Motor Starting Study

 The starting current of most AC motors is several times the normal full rated load
current when starting from full line voltage. These large current requirements can
result in:
 Nuisance tripping of protection breakers.
 Excessive running currents.
 Drop in terminal voltage.
 Triggering of under voltage relays.
 Low starting torques resulting in a failure to start.
 Stalling of other running motors connected to the power system.
 Equipment damage of heaters, power supplies and other electrical gear.
 Computer and control systems rebooting as their low voltage detectors trigger.
  The output torque is related to square of the voltage. If an AC induction or
synchronous motor is started while attached to a mechanical load on the shaft,
inrush current can be up to 6 times full-load current and will be drawn for a
longer time.

Motor Starting Strategies

There are various ways to start a motor including:

 Direct supply voltage

 Auto-transformers
 Soft starters
 Star-Delta Starters
 Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)
Double Cage Rotor of an Induction Motor

A Double Cage Induction motor is that type of motor in which a double

cage or two rotor windings or cages are used. This arrangement is used for
obtaining high starting torque at a low value of starting current. The stator of a double
cage rotor of an induction motor is same as that of a normal induction motor. In the
double cage rotor of an induction motor, there are two layers of the bars
 Motor Starting

Motor Models

There are several machine models available to the engineer in the literature. The most
prevalent are the single rotor model, the double rotor model and graphical model. The
single and double rotor models are used to predict the behavior of induction motors
operating between the breakdown torque and synchronous speed points. They are
commonly used to analyze the response of running motors to a system transient. The
graphical model is the industry standard for motor starting analysis. The graphical
model consists of current and torque versus speed curves at 100% voltage, and a data
sheet listing rated HP, voltage, FLA, speed and inertia. This model is standard for all
medium-voltage induction or synchronous motors.

Driven Equipment Models

There are two models referenced in the literature to simulate driven equipment; the
equation model and the graphical model. The equation model attempts to predict the
torque versus speed characteristics with a polynomial. This model is a holdover from a
time when engineers attempted to generically predict the torque versus speed curves of
fans, compressors and pumps without manufacturer’s data. This model does not
accurately predict torque between breakaway and 20% speed, which is critical,
therefore it is never recommended. Also, driven equipment vendors never present data
in this form. Manufactures always provide graphical data as standard. The graphical
model consists of a torque versus speed curve and a data sheet listing rated power,
speed and inertia. This model is standard for compressors, pumps and fans.

Starter Models

There are several prevalent medium-voltage starters used in industry, full-voltage, unit
transformer, reactor, switched capacitor and autotransformer. When considering these
starting methods, the electrical engineer must perform a motor starting study to
determine the ratings for the individual starter components.

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 Motor Starting

Equations

Torque = HP * 5252 / RPM (lb-ft) (1)

wk2 = wk 2 motor + wk 2 load (lb-ft2) (2)

Torque new = Torque old * HP load / HP motor (lb-ft p.u.) (3)

X motor = (Vmotor / V base) 2 (S base / S motor) / I motor @ 100%V (ohms p.u) (4)

I motor = I motor @ 100%V * V motor * I base (amps p.u.) (5)

Torque motor = Torque motor 100%V * V motor2 (lb-ft p.u.) (6)

Torque net = Torque motor - Torque load (lb-ft p.u.) (7)

Torque net average = (Torque i + Torque i+1) / 2 (lb-ft p.u.) (8)

Δ time = wk 2 * Δ RPM / (308 * Torque net average * Torque base) (seconds) (9)
Notes:
1. The variable V motor in equation 5 is in per unit.
2. The variable V motor in equation 6 is in per unit.

Solution Method

Step Description Equations

1 Define Initial Conditions 1, 3

2 Calculate System Impedances 4

3 Calculate Switchgear Voltages -

4 Calculate Motor Voltages -

5 Calculate Motor Currents 5

6 Calculate Motor Torques 6

7 Calculate Net Torque Margins 7

8 Calculate Average Net Torque Margins 8

9 Calculate Accelerating Times 2, 9

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 Motor Starting

Problem 1 – Full-Voltage Starter

Determine if the motor can accelerate the load and meet the criteria.

Input Data

Source Data: 13.8kV, 3-phase, 60HZ, 312MVA

Transformer Data: 5MVA, 13.8-4.16kV, 6% reactance

Starter Data: Across-the-Line

NEMA Motor Data: 1500HP, 4kV, 2-pole, 187FLA, 211lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.70 0.75 0.82 0.90 1.15 1.55 2.00 1.10 1.00 0.00

Current (p.u.) 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.65 5.40 4.90 3.80 2.00 1.00 0.00

Load Data: 1425HP, 3600RPM, 910lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.15 0.05 0.17 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20

Criteria

V switchgear > 85%

V motor > 90%

Torque net > 10%

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 Motor Starting

Solution

Step 1 - Define initial conditions

Smotor = 4kV * 187A * 1.732 / 1000 = 1.296MVA

Sb = 10MVA

Vb = 4.16kV

Ib = 10MVA / (4.16kV * 1.732) = 1.388kA

Adjust load torque to motor base using (3)

Torque new = Torque old (HP load / HP motor)

Torque 0% = (0.15) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.143 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 20% = (0.05) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.048 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 40% = (0.17) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.162 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 60% = (0.25) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.238 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 80% = (0.24) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.228 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 90% = (0.23) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.219 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 95% = (0.22) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.209 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 98% = (0.20) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.190 lb-ft p.u.

Torque 99% = (0.20) 1425hp / 1500hp = 0.190 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 2 - Calculate system impedances

Source Impedance

X source = 10MVA / 312MVA = 0.032 Ω p.u.

Transformer Impedance

X transformer = 0.06 (10MVA / 5MVA) = 0.120 Ω p.u.

Motor Impedances using (4)

X motor = (Vmotor/Vbase)2 (Sbase/Smotor)/ I motor 100%V

X motor 0% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 6.00 = 1.189 Ω p.u.

X motor 20% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.90 = 1.209 Ω p.u.

X motor 40% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.80 = 1.230 Ω p.u.

X motor 60% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.65 = 1.263 Ω p.u.

X motor 80% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.40 = 1.321 Ω p.u.

X motor 90% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 4.90 = 1.456 Ω p.u.

X motor 95% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 3.80 = 1.877 Ω p.u.

X motor 98% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 2.00 = 3.567 Ω p.u.

X motor 99% = (4.00 / 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 1.00 = 7.134 Ω p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 3 - Calculate switchgear voltages using impedance division

V switchgear = X motor / (X source + X transformer +X motor)

X source +X transformer = 0.032 + 0.120 = 0.152 Ω p.u.

V switchgear 0% = 1.189 / (0.152 + 1.189) = 0.887 V p.u.

V switchgear 20% = 1.209 / (0.152 + 1.209) = 0.888 V p.u.

V switchgear 40% = 1.230 / (0.152 + 1.230) = 0.890 V p.u.

V switchgear 60% = 1.263 / (0.152 + 1.263) = 0.893 V p.u.

V switchgear 80% = 1.321 / (0.152 + 1.321) = 0.897 V p.u.

V switchgear 90% = 1.456 / (0.152 + 1.456) = 0.905 V p.u.

V switchgear 95% = 1.877 / (0.152 + 1.877) = 0.925 V p.u.

V switchgear 98% = 3.567 / (0.152 + 3.567) = 0.959 V p.u.

V switchgear 99% = 7.134 / (0.152 + 7.134) = 0.979 V p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 4 – Calculate motor voltages by converting base

V motor = V switchgear (4.16kV / 4.00kV)

V motor = V switchgear (1.04)

V motor 0% = 0.887 (1.04) = 0.922 V p.u.

V motor 20% = 0.888 (1.04) = 0.924 V p.u.

V motor 40% = 0.890 (1.04) = 0.926 V p.u.

V motor 60% = 0.893 (1.04) = 0.929 V p.u.

V motor 80% = 0.897 (1.04) = 0.933 V p.u.

V motor 90% = 0.905 (1.04) = 0.941 V p.u.

V motor 95% = 0.925 (1.04) = 0.962 V p.u.

V motor 98% = 0.959 (1.04) = 0.997 V p.u.

V motor 99% = 0.979 (1.04) = 1.018 V p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 5 - Calculate motor currents using (5)

I motor =I motor 100%V * V motor * I base

I motor 0% = 6.00 (0.922) 187 amps = 1034 amps

I motor 20% = 5.90 (0.924) 187 amps = 1019 amps

I motor 40% = 5.80 (0.926) 187 amps = 1004 amps

I motor 60% = 5.65 (0.929) 187 amps = 982 amps

I motor 80% = 5.40 (0.933) 187 amps = 942 amps

I motor 90% = 4.90 (0.941) 187 amps = 862 amps

I motor 95% = 3.80 (0.962) 187 amps = 684 amps

I motor 98% = 2.00 (0.997) 187 amps = 373 amps

I motor 99% = 1.00 (1.018) 187 amps = 190 amps

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 Motor Starting

Step 6 - Calculate motor torques using (6)

Torque motor = Torque motor 100%V * V motor2

Torque motor 0% = 0.70 (0.922)2 = 0.595 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 20% = 0.75 (0.924)2 = 0.640 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 40% = 0.82 (0.926)2 = 0.703 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 60% = 0.90 (0.929)2 = 0.777 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 80% = 1.15 (0.933)2 = 1.001 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 90% = 1.55 (0.941)2 = 1.372 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 95% = 2.00 (0.962)2 = 1.847 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 98% = 1.10 (0.997)2 = 1.093 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 99% = 1.00 (1.018)2 = 1.036 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 7 - Calculate net torques using (7)

Torque net = Torque motor – Torque load

Torque net 0% = 0.595 - 0.143 = 0.452 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 20% = 0.640 – 0.048 = 0.592 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 40% = 0.703 – 0.162 = 0.541 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 60% = 0.777 – 0.238 = 0.539 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 80% = 1.001 – 0.228 = 0.773 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 90% = 1.372 – 0.219 = 1.153 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 95% = 1.847 – 0.209 = 1.638 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 98% = 1.093 – 0.190 = 0.903 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 99% = 1.036 – 0.190 = 0.846 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 8 - Calculate the average net torques using (8)

Torque net average = (Torque i + Torque i+1) / 2

Torque net average 0-20% = (0.452 + 0.592) / 2 = 0.522 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 20-40% = (0.592 + 0.541) / 2 = 0.567 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 40-60% = (0.541 + 0.539) / 2 = 0.540 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 60-80% = (0.539 + 0.773) / 2 = 0.656 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 80-90% = (0.773 + 1.1513) / 2 = 0.962 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 90-95% = (1.153 + 1.638) / 2 = 1.396 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 95-98% = (1.638 + 0.903) / 2 = 1.271 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 98-99% = (0.903 + 0.846) / 2 = 0.875 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 9 - Calculate acceleration times using (1), (2) & (9)

From (1)

Torque = HP * 5252 / RPM

Torque base motor = 1500hp * 5252 / 3600RPM = 2188lb-ft

From (2)

wk2 = wk2motor + wk2load

wk2 = 211 + 910 = 1121lb-ft2

From (9)

Δ time = wk2 * Δ RPM / (308 * Torque net average * Torque base)

t 0%-20% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.522*2188lb-ft) = 2.29 s

t 20%-40% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.567*2188lb-ft) = 2.11 s

t 40%-60% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.540*2188lb-ft) = 2.22 s

t 60%-80% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.656*2188lb-ft) = 1.83 s

t 80%-90% = 1121lb-ft2*360RPM/(308*0.962*2188lb-ft) = 0.62 s

t 90%-95% = 1121lb-ft2*180RPM/(308*1.396*2188lb-ft) = 0.21 s

t 95%-98% = 1121lb-ft2*108RPM/(308*1.271*2188lb-ft) = 0.14 s

t 98%-99% = 1121lb-ft2*36RPM/(308*0.875*2188lb-ft) = 0.07 s

Total time to start = 9.49 seconds

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 Motor Starting

Evaluation of results

V switchgear > 85%, met – lowest voltage drop was 88.5%

V motor > 90%, met – lowest locked rotor voltage was 92%

Torque net > 10%, met – lowest net torque margin was 44.9%

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 Motor Starting

Problem 2 – Autotransformer Starter

Determine if the motor can accelerate the load and meet the criteria.

Input Data

Source Data: 13.8kV, 3-phase, 60HZ, 312MVA

Transformer Data: 5MVA, 13.8-4.16kV, 6% reactance

Starter Data: Autotransformer with 80% tap

NEMA Motor Data: 1500HP, 4kV, 2-pole, 187FLA, 211lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.70 0.75 0.82 0.90 1.15 1.55 2.00 1.10 1.00 0.00

Current (p.u.) 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.65 5.40 4.90 3.80 2.00 1.00 0.00

Load Data: 1425HP, 3600RPM, 910lbft2

Speed (p.u.) 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00

Torque (p.u.) 0.15 0.05 0.17 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20

Criteria

V switchgear > 85%

V motor > 90%

Torque net > 10%

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 Motor Starting

Solution

Step 1 – same as problem 1

Step 2 - Calculate system impedances

. Source Impedance

X source = 10MVA / 312MVA = 0.032 Ω p.u.

Transformer Impedance

X transformer = 0.06 (10MVA / 5MVA) = 0.120 Ω p.u.

Motor Impedances using (4)

X motor = (Vmotor/tap * Vbase)2 (Sbase/Smotor)/ I motor 100%V

X motor 0% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 6.00 = 1.858 Ω p.u.

X motor 20% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.90 = 1.889 Ω p.u.

X motor 40% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.80 = 1.922 Ω p.u.

X motor 60% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.65 = 1.973 Ω p.u.

X motor 80% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 5.40 = 2.064 Ω p.u.

X motor 90% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 4.90 = 2.275 Ω p.u.

X motor 95% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 3.80 = 2.933 Ω p.u.

X motor 98% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 2.00 = 5.573 Ω p.u.

X motor 99% = (4.00 / 0.8 * 4.16)2 (10/1.296) / 1.00 = 11.147 Ω p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 3 - Calculate switchgear voltages using impedance division

V switchgear = X motor / (X source + X transformer +X motor)

X source +X transformer = 0.032 + 0.120 = 0.152 Ω p.u.

V switchgear 0% = 1.858 / (0.152 + 1.858) = 0.924 V p.u.

V switchgear 20% = 1.889 / (0.152 + 1.889) = 0.926 V p.u.

V switchgear 40% = 1.922 / (0.152 + 1.922) = 0.927 V p.u.

V switchgear 60% = 1.973 / (0.152 + 1.973) = 0.928 V p.u.

V switchgear 80% = 2.064 / (0.152 + 2.064) = 0.931 V p.u.

V switchgear 90% = 2.275 / (0.152 + 2.275) = 0.937 V p.u.

V switchgear 95% = 2.933 / (0.152 + 2.933) = 0.951 V p.u.

V switchgear 98% = 5.573 / (0.152 + 5.573) = 0.973 V p.u.

V switchgear 99% = 11.147 / (0.152 + 11.147) = 0.987 V p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 4 – Calculate motor voltages by converting base

V motor = V switchgear (0.8 * 4.16kV / 4.00kV)

V motor = V switchgear (0.832)

V motor 0% = 0.924 (0.832) = 0.769 V p.u.

V motor 20% = 0.926 (0.832) = 0.770 V p.u.

V motor 40% = 0.927 (0.832) = 0.771 V p.u.

V motor 60% = 0.928 (0.832) = 0.772 V p.u.

V motor 80% = 0.931 (0.832) = 0.775 V p.u.

V motor 90% = 0.937 (0.832) = 0.780 V p.u.

V motor 95% = 0.951 (0.832) = 0.791 V p.u.

V motor 98% = 0.973 (0.832) = 0.810 V p.u.

V motor 99% = 0.987 (0.832) = 0.821 V p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 5 - Calculate motor currents using (5)

I motor =I motor 100% * V motor * I base

I motor 0% = 6.00 (0.769) 187 amps = 863 amps

I motor 20% = 5.90 (0.770) 187 amps = 850 amps

I motor 40% = 5.80 (0.771) 187 amps = 836 amps

I motor 60% = 5.65 (0.772) 187 amps = 816 amps

I motor 80% = 5.40 (0.775) 187 amps = 783 amps

I motor 90% = 4.90 (0.780) 187 amps = 715 amps

I motor 95% = 3.80 (0.791) 187 amps = 562 amps

I motor 98% = 2.00 (0.810) 187 amps = 303 amps

I motor 99% = 1.00 (0.821) 187 amps = 154 amps

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 Motor Starting

Step 6 - Calculate motor torques using (6)

Torque motor = Torque motor 100%V * V motor2

Torque motor 0% = 0.70 (0.769)2 = 0.414 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 20% = 0.75 (0.770)2 = 0.445 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 40% = 0.82 (0.771)2 = 0.487 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 60% = 0.90 (0.772)2 = 0.536 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 80% = 1.15 (0.775)2 = 0.691 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 90% = 1.55 (0.780)2 = 0.943 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 95% = 2.00 (0.791)2 = 1.251 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 98% = 1.10 (0.810)2 = 0.722 lb-ft p.u.

Torque motor 99% = 1.00 (0.821)2 = 0.674 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 7 - Calculate net torques using (7)

Torque net = Torque motor – Torque load

Torque net 0% = 0.414 - 0.143 = 0.271 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 20% = 0.445 – 0.048 = 0.397 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 40% = 0.487 – 0.162 = 0.325 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 60% = 0.536 – 0.238 = 0.298 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 80% = 0.691 – 0.228 = 0.463 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 90% = 0.943 – 0.219 = 0.724 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 95% = 1.251 – 0.209 = 1.042 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 98% = 0.772 – 0.190 = 0.582 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net 99% = 0.674 – 0.190 = 0.484 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 8 - Calculate the average net torques using (8)

Torque net average = (Torque i + Torque i+1) / 2

Torque net average 0-20% = (0.271 + 0.397) / 2 = 0.334 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 20-40% = (0.397 + 0.325) / 2 = 0.361 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 40-60% = (0.325 + 0.298) / 2 = 0.312 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 60-80% = (0.298 + 0.463) / 2 = 0.381 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 80-90% = (0.463 + 0.724 / 2 = 0.594 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 90-95% = (0.724 + 1.042) / 2 = 0.883 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 95-98% = (1.042 + 0.582) / 2 = 0.812 lb-ft p.u.

Torque net average 98-99% = (0.582 + 0.484) / 2 = 0.533 lb-ft p.u.

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 Motor Starting

Step 9 - Calculate acceleration times using (9)

Δ time = wk2 * Δ RPM / (308 * Torque net average * Torque base)

t 0%-20% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.334*2188lb-ft) = 3.59 s

t 20%-40% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.361*2188lb-ft) = 3.32 s

t 40%-60% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.312*2188lb-ft) = 3.84 s

t 60%-80% = 1121lb-ft2*720RPM/(308*0.381*2188lb-ft) = 3.14 s

t 80%-90% = 1121lb-ft2*360RPM/(308*0.594*2188lb-ft) = 1.01 s

t 90%-95% = 1121lb-ft2*180RPM/(308*0.883*2188lb-ft) = 0.34 s

t 95%-98% = 1121lb-ft2*108RPM/(308*0.812*2188lb-ft) = 0.22 s

t 98%-99% = 1121lb-ft2*36RPM/(308*0.533*2188lb-ft) = 0.11 s

Total time to start = 15.57 seconds

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 Motor Starting

Evaluation of results

V switchgear > 85%, met – lowest voltage drop was 92.3%

V motor > 90%, not met – lowest locked rotor voltage was 76.8%

Torque net > 10%, met – lowest net torque margin was 27.0%

The calculations indicate the motor will accelerate the load. However,

a NEMA motor was specified. This implies a + 10% voltage requirement

on startup (the IEC standard is + 5%). In this case we have a 23.2%

dip on startup. Therefore, we must re-confirm with the manufacturer

that the motor is rated for the intended application.

Exceeding the voltage criteria limits during startup may lead to

overheating of the motor windings. This overheating may or may not be

a problem. In the case of a new motor specified with Class F insulation

(155°C) and Class B (130°C) temperature rise; it is expected to be

within the Class B limits. However, in the case of an existing motor

that is relocated, exceeding the Class B limits during startup is less of

a concern than exceeding the Class F limits.

Finally, notice with the autotransformer, the system voltage is raised

while the motor voltage is reduced compared to the full-voltage

starter results.

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PSA POWER SYSTEMS ANALYSIS_____________________________________________________________________
About the Author

Tom Smith holds Bachelors degrees in Electrical Engineering and Education from the University
of Nebraska and is a registered Professional Engineer. He began his career at the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers Omaha District in 1983. He joined the Reading offices of Gilbert /Commonwealth in
1988. He has served as a consulting engineer since 1995.
His experience includes the design and analysis of commercial, industrial and utility electrical
distribution systems. He also teaches several courses in load flow, motor starting, short circuit,
overcurrent coordination and arc flash.
 PSA

Power Systems Analysis

Copyright © 2014 PSA. All Rights Reserved.