane PQ which makes an angle 6 with the S horizontal. A horizontal force of IN acts on the block through its centre of mass as shown in the figure. ‘The block remains stationary if (take g= 10 m/s?) (JEE-2012] =45° g * (B) 0> 45° anda frictional force acts on the block towards P 5 SOIT 45” anda fitonal fore ats onthe block towards QA (D)®<45° anda frictional force acts on the block towards Q : tl SECTION-B (AIEEE Previous Year's Questions) of! Two masses m, =Skg and m,=4.8 kg tied to string are hanging over alight fricitionless pulley. What 8 m/s?) [AIREE-2004] is the acceleration of the masses when left free to move ?(g: (02m (B)98mis? (sms ()48ms? .NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION 24 A block rests on a rough inclined plane making an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the plane is 0.8. If the frictional force on the block is 10 N, the mass of the block (in kg) is : (taken g = 10 m/s?) : [AIEEE-2004] (A) 2.0 (B) 4.0 (©) 1.6 (D) 2.5 3 A block is kept ona frictionless inclined surface with angle of inclination a’. The incline is given an acceleration'a'to keep the block stationary. Then'‘a' is equal to [AIEEE-2005] a ~N (A) g/ tana, (B) gcosec a Og (@)gtana., aid k partes oFrmaas 03 kgis subjected to a force F =—kx with k= 15 N/m. What will be its initial acceleration ifitis released froma point 20cm away from the origin ? [AIEEE-2¢ (A)3 mvs? (B) 15 m/s? (C)5mis? (D) 10 m/s? 7 r The minimum force required to start pushing a body up a rough (frictional coefficient p) inclined plane is F, while the minimum force needed to prevent it from sliding down is F,. If the E inclined plane makes an angle 0 from the horizontal such that tan @ = 2 then the ratio zg is 3 EE-2011] (ay4 @B)1 (C2 oe ° ae (Potential Problems Based on CBSE) QI Ifthe net foree acting on a body be zero, then will the body remian necessarily in rest position ?_ [1] Q.2 The length of an ideal spring increases by 0.1 cm when a body of 1 kg is suspended from it. If this spring is laid on a frictionless horizontal table and bodies of 1 kg each are suspended from its ends, then what will be the increase in its length ? Q3 A body of 2 kg is suspended on a spring balance hung vertically in a lift Ifthe lift is falling downward under acceleration due to gravity g, then what will be the reading of the balance ? If going upward with the same acceleration, then ? wy Q4 A force is always required to move a body uniformly. Comment. ti Q5 Why do we easily slip ona rainy day 2 tl Q6 Whats the relation between coefficient of friction and angle of repose ? WW Q.7__ Airis thrown on a sail attached to a boat from an electric fan placed on the boat. Will the boat start moving? Q.8 What is meant by law of inertia ? By Q9 — Whatis the cause of sliding friction ? BI Q.10 Static friction is a self adjusting force. Comment. BI QUI State and explain Newton's first law of motion. (5)NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION Q.12 State and explain Newton's second law of motion. Hence deduce the relation F = ma, where the symbols have their usual meaning. 65] Q.13 State and explain Newton's third law of motion. Give at least two illustrations. {5} Q.14 Discuss the apparent weight of aman in a lifelevator. {5} Q.1S Why isit difficult to climb up a greasy pole ? Q.16 Distinguish between static friction, limiting fiction and kinetic friction. How do they vary with the applied force? 6) Q.17 Explain what is meant by coefficient of friction and angle of friction. Establish relation between the 6 1Q1ZP, A physicist hanged a cylinder-shaped gestae aso EE spring. He slowly poured water into the container and found that the surface of water remained at the same level with respect to ground. Find the spring constant k of the spring, Take density of water as 1000 kg/m°. (A)50N/m (B)100N/m (C) 1000.N/m (D)500N/m ‘Take a stack of nine identical books and hold them horizontally by pressing them together with your hands (figure). Then decrease the pressure slowly until the books are just about to start falling down. Which book(s) will start to slide first ? Assume that friction coefficient between books s greater than that between books and hands. 1 Hold nine books horizontal ——+|']2]3] 4]5] 6] 7]8} 9 between your hands Loosen the grip somewhat. Which book(s) will tend to slide down first? (ays (B)4,5 and 6 together (©)2,3,4,5,6,7,8 together (D)all 9 books slide together CY The coefiicientof friction between 4 kg and 5 kg blocks is 0.2 and between 5 kg block and ground is 0.1 respectively. Choose p [ake the; statements Onl sts tee finimum force needed to cause system to moveis 17N (B) When force is 4 N static friction at all surfaces is 4 N to keep system at rest (©) Maximum acceleration of 4 kg block is 2 m/s? )) Slipping between 4 kg and 5 kg blocks start when F is 17N If the string & all the pulleys are ideal, acceleration of mass mis ws @0 Oz (D) dependentonmél —~ Q5 ‘ Threeidentical ircular cylinders A, B and C are arranged ‘on smooth inclined surfaces as shown in figure. Find the least value of @ that prevent the arrangement from collapse. FRICTION c cjlcon iliac mishanging from room of height 12.5 m.Aman ofheight S 1.5m, weight 55 kg is slowly descending from the top. What the distance between the of rope F~ and ground (in mm) wien man's feet just touch the floor. ION of foree produces an elongation of 2 cm, == __ inthe entire rope, Assume that the ands of man onlyareholding rope at the level ofthe head. QHZ The systein chown adjacentis in equilibrium. Find the acceleration of the blocks A, B & C ali of equal masses mat the instant when ¢ e te 1 J (inextensible) between A & B iscut, ? © ang between B & Cis cut. the tension inthe string when the system is at rest and in the above 3 cases, Te force innewton which mass A exerts on mass B if B is moving i fowards right with3 ms. Also findmassofA. (All surfaces are smooth) Q9 \Usthe figure masses m,, m, and M are 20 kg, 5 kg and 50 kg respectively. The co-efficient of friction between M and ground is * zero. The co-efficient of friction between ‘m, and M and that between 3s m, and ground is,0.3. The pulleys and the string are massless . The Py stings perfectly horizontal between P, and m, and also between P, ek - The strings perfectly vertical between P, and P,.An extemal el woo = force Fis applied to the mass M. Take g=10 m/s?, ir ’ free-body diagram for mass M, clearly showing all the forces. the magnitude ofthe force of friction between m, and M bef, and that between m, and ground bef, For a particular F itis found that f, =2 Find f, and f,. Write down equatioze of motion - “fall the masses Find, ‘ensign inthe string and accelerations ofthe masses. QL With two fingers, you hold a cone motionless upside down, as shown in figure, The mass of the cone is (m= 1kg), and the coefficient of static friction between you fingers and the cones (4=0.5). Whatis the . ‘minimum normal fores (in Newton) you must apply with each finger in order to hold up the cone? Ee Consider only translational equilibrium, * = On pth Finger Fingeri = NEWTON'S LAW FORCE & FRICTION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-1 3: Coxe pay hale ©9327 27N ot @xS20N ({S-80N 6 sores 0 a6 128 60 pnt AOS, AON e315: oof (a \e 0. Qi 55 © QU Fsee we ows ye wont obs : EXERCISE-3 SECTI oe A oo” @.Q8” AC ear am a2 A oe out ee >