Commercial Nursery Management-01

UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO COMMERCIAL
NURSERY MANAGEMENT
UNIT STRUCTURE
1.1 Learning Objectives

1.2 Introduction
1.3 Nursery Trade in India
1.4 Scope for Commercial Nursery
1.5 Definition of Nursery
1.6 Nursery Management
1.7 Different Types of Flowering and Ornamental Plants
1.8 Some Popular Ornamental Plant Species
1.9 Let Us Sum Up
1.10 Further Readings
1.11 Answers To Check Your Progress
1.12 Model Questions
1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After going through the unit, you will be able to –

 Recognize the nursery trade in India.
 Assess the scope of commercial nursery.
 Define nursery.
 Justify the need for nursery management.
 Identify different nursery management practices.
 Describe different types of ornamental/flowering plants.
 Name different ornamental plant species.
1.2 INTRODUCTION
Demand for horticultural crops more particularly the ones bearing

fruits and flowers and ornamental purposes is increasing in both urban and
rural areas of the country. To meet the growing demand, the need for good
Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1) 7
Unit 1 Introduction to Commercial Nursery Management
quality planting materials has gone up and hence the nursery business has
developed rapidly in the recent years. Nursery product is no longer restricted
to orchards or large parks and gardens. It has entered into high rise buildings,
offices, factories, business houses, hospitals, hotels, backyards, roadsides
in cities, roof tops, etc. for decoration purpose. Heavy demand for ornamental
and flowering plants is observed during festive seasons and seasons of
fairs and melas .Nursery business has, therefore, come up in a large scale
in areas near cities and towns.
In this unit, we shall discuss the nursery trade in India with special
reference to Assam, its scope and the need for scientific management of
commercial nursery.
1.3 NURSERY TRADE IN INDIA
There is an urgent need to get the nursery industry developed in the

country to ensure the safety of our ecology and environment. Tremendous
interest is seen to havedeveloped among the public particularly around big
cities and towns for acquiring and maintaining varieties of flowering, fruit
and ornamental plants.
There are about fifty thousand nurseries propagating different
ornamental and fruit plants in India spread over almost all the major towns
and cities engaging a sizeable number of people in nursery business and
techniques. More than 85% of the nurseries are situated in suburban areas.
With the appearance of an affluent society, the growth and spread of the
large cities with huge residential areas for families and also public recreation
areas, the demand for the ornamental plants has increased manyfold and
there is a need for mass production of such plants to meet the growing
demand.
1.4 SCOPE FOR COMMERCIAL NURSERY
Nursery raising technique is an important income generating process

for small to medium land holders. There is tremendous interest among the
public, particularly around the big cities and towns, for acquiring and
8 Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1)
Introduction to Commercial Nursery Management Unit 1
maintaining varieties of flowering, fruit and ornamental plants. However,

there are very few agencies that would provide some basic cultivation and
management tips for the proper management of their plants.
There are also no special facilities available for transporting the
nursery plants from place to place. To meet the local demand, there is
always a big scope for the establishment of nurseries locally.
Nursery business has ample scope for self employment with a
minimum capital investment. There exists a great potential of nursery
industry for self employment and entrepreneurship development to meet
the ever increasing demand of planting materials of horticultural crops.
The production and productivity of fruit plants depends upon the
availability of quality planting material which in turn largely depends upon
the nurseries and nursery activities. The number of genuine and quality
fruit and ornamental plants varieties produced by Agricultural Universities,
State Departments of Horticulture and Research Institutions is grossly
insufficient to meet the increasing demand of large number of growers
throughout the country more particularly in Assam. For this reason, most of
the fruit growers, orchardists are depending on private nurseries and
nurserymen for their requirement of fruit and ornamental plants. Thus, there
is a good scope to prosper for the nurserymen, who can supply genuine
and high quality plant material of different fruit and ornamental plants
produced on sound scientific lines. Such high quality planting material could
be produced by careful planning, establishment and management of
nurseries.
1.5 DEFINITION OF NURSERY
Nursery is a place where plants and planting materials are raised

and maintained in healthy condition for final planting or for sale.
Nursery is one of the important components of fruit/ornamental crop
production. The advantages of having a nursery are:
 Healthy and well rooted planting materials free from diseases,
pests and nematodes are produced.

 Seedlings of uniform size may be obtained.

 Plants are raised with specific care. So,if not damaged during
transit, mortality after planting is minimized
 Intensive/proper care can be taken in the nursery after grafting,
layering, budding etc.
1.6 NURSERY MANAGEMENT
For the establishment and management of a commercial nursery,

the nurseryman should have technical knowledge and competency. The
activity of nurseryman is to guide, counsel and offer sales service wherever
necessary. This would mean that a nurseryman should necessarily be a
professional who should be fully conversant with different varieties of plants,
plant propagation techniques, handling of plant material, planting and
aftercare, management of different nursery practices and marketing. But, it
should be done through a good scientific knowledge. That scientific
knowledge will help them to run a commercial nursery and he/she will be
able to produce quality planting materials.
The success of any nursery depends largely upon several factors
viz., proper selection of site, careful planning, selection of crop varieties which
are in good demand and procuring the progeny from the reputed institutions
/ nurseries, elite gardens, establishment of mother plants blocks/ scion
banks, acquiring scientific information of each variety and skilful management
in production of nursery saplings as well as marketing the same.
Nursery management covers the following important issues:
 Layout of nursery. Lay out of the nursery greatly influences the
workability of the nursery and its functioning to carry out different
operations easily in a sequence. It is one important
consideration.
 Tools and equipment. Care and maintenance of the nursery
tools and equipment is important in a nursery.
 Selection of suitable crops. The selection of suitable crops
which are in good demand is important. Raising nursery from

seeds and other planting materials is easy and convenient way

for ensuring better germination and root development. The
planting material of horticultural crops is multiplied under nursery
conditions with proper care and management for raising healthy,
vigorous and an disease free seedlings/saplings. Most of the
fruit and tree speices are slow growing. They are multiplied in
nursery for better seed germination and plant survival. It becomes
convenient to utilize various budding and grafting tools under
nursery conditions. Most of the fruit crops are multiplied and
propagated under nursery conditions. Besides, the shrubs and
herbs of ornamental nature are multiplied under nursery
conditions for their faster growth and development.
 Care of progeny block. Collecting and the raising of the genuine
planting materials/varieties and their proper care in the progeny
block is most important in nursery management. Since the quality
of planting material affects the production, it is necessary to
collect the basic material from a genuine and reliable source.
Efforts should be made to identify nodal centers for the supply
of elite planting material of important ornamental plants in our
country. In recent years, several multinational and industrial
houses have entered into floriculture business and are producing
quality plant material. The planting materials of those elite
varieties are supplied from these institutions in small quantities
to the users for future multiplication.
 Multiplication of planting materials. It is a major activity in a
commercial nursery. The major considerations would be the
propagation method and its seasonal variations for the success
and quality of the final produce, rootstock to be used, and
specifications for the scion / bud wood including its genuineness
and seasonality of availability.
 Inputs management in nursery production. Identification of
the inputs necessary for each stage of production and
development of specifications and requirements for each input
is necessary. The rooting media and seed or planting materials

are important inputs for nursery production. The rooting media
should have appropriate physical and chemical properties for
better germination and root development. The media should be
with constant volume and free from living organisms and firm
enough to hold the planting material properly. Seeds are one of
the least expensive but the most important factor to influence
yield potential. Crop seeds contain all the genetic information to
determine yield potential, adaptation to environmental conditions,
and resistance to insect pests and diseases. The most important
critical management decision for a nurseryman is the selection
of seed source and variety
 Nutrient Management. Nursery growers should test soils/media
each year to determine the fertilizer/organic manure needs for
nursery beds for the subsequent years. The common sources
of nutrients in nursery are: Farmyard manure (FYM), compost,
vermicompost, leaf mold, cakes etc. Besides, primary nutrients
like nitrogen ,potash and phosphorus are essentially applied as
straight fertilizers as these play an important role in root and
shoot development. Usually in nursery beds normal fertilizers
like Urea, Muriate of Potash and Single Super Phosphate are
applied.
 Weed Management. Weeds are plants unwanted at a place
and time. Their presence in nursery increases the competition
with seedlings for nutrient, water, light and CO2 resulting in lanky
seedlings. Moreover, some weeds harbour pathogens and
insects and also produce allelopathic effect on crop plants.
Therefore, weed control is a very essential requirement for
successful nursery production. It should be integrated, combining
the use of mechanical, cultural and, as and when necessary,
the chemical controls.
 Pest and disease management. Because of the variety of plants
in the nursery, insect and disease control poses many
challenges. Integrated pest management (IPM) combining

chemical, cultural and biological control techniques needs to
be adopted to address the pest problems. Good sanitation and
plant health reduce the pest and disease problems. In nursery
beds usually fungal diseases like damping off and foliar diseases
like anthracnose, blight, leaf spot and mildews are serious
problems. Their control is possible only through adopting an
integrated approach of cultural, mechanical, biological and
chemical measures right from management of seed source to
final uprooting of seedlings.
 Cleanliness which makes nursery attractive to buyers and
workers is another important aspect of nursery management.
 Nursery labour management
 Marketing of nursery produces.
1.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOWERING/

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
ANNUALS : Annuals are the plants that live for a year or less. Annuals
are also known as seasonal flowering plants which flower only for three to
four months. They are normally grown through seeds. They grow, flower,
and make more seeds and die, within a year. Annuals are great for creating
instant effect and adding color to the garden. Planting annuals also gives
the option of changing the layout of the garden after a year. Most annuals
are tender and some of them like phlox look beautiful and are excellent as
borders and hedges. Examples of Annuals are Asters, Dianthus, Bachelor
button, Phlox, Balsam, Basil, Cosmos, Petunias, Marigold, Salvias etc.
BIENNIALS : A plant that takes two years to grow from seed to
fruition, bloom and die or a plant that lasts two years is a biennial. These
are also seasonal flowering plants that flower only in the second year of
planting. After blooming, they don’t perform well the following year or become
untidy and then die. To have blooms year after year with biennial flowers, it
is necessary to plant seeds every year. Examples of biennials are Foxglove,

Echium wildpretti etc. Some plants grown as biennials are, botanically

speaking, short-lived perennials.
PERENNIALS : Perennials are those flowering plants that last
longer and keep on flowering. Most take two years until they are old enough
to bloom. Examples are Bleeding Heart, Water Lily, Gerberas, Geraniums,
Anthuriums etc. Once these are planted, there is no need for replanting
year after year. Most perennials grow best in slightly acidic soils (pH 6.5 to
7.0) and prefer six to eight hours of sun per day. Watering should be deep,
infrequent and applied directly to the soil. This type of watering will promote
deep rooting and will help reduce leaf diseases.
SHRUBS : Shrubs are woody plants smaller than trees, having a
short stem with branches near the ground. Shrubs can be flowering and
ornamental.
Flowering shrubs : Flowering shrubs are those that flower almost
through out the year and will have bushy shape and size. For example, Ixora,
Mosanda, Pentas, Hibiscus, Lantana etc. Flowering shrubs provide a long-
lived, low-fuss, eye-fetching framework in any garden design. And their rich
array of form, foliage, fruit, and flowers can yield year-round rewards.
Ornamental shrubs : Ornamentals are those plants which will not
flower but are best for their evergreen foliage, shapes and ornamental look.
These can be trimmed or trained into various shapes and sizes. For
example, Juniperus, Tuja compacta, Eranthemum, Aralia, Acalypha Hispida,
Crotons etc.
FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS : Trees can be
flowering trees, fruit trees, shade trees, ornamentals etc. Some attractive
dwarf/medium height flowering trees or ornamental trees would be ideal for
a home garden. like, Cornus Florida (Flowering Dogwood), Magnolia,
Hydrangea Paniculata, Cassia fistula, Jacaranda, Tecoma argentea, Cassia
javanica etc. Trees take a number of years to mature. In the first year, remove
weak or unruly shoots. In the second or third year remove poorly spaced
branches, leaving alone the central trunk. Once they settle, trees need to
be watered only once in a while. But the watering should be deep and applied
directly to the soil. Shade trees and ornamentals grow on a framework of
older branches and need only infrequent maintenance pruning. Prune only
the dead, diseased or damaged wood or to correct a poor shape. Flowering
trees can be pruned after flowering or fruition.
CREEPERS AND CLIMBERS :
Creepers : These plants can be grown along the top of the
compound wall or as a cover for walls, or at the entrance as an arch. There
are varieties of creepers available like, Bignonia venusta, allamanda,
passiflora (fashion flower), Jacquemontia. Even Bougainvilleas can be a
good creeper.
Climbers : These are the plants with soft stems that grow only with
a support. They rely on something else for support; another plant, a wall or
trellis. Different types of climbers have devised many crafty ways to hold Trellis. A light frame
on to whatever they grasp. Examples are Clerodendrum thomsoniae made of long narrow
pieces of wood that
(Bleeding Heart), Cissus rhombifolia (Grape Ivy), Jasminum multipartitum
cross each other,
(Starry Wild Jasmine), Clematis montana (Clematis) etc. used to support
BULBS : A bulb is a specific stem structure which is planted beneath climbing plants.
the soil and stays underground. Roots grow down from it, and the stem
and the leaves grow up from it. Most bulb plants have a dormant (resting)
period during which there is no growth visible. Bulb plants grow, flower, and
then the leaves remain for sometime and disappear completely until next
year. They are easy to grow and guaranteed to bloom. Examples are:
Daffodils, Tulips, Bluebells etc.
Bulb plants can be Real bulbs: Formulated in layers, with an outer
scale (onion, tulip, lily). Corms: Appears like a bulb on the exterior, different
structure inside (crocus, gladiolus). Tubers and Tuberous Roots: Bulb
stems or roots with food stores which look like a potato (Potato, Dahlia,
Tuberous begonia).
1.8 SOME POPULAR ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES
ANNUALS : Antirrhinum, China aster, Ageratum, Arctotis, Carnation,

Calendula, Pansy, Petunia, Phlox, Sweet pea, Cosmos, Zinnia, Coreopsis,
Gaillardia, Dianthus, Chrysanthemum, Calendula, etc.

FOLIAGE : Thuja, Crotons, Alocasia, Anthuriums, Coleus,

Colocasia, Monstera, Philoderndron, Dracaena, Ficus pumila, Pleomele
reflexe variegata, Ficus radicans variegata, Ficus pumila, Asparagus
plumosus, A. springeri, Scindapsus aureus, Begonia ‘Rex’, Caladium in
different colours, Aglaonema commutatum, Aralia elegantissima,
Dieffenbachia exotica, Dieffenbachia picta, Philodendron bipinnatifidum,
Polyalthia longifolia, etc.
FLOWERING : Roses(Hybrid teas, Floribundas, Polyanthus,
Miniature roses, etc.) Aster, Jasmine, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose, Gerbera,
Marigold, Carnation, Crossandra, Baleria, Begonia glaucophylla, Passiflora
caerulea, African violet, Begonia manicata, Calceolaria, Geranium, Azalea
indica, etc.
BULBS : Cooperanthes, Alpinia, Gladiolus, Dahlia, Caladium,
Crocus, Hyacinths, Daffodils, Tulips, Amaryllis, Canna, Bird of Paradise,
Datura, Vinca rosea, Lilium sp, etc.
FERNS : Adiantums, Asplenium nidus, Nephrolepsis exaltata,
Platyceriums, Pteris cretica, Bird’s nest, etc.
PALMS AND CYCADS : Chamaerops humilis, Howea belmoreana,
Phoenix roebelenii, Rhapis excelsa, Cycus revoluta (not palm but similar
looking), Areca Palm, etc.
CLIMBERS : Bougainvillea, Hiptage benghalensis, Adenocalymma
alliaceum, Aristolochia sp., Jasminum sp., etc
CACTI AND SUCCULENTS : Aloe variegatta, Aeonium haworthii,
Agave americana marginata, Colyledon undulata, Euphorbia splendens,
Sedum sp., Epiphyllum sp., Rhipsalis, Zygocactus, Opuntia microdasys,
O. tunicata, etc.
TREES : Bottle brush, Bauhnia sp., Erythrina indica, Ixora parviflora,
Jacaranda, Michelia champaca, Poinciana regia, Cassia sp., Arancaria
cookii, Brassaia actinophylla, Ampherstia nobilis, etc.
GRASSES : Agrostis elegans, A. nebulosa, A. pulchella, Apluda
aristata, etc.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.1. Write about the scope of commercial nursery?

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Q.2. What are the reasons for the growing demand for flowering,
fruit and ornamental plants?
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Q.3. Define nursery.
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Q.4. What are the things that a nurseryman should know for the
management of a nursery?
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1.9 LET US SUM UP
 There is now a tremendous interest among the public for acquiring,

maintaining varieties of flowering, fruit and ornamental plants,
particularly in big cities and towns. The emergence of an affluent
society, growth and spread of the large cities with huge residential
areas for families and public recreation areas, can be cited as some
of the factors for the mass production of ornamentals which are
very much in demand now a days. However, there are only a few
agencies to meet the growing demand for those materials/nursery
plants.

 There are around fifty thousand nurseries spread over all the major
cities and towns out of which about 85 % nurseries are located in
suburban areas
 Transport facilities for the nursery plants are not adequate, hence
the demand for the plants/materials in a particular locality should be
met by establishing nurseries locally.
 Nursery raising technique is an income generating process for small
and medium land holders and there exists a great potential of
nursery industry for self employment and entrepreneurship
development to meet the demand of high quality planting materials.
 For the establishment and management of a commercial nursery,
the nurseryman should be technically sound and competent. The
main activity of the nurseryman is to guide, counsel and offer sales
service wherever necessary. A nurseryman should necessarily be
a professional who should be fully conversant with different varieties
of crops, plant propagation techniques of different varieties of plants,
handling of plant material and marketing.
 Layout of the nursery, selection of crops, collection and maintenance
of progeny block, propagation, input management, nutrient, weed,
pest and disease management, labour management are some of
the important issues of commercial nursery management.
 There are different types of flowering and ornamental plants like
annuals, biennials , perennials, shrubs, flowering and ornamental
trees, creeper and climbers, bulbs etc.
 Many plant species under foliage, flowering, annuals, bulbs, ferns,
cacti, succulents, ornamental trees are popular and raised in
nurseries.
1.10 FURTHER READINGS
 Scientific Nursery Management. Y. T. N. Reddy, T. Janakiram and

D. Satyanarayan Reddy.
 Introducing Horticulture. Ervin L. Denisen.
1.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Ans. to Q. No. 1. Nursery raising technique is the income generating

process for small to medium land holders. Nursery
business has tremendous scope for self employment
with a minimum capital investment. There is an
increasing demand of planting material for both domestic
gardens and for commercial growing. Hence there exist
a great potential of nursery industry for self employment
and entrepreneurship development to meet the ever
increasing demand of planting materials.
Ans. to Q. No. 2. The emergence of a more affluent of people in society,
growth and spread of the large cities with huge residential
areas for families and public recreation areas etc are
some of the reasons for the growing demand.
Ans. to Q. No. 3. Nursery is a place where plants and planting materials
are maintained in healthy condition for final planting or
for sale.
Ans. to Q. No. 4. A nurseryman should necessarily be a professional who
should be fully conversant with different varieties of crops,
seeds, plant propagation techniques of different varieties
of plants, handling of plant material and marketing.
1.12 MODEL QESTIONS
Q.1. Define a nursery.

Q.2. Write briefly about the nursery trade in India.
Q.3. What are the reasons for the increasing demand for nursery
products?
Q.4. How to procure the progeny for a nursery? List a few popular
ornamental crops.
UNIT 2 : PLANNING AND LAYOUT OF A
COMMERCIAL NURSERY
UNIT STRUCTURE
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Selection of Site
2.3.1 Location
2.3.2 Soil
2.3.3 Topography
2.4 Planning and Layout
2.4.1 Fence
2.4.2 Roads and paths
2.4.3 Progeny block
2.4.4 Well, Pipes, Generator etc
2.4.5 Office- cum –store
2.4.6 Seed Beds
2.4.7 Nursery beds
2.4.8 Potting Mixture and Potting Yard
2.5 Structure for Nursery
2.5.1 Shade Houses
2.5.2 Greenhouse /Poly house
2.6 Standard Rootstocks
2.7 Let Us Sum Up
2.9 Answers To Check Your Progress

After going through this unit you will be able to:
 Select the site for the establishment of a nursery.
 Formulate the plan and layout of the nursery.
 Identify the facilities required to establish a nursery.
 List the different structures for the nursery.
2.2 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit (unit 1), we have discussed the nursery trade
in our country, demand for the nursery plants and planting materials and
importance of nursery management for a commercial nursery. Also, the
different popular ornamental and flowering plants that are commonly raised
in nursery have been mentioned. The production of the good quality flowering,
fruit or ornamental plants depends upon the availability of quality planting
material which in turn largely depends upon the nurseries and nursery
activities.
In this unit, we shall discuss about the planning for establishment of
a nursery and the different facilities to be developed in the nursery to carry
out various nursery activities.
2.3 SELECTION OF SITE
2.3.1 Location
The selected site for establishing a nursery should preferably

be located in an established nursery area. By doing so, one can
share the experiences of fellow nurserymen and thereby many
mistakes can be avoided in planning, management and marketing
of the nursery stock.
The selected site should preferably be near the highway or
at least connected with a good motorable road, which facilitates
easy and economic transport of inputs and nursery plants to the
users, orchardists and fruit growers. The selected site should also
have electricity and communication facilities. These facilities will
improve the production as well as marketing.
2.3.2 The Soil
The success of any nursery depends mainly upon the nature

of soil and the abundant supply of good quality water. Before
Unit 2 Planning and Layout of a Commercial Nursery
selecting the site for nursery, soil and water analysis must be done,
since most of the fruit and ornamental plants cannot tolerate salinity
and alkalinity. The soil should be light to medium in texture with good
fertility and sufficient water holding capacity along with good drainage.
A soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is most suitable for any nursery. Salinity in soil
and irrigation water leads to salt injury resulting in nutritional
deficiencies, marginal browning of leaves and in acute cases death
of the plants especially in summer months. Therefore, a careful
selection of soil with good quality irrigation water supply is very
important for the success of a commercial nursery.
2.3.3 Topography
The topography of the land should be plain with about one

per cent slope. The slope facilitates a smooth flow of irrigation water
and also gives a grand panoramic view, if planned and laid out
properly which impresses the customers easily. The extent of land
required for the nursery depends upon the targets of planting
materials of different fruit crops and ornamental plants and the
varieties to be produced/ multiplied. For example, to produce about
one lakh mango grafts atleast 2 hectares of nursery land is required.
2.4 PLANNING AND LAYOUT
After the selection of the site for the establishment of a nursery,

planning may be done in consultation with an experienced horticulturist or a
nurseryman. By doing so the cost on establishment, production and
marketing can be reduced substantially, besides performing various nursery
operations most efficiently and economically. While planning and layout of
the nursery, the following components are to be taken care of and provision
should be made for them.

Planning and Layout of a Commercial Nursery Unit 2
2.4.1 Fence
Prior to the establishment of a nursery, a good fence with

barbed wire must be erected all around the nursery to prevent the
trespass of animals and theft. The fence could be further
strengthened by planting a live hedge with thorny fruit plants (like
Assam Lemon). This also adds beauty in bearing and also provides
additional income through sale of fruits and seedlings.
2.4.2 Roads and Paths
A proper planning for roads and paths inside the nursery will
not only add beauty, but also make the nursery operations easy and
economical. This could be achieved by dividing the nursery into
different blocks and various sections. But at the same time, the
land should not be wasted by unnecessarily laying out of paths and
roads. Each road/path should lead thecustomers to a point of interest
in the nursery area.
2.4.3 Progeny Block
Progeny block is the block of plants where true-to-type

mother plants of superior varieties are maintained in the nursery
according to the requirement. The nursery should have a well
maintained progeny block or mother plant block/scion block planted
with those varieties which are in good demand. The grafts/layers/
rooted cuttings/seedlings should be obtained preferably from the
original breeder/research institutes from where it is released or from
a reputed nursery. One should remember that the success of any
nursery largely depends upon the initial selection of the progeny
plants or mother plants for further multiplication. Any mistake made
in this aspect will result in a loss of the reputation of the nursery. A
well managed progeny block or mother plants block will not only
create confidence among the customers but also reduces the cost
of production and increases the success rate of grafting/budding/

layering because of the availability of fresh scion material throughout
the season within the nursery itself and there will not be any lag
period between the separations of scion and graftage.
2.4.4 Wells, Pipelines, Generators etc.
Fruit and ornamental nursery plants require abundant quantity

of water for establishment, growth and development since they are
grown in polybags or pots with limited quantity of potting mixture.
Hence suitable arrangement should be made to irrigate the seedlings,
seed beds, pots etc. In areas with low water yields and frequent
power failures, provision to store sufficient quantity of water to irrigate
the nursery plants is very much essential. In areas where electricity
failure is a problem, an alternative power supply (generator) should
be maintained for the smooth running of pumpset. Since water
scarcity is a limiting factor in most of the areas particularly during
the winter months, a well laid out PVC pipeline system will solve the
problem to a great extent. An experienced agricultural engineer may
be consulted in this regard for the layout of pipelines. This would
facilitate efficient and economic distribution of irrigation water to
various components in the nursery.
2.4.5 Office–cum-Store
An office-cum-stores is needed for an effective management

of the nursery. The office building may be constructed in a place
which offers better supervision of the nursery and enables the
nursery staff to receive and take care of the customers. The office
building may be decorated with attractive photographs of the fruit
and ornamental varieties propagated in the nursery with details about
them. A store room of a suitable size is needed for storing poly
bags, tools and implements, packaging materials, labels, pesticides,
fertilizers etc.
2.4.6 Seed Beds
In a nursery, this component is essential to raise the seedlings

and rootstocks. These are to be laid out near the water source, since
they require frequent watering and irrigation. Beds of one meter width
of any convenient length are to be made. A working area of 60 cm
between the beds is necessary. This facilitates sowing of seeds,
weeding, watering, spraying and lifting of seedlings. Irrigation channels
are to be laid out conveniently. Alternatively, sprinkler irrigation system
may be provided for watering the beds .Sprinkler irrigation helps in
uniform germination and seedling growth.
2.4.7 Nursery Beds /Poly bag
The raising of seedlings/rootstocks in poly bags requires

more space compared to nursery beds but the mortality rate of
seedlings/rootstocks is greatly reduced after transplanting. Further,
uniformity in the growth of the seedlings/rootstocks can be
maintained when raised in poly bags. Nursery bed area should also
have a provision to keep the grafted plants in trenches of 30 cm
deep and one meter wide so as to accommodate 500 grafts/layers
in each bed. Alternatively, the grafts/ layers can be arranged on the
ground in beds of one meter wide with 60 cm working place in
between the beds. Such beds can be irrigated either with a rose
fitted to a flexible hosepipe or by overhead micro sprinklers.
2.4.8 Potting Mixture and Potting Yard
For achieving better success in respect of nursery plants,

a good potting mixture is necessary. The potting mixtures for different
purposes can be prepared by mixing fertile red soil, well rotten FYM,
vermicompost, leaf mold, oil cakes etc. in different proportions. The
potting mixture may be prepared well in advance by adding sufficient
quantity of super phosphate for better decomposition and
solubilization. The potting mixture may be kept near the potting yard,
where potting/pocketing is done. Construction of a potting yard of
suitable size facilitates for potting of seedlings or grafting/ budding
operations even on a rainy day.
Allocation of space for a Medium Nursery

A nursery covering a total area of 0.2 ha (1.5 bighas) the
space allocation for different purposes may be as follows:
Space allotment Sq. m.
Progeny block 560
Pot Nursery 200
Poly bag Nursery 350
Nursery beds 550
Workshed 27
Polyhouse 36
Store cum office 27
Total 1750
15% additional for passage, drainage, etc. 260
Grand Total 2010
Approximately 0.2 ha
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.1. What is the ideal location for the establishment of a commercial

nursery?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.2. What should be the soil type for the nursery site and why?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.3. How does topography affect the commercial nursery?

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
2.5 STRUCTURES FOR NURSERY
2.5.1 Shade Houses
Shade houses are the houses constructed to provide shade

to the nursery plants. Shade houses in nurseries in tropical and
subtropical regions offer many advantages like direct raising of
seedlings in bags, protecting the grafts from hot summer months,
effective irrigation through upside down overhead micro sprinklers.
The shade houses made with shade nets (25 % , 50% or 75%) for
regulation of shade are particularly very useful in arid regions where
the humidity is very low during summer months.
2.5.2 Greenhouse and Poly Houses
Greenhouse is a framed or inflated structure constructed

using glass or plastic material in which growing environment is
controlled suitably to raise the planting materials. Poly house is a
structure made up of wooden or iron frame with plastic film (200
micron thickness) as roofing materials. Grafting and budding of
various fruit species under poly houses or low cost green houses
with natural ventilation will enhance the percentage of success and
help in faster growth of grafts due to favorable micro climate
conditions of poly house.
2.6 STANDARD ROOTSTOCKS
A rootstock is a plant raised for grafting and budding operations.

Following are the advantages of rootstock :

 Rootstock of a particular crop may be used for disease and

pest resistance
 For dwarfing of selected varieties for high density planting
 Higher and quality production of fruits and flowers.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.4. What facilities/infrastructure should be made in a commercial

nursery?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.5. What is a progeny block?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.6. Why should a progeny block be maintained in the nursery?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.7. What types of materials should be kept in the progeny block?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.8. What is Greenhouse and Poly house?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.9. What is a standard root stock?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.10. Why should rootstock be maintained in the nursery?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
2.7 LET US SUM UP
 The selected site for establishing a nursery should be located in an

established nursery area. The selected site for nursery should
preferably be near the highway or with good connectivity with a good
motorable road.
 The soil for nursery should be light to medium in texture with good
fertility and sufficient water holding capacity along with good drainage.
A soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is most suitable for any nursery. Salinity in soil
and irrigation water leads to salt injury resulting in nutritional
deficiencies, marginal browning of leaves and in acute cases death
of the plants especially in summer months. The topography of the
land for nursery should be plain with about one per cent slope.
 Planning may be done in consultation with an experienced
horticulturist or a nurseryman. Prior to the establishment of a nursery,
a good fence with barbed wire must be erected all around the nursery
to prevent damage by animals. A proper planning for roads and paths
inside the nursery will not only add beauty, but also make the nursery
operations easy and economical.
 Progeny block is the block of plants where true-to-type mother plants
of superior varieties are maintained in the nursery according to the
requirement.
 The nursery should have provision of sufficient quantity of irrigation
water. There should be adequate provision of seed bed, poly bag
nursery, workshed, pot nursery, office-cum-store etc. The office
building in the nursery may be constructed at a place which offers
better supervision of the nursery as well as facilities to receive
customers
 Shade houses are the houses constructed to provide shade to the
nursery plants. Greenhouse is a framed or inflated structure
constructed using glass or plastic material in which the growing
environment is controlled suitably to raise the planting materials. Poly
house is a structure made up of wooden or iron frame with plastic

film (200 micron thickness) as roofing materials.
 A rootstock is a plant raised for grafting and budding operations.
 Scientific Nursery Management. Y. T. N. Reddy, T. Janakiram and D.

Satyanarayan Reddy.
 Basic Horticulture. Jitendra Singh
 Propagation of Tropical and Subtropical Horticultural Crops. T. K. Bose,
S. K. Mitra, M. K. Sadhu and P. Das.
Ans. to Q. No. 1. The ideal site for a nursery should preferably be near
the highway or at least be connected with a good
motorable road, which facilitates easy and economic
transport of inputs and nursery plants to the users,
orchardists and fruit growers. The selected site should
also have electricity and communication facilities.
Ans. to Q. No. 2. The soil should be light to medium in texture with good
fertility and sufficient water holding capacity along with
good drainage. A soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is most suitable for
any nursery. Salinity in soil and irrigation water leads to
salt injury resulting in nutritional deficiencies, marginal
browning of leaves and in acute cases death of the plants
especially in summer months. Therefore, a careful
selection of soil with good quality irrigation water supply
is very important for the success of a commercial
nursery..
Ans. to Q. No. 3. The topography of the soil facilitates smooth flow of
irrigation water and also gives a grand panoramic view,
if planned and laid out properly which impresses the

customers easily.
Ans. to Q. No. 4. The infrastructures required for a nursery consist of
fence, roads, paths, wells, generators, pipelines, office
cum store, shade house, green house/poly house and
progeny block.
Ans. to Q. No. 5. Progeny block is the block of plants where true-to-type
mother plants of superior varieties are maintained in the
nursery according to the requirement.
Ans. to Q. No. 6. A well managed progeny block or mother plants block
will not only create confidence among the customers
but also reduces the cost of production and increases
the success rate of grafting/budding/layering because
of the availability of fresh scion material throughout the
season within the nursery itself and there will not be any
lag period between separations of scion and graftage.
Ans. to Q. No. 7. The grafts/layers/rooted cuttings/seedlings should be
obtained preferably from the original breeder/research
institute from where it is released or from a reputed
nursery and these should be collected and maintained
in the progeny block.
Ans. to Q. No. 8. Green house is a framed or inflated structure constructed
using glass or plastic material in which growing
environment is controlled suitably to raise the planting
materials. Poly house is a structure made up of wooden
or iron frame with plastic film (200 micron thickness) as
roofing materials
Ans. to Q. No. 9. A standard rootstock is a plant raised for grafting and
budding operations By utilizing the standard rootstocks,
one can produce uniform planting material with uniform
fruit qualities.
Ans. to Q. No. 10. The rootstock which will produce uniform and quality
planting materials should be maintained in the nursery.
2.10 MODEL QUESTIONS
Q.1. What are the points to be considered before the establishment of a

commercial nursery?
Q.2. Write briefly about the following:
a) Progeny block
b) Shade house
c) Green house/poly house
d) Potting yard
e) Rootstock
Q.3. What is the difference between seed bed and nursery bed? Mention
the standard size of both.
Q.4. From where the planting materials for raising in the progeny block
should be collected and why?

UNIT 3 : TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS FOR
NURSERY
UNIT STRUCTURE

3.2 Introduction
3.3 Types of Tools for different Nursery activities
3.3.1 Soil digging
3.3.2 Weeding and intercultural operation
3.3.3 Watering
3.3.4 Pruners
3.3.5 Sprayers and Dusters
3.3.6 Other Garden Tools and Implements
3.4 Pots and Pans
3.4.1 Earthen Pots
3.4.2 Seed Pans
3.4.3 Wooden Tubs and Other Containers
3.5 Seedling Trays
3.5.1 Protrays
3.6 Plant Supports and Tying Materials
3.6.1 Plant Supports
3.6.2 Tying Materials
3.6.3 Labels
3.6.4 Potting Misture
3.7 Let Us Sum Up
3.8 Answers to Check your Progress
3.9 Model Questions
After going through this unit, you will be to:

 Name the different tools and implements used in a nursery.
 Identify the different tools and implements used in a nursery.

 Explain the uses of different types of tools and implements used
for different purposes.
 Name other accessories used in commercial nurseries.
3.2 INTRODUCTION
In a commercial nursery several operations are carried out everyday.

The activities include soil preparation, weeding, planting and uprooting of
nursery plants, manuring, watering, propagation and different plant
protection operations. All these operations require different types of tools
and implements apart from the other materials for various other purposes
in the nursery. You should know about all the tools and implements
commonly used in a commercial nursery to carry out different operations.
In this unit, discussion will be made on the tools and implements
and on their uses for carrying out different operations.
3.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS
3.3.1 Soil Digging Tools
Kudal (Kur) : The tool consists of metal blade and wooden handle.
Kudal is used for digging soil, braking soil clods, making beds etc. It
can dig soil upto 150 mm in one stroke.
Garden Fork : When garden fork is pressed, the teeth of the fork
go deep into the soil. It is used for breaking soil clods and for the
preparation of nursery beds.
3.3.2 Weeding, Inter-culture Operations
Weeding Fork : It loosens soil and takes out the weeds. The
implement with its long handle can reach the centre in the bed and
trampling of small seeds may be avoided by using the tool.
Khurpi : Khurpi is used for intercultural operations. It consists of
sharp edged triangular blade fitted with wooden handle.

Tools and Implements for Nursery Unit 2
Crow bar : It is an iron rod pointed at one end and the other end is
wedge shaped. It is mainly used for making deep holes as well as
for digging pits and also spanning operations.
3.3.3 Watering
Watering Can : Watering cans are made of galvanized iron sheet

and their capacity varies from two to two and half gallons. Water
cans are fitted with rose or spreader over the nozzle which is very
useful for wide distribution of water. Now a days water cans made
up of plastic and light in weight are available.
Syringe : This is usually 40-50 cm long, brass narrow cylinder fitted
with a mouth having many pores. This is used for sprinkling water
on the foliage plants.
Hosepipe : Hosepipes are required to draw water from the pipe
lines. Usually, rubber or polythene hose pipes are used in nurseries.
The hoses usually have smooth or corrugated outer surface having
one or two rows of threads which are embedded in the rubber.
Polythene pipes are light and easy to handle.
3.3.4 Pruners
Secateurs : It is a very useful handy tool for pruning of branches up

to moderate thickness. Generally, it is used for preparing stem
cuttings (hard wood, semi hardwood and herbaceous) needed for
propagation.
Knives : Different types of knives are required in a nursery like
budding knife, grafting knife, pruning knife, garden knife etc.
3.3.5 Plant Protection Implements
Numerous insects and diseases attack the nursery plants

and may cause heavy damage. Proper care must be taken to control
them in time. Effective insecticides and fungicides are now easily
Unit 3 Tools and Implements for Nursery
available in the market but application to all parts of plants becomes

a problem without proper plant protection equipments. Insecticides
or fungicides are now mostly used as spray and a sprayer will save
time and material. Now a day, a number of sprayers are available in
the market. The following types are the most popular sprayers used.
Hand Sprayer : “Ganesh” brand is the most popular. This is an

excellent pneumatic hand sprayer for pest control fitted with fine
spray mist nozzle and can contain about 825 ml of the insecticides/
fungicides solution. The “Aspee poly sprayer” has a polythene body
with a capacity of 600 ml and is very hardy. For small nurseries, the
“Aspee continuous atomizer” can also be used for spraying
operations.
Knapsack sprayer : In this group, “Akela” and “Shabnam” sprayers
are found to be the most commonly used ones. “Akela” has a high
density polythene container of 5 litres capacity and the double action
hand sprayer gives fine mist spray. “Shabnam sprayer” is durable
and dependable having a brass container of 9 litres of capacity.
1. Budding Knife, 2. Budding and Grafting Knife, 3. Grafting Knife, 4. Pruning

Knife, 5. Border Shears, 6. Grass Pruner, 7. Secreature, 8. Toothen Kurpi,
9. Toothen Rake (Comb Rake), 10. Deep Soil Lifter, 11. Hand Toothed Rake,
12. Dibbler.
Fig. 3.1 Diffrent tools and implements
Bucket or Stirrup sprayers : These are simple to use and the

parts can be easily detached for quick and efficient cleaning. With
the help of the long delivery hose, spraying can be done very
conveniently.
Dusters : Among the hand rotary dusters, the “Orient” brand is the
most recommended one. This is a well balanced duster to rest
comfortably on shoulder and is very easy to operate and the hopper
capacity is 5 kg.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.1. Name a few important operations carried out in a nursery.

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Q.2. What are the tools that are used for soil digging?
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Q.3. For what operations is a Secateurs used?
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Q.4. What tool is generally used for sprinkling water on foliage
plants?
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Q.5. What is a budding and grafting knife?
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Q.6. Name the tools used for spraying of materials in the nursery?
..............................................................................................
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3.3.6 Other Garden Tools and Implements
Garden rakes : A rake of 12 prongs is useful. This is useful for

collecting stones and brick bats in a beaten out bed, scarifying the
grass surface, gathering leaves together, etc.
Wheel barrow : Wheel barrow is used for carrying materials like
soil, manures, pots, etc. and collecting nursery refuses. It is of two
types- pan and box. Both the types are made from iron sheets and
two iron handles are provided to operate the wheel barrow.
Baskets : Compared to the bamboo baskets, the cane baskets
though heavier and more expensive, last longer. Baskets of medium
size should be purchased and immediately strengthened by wearing
the edges held down by coir rope. Woven in between the bamboo
circles passing from the top to the bottom on four sides will double
the life of a basket.
Shovel : It is often used to handle the manures, fertilizers, soil,
sand and leaf molds, etc.
Sieve : It is necessary for screening soil and leaf molds, etc.
Screened soil and leaf molds are necessary for the preparation of
seed compost or pit mixture.
3.4 POTS AND PANS
Use of containers or pots facilitates better control of plants under

nursery than in the open fields. The containers are valuable for cuttings and
grafted plants, since these demand careful nursing. Containers of different
sizes, shapes and materials are available and one should be careful in
selecting the right type of container depending on the method of propagation
and plant material.
3.4.1 Earthen Pots
Always well baked earthenware pots should be procured

.Before use, these may be checked if these are cracked ,half baked
or camouflaged with red colour by sounding. Pots made with clay

soil and which are well baked last longer than those made with sand
or loamy soils. Different sizes of pots are available depending on
the use.
Four inches (10 cm) pots are suitable for small annual
seedlings.
Six inches (15cm) for small palms, ferns, etc.
Eight inches (20 cm) pots are used for single specimen
plants of annuals.
Ten inches (20 cm) pots are for big container plants and are
also best for tall palms.
Fourteen to eighteen inch pots should be placed in semi-
permanent position as they should not be moved frequently.
Plastic pots are also available which are durable and easy
to handle. As the water does not evaporate from the sides, watering
should be done carefully and very light compost should be used in
such pots.
3.4.2 Seed Pans
The seed pans are shallow pots, used for raising seedlings
and growing shallow rooted annuals and ferns. Boxes are often used
for raising of seedlings. The size may vary from 25 to 40 cm in
diameter.
3.4.3 Wooden Tubs and other Containers
Oil cans cut into half and charred inside to remove the oil
are more long lasting than wooden tubs, unless these are prepared
from seasoned teak wood. Pots made of cement are also useful for
growing perennial plants in permanent or semi permanent positions.

3.5 SEEDLING TRAYS
3.5.1 Protrays
Seedling trays/portrays are useful for hardening the tissue

culture plants and germination of different fruits and flowers. The
advantages of using trays/portrays are:
 Provides independent area for each seed to germinate
 Helps in proper germination
 Eliminates the mortality rate
 Uniform and healthy growth of the seedlings
 Optimum requirement of media, water and space results in
a healthy growth of seedlings
 Economical in transportation
 Reusable
The sizes of the portrays available are 25, 30, 36, 49, 50,
98, 120, 240 cavities and the nurserymen can choose them
depending on their requirement.
3.6 PLANT SUPPORTS AND TYING MATERIALS AND

OTHERS
3.6.1 Plant Supports
Bamboos are the most serviceable material used in nursery.

If made of well seasoned bamboo, these stakes will last for years.
Prepare stakes of various lengths to use them on plants of different
heights. Dip the lower portion in tar or creosote oil and paint the rest
green. Thin iron rods last long. Circular rings, supported by straight
rods are also used for flowers like carnation, petunia, etc.

3.6.2 Tying Materials
These vary from raffia and specially prepared garden twist

to local twines of cotton, jute or hemp, coir, jute and nylon rope can
be used to tie the large plants.
Galvanized wire should be carefully used as it is liable to cut
the stem of plants and cause damage. Whatever the tying material
used, it should be loosely tied to allow a little ply between the stake
and the stem.
3.6.3 Labels
Labels are required to tag plots/varieties/plants or the

rootstocks. Among the different types of labels, viz., paper, card
board, wooden, celluloid, aluminium and plastic are common. The
aluminium, plastic labels are preferred. Paper or card board labels
are for temporary use. Wooden labels painted with white paints will
last longer but are gradually becoming outdated. Aluminium labels
will retain the writing clearly. Now a days plasticlabels are becoming
very popular and are widely used in different forms and shapes.
3.6.4 Potting Mixture
A suitable potting mixture should possess crumb structure

with well drained and rich with nutrients and free from toxic and
harmful organisms. Generally loam pit and sand are the basic
ingredients along with composts and leaf mould for mixtures. The
ratio of mixture is decided by the method of propagation. For
seedlings and cuttings a mixture of sand, loam and peat in the
proportions of 2:1:1 and for potted plants and containers a mixture
of sand, loam and peat in the proportions of 1:2:1 are recommended.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.7. Name the garden tools and implements essential for a

commercial nursery.
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.8. What are the different types of pots and pans?
.................................................................................................
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Q.9. What are the advantages of using portrays in the nursery?
.................................................................................................
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Q.10. Name some of the tying materials useful for a nursery.
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.11. Fill in the blanks:
a) __________ is useful for collecting stones, pieces of bricks
and cut grasses.
b) __________ is used for carrying materials like soil,
manures, pots, etc.
c) __________ is used to handle the manures, fertilizers, soil,
sand and leaf molds, etc.
d) Bamboos are the most serviceable material used in
nursery for __________ the plants.

3.7 LET US SUM UP
 The activities done in the nursery include breaking of soil clods,

weeding, planting and removal of nursery plants, manuring, watering
and different plant protection operations. To carry out the operations
different types of tools and implements are used. Kudal (Kur)is used
for digging soil, braking soil clods, making beds etc. Garden fork is
used for breaking soil clods and preparing nursery plants. Weeding
fork loosens soil and takes out the weeds. Khurpi is widely used for
various operations like weeding, earthing up, making small holes
etc. Crow bar is mainly used for making deep holes as well as for
digging pits.
 For watering the plants watering can, syringe and hose pipes are
used. Water cans are made of galvanized iron sheet and the capacity
varies from two to two and half gallons. Now a days plastic and
light-weight cans are also available. Syringe is used for sprinkling
water on the foliage plants.
 Secateurs is a very useful, handy tool for the pruning of branches
up to moderate thickness and for preparing stem cuttings (hard
wood, semi hardwood and herbaceous) which are needed for
propagation. Budding and grafting knife is used for performing
grafting and budding operations in the nursery.
 Hand sprayers, Knapsack sprayers and Bucket or Stirrup sprayers
are used for the spraying of materials on the plants in the nursery.
Among the hand rotary dusters, the “Orient” brand is the most
recommended one.
 Garden rakes are useful for collecting stones and brick bats in a
beaten out bed, scarifying the grass surface, gathering leaves
together, etc. Wheel barrow is used for carrying materials like soil,
manures, pots, etc. and for collecting nursery refuses. Shovel is
often used to handle the manures, fertilizers, soil, sand and leaf
molds, etc.
 Earthen pots, wooden tubs and pots made from cement are useful
for growing nursery pot plants. The seed pans are shallow pots,
used for raising seedlings and growing shallow rooted annuals and
ferns. Seedling trays/portrays are useful for hardening the tissue
culture plants and germination of different fruits, flowers.
 Bamboos are the most serviceable material used in nursery as plant
support. The tying materials vary from raffia and specially prepared
garden twist to local twines of cotton, jute or hemp. Coir, jute and
nylon rope can be used to tie the large plants. Galvanized wire as
tying material should be carefully used as it is liable to cut the stem
of plants and cause damage.
 Among the different types of labels, viz., paper, card board, wooden,
celluloid, aluminium and plastic are common. The aluminium, plastic
labels are preferred for labeling the nursery plants.
Ans. to Q. No. 1. Breaking of soil clods, weeding, planting and removal of

nursery plants, manuring, watering and different plant
protection operations are important operations carried
out in the nursery
Ans. to Q. No. 2. Kudali (Kur) and Garden fork are the implements used
for soil digging.
Ans. to Q. No. 3. Secateur is used for preparing stem cuttings (hard wood,
semi hardwood and herbaceous) needed for propagation.
Ans. to Q. No. 4. Syringe is used for sprinkling water on the foliage plants.
Ans. to Q. No. 5. Grafting and budding knife is used for performing grafting
and budding operations in the nursery.
Ans. to Q. No. 6. Hand sprayers, Knapsack sprayers and Bucket or Stirrup
sprayers are used for spraying of materials.
Ans. to Q. No. 7. Garden rakes, Wheel barrow, Baskets, Shovel, Sieve
and Labels are the garden tools used in the nursery.

Ans. to Q. No. 8. Earthen pots, Seed pans and wooden tubs and other
containers are pots and pans used.
Ans. to Q. No. 9. The portrays provide independent area for each seed to
germinate, help in proper germination, eliminate the
mortality rate., ensure uniform and healthy growth of the
seedlings, help in optimum utilization of media, water
and space. They are easy to transport and economical.
Ans. to Q. No. 10. Tying materials vary from raffia and specially prepared
garden twist to local twines of cotton, jute or hemp. Ccoir,
jute and nylon rope can be used to tie the large plants.
Ans. to Q. No. 11. a) Garden rake, b) Wheel barrow, c) Shovel, d) supporting
3.9 MODEL QUESTIONS
Q.1. Write briefly about the implements used for performing the following
operations:
a) Weeding and intercultural operations
b) Spraying of chemicals
c) Irrigation of nursery plants
a) Pots and pans
b) Tying materials
c) Plant support.

UNIT 4 : PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
UNIT STRUCTURE
4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Introduction
4.3 Definition
4.4 Seed Propagation or Sexual Propagation
4.4.1 Procedure of Seed Propagation
4.5 Vegetative Propagation or Asexual Propagation
4.5.1 Propagation by Cuttings
4.5.2 Propagation by Layering
4.5.3 Propagation by Budding
4.5.4 Propagation by Grafting
4.5.5 Propagation by Specialized Vegetative Structures
4.6 Propagation Techniques of some Horticultural Crops
4.7 Let Us Sum Up
4.8 Answers to Check Your Progress
After going through this unit, you will be able to:

 Define propagation
 Name the methods of propagation
 Describe the different methods of propagation
 Choose the method of propagation for different crop
multiplication
 Identify the different specialized vegetative structures used for
propagation.

Propagation Techniques Unit 4
4.2 INTRODUCTION
In the previous units, we have discussed the planning and layout of

a commercial nursery and various tools and implements which are used to
carry out the different nursery operations. Multiplication is the main activity
in a nursery as the objective of the nursery is to produce quality planting
materials of various crops. Horticultural plants are propagated by different
techniques. Therefore, for managing a commercial nursery, the nurseryman
should be well acquainted with the proper method of multiplication for
particular crops.
In this unit, we shall discuss the various techniques of propagation
by which multiplication of the plants can be done successfully and
scientifically.
4.3 DEFINITIONOF PROPAGATION
Plant propagation is the perpetuation or increase in number of plants.

In simple words, it is the multiplication of plants.
Primarily, propagation or multiplication is done by two methods-Seed
propagation or Sexual propagation and Vegetative propagation or Asexual
propagation.
4.4 SEED PROPAGATION
Seed propagation is nothing but the multiplication of plants by using

seeds. From the seeds, the seedlings will arise and these are transplanted
in the main field. Certain fruits, almost all the vegetables and flowers are
propagated by seeds.
It is the primary and easy method of multiplication for raising the
seedlings. However, the seedlings are not uniform. Most of the seeds
germinate immediately but some seeds having dormancy may germinate
late. The viability of seeds is known in seed propagation. Pre-sowing
treatments are necessary for enhancing germination.

Unit 4 Propagation Techniques
LET US KNOW
Seed viability: The capacity of seeds to germinate under

favourable conditions is called the seed viability. It varies from
species to species.
Seed dormancy: It is the period from seed maturity to its
ability to germinate. Some of the seeds do not have
dormancy and some seeds remain dormant for several
years.
Normally in a commercial nursery horticultural crops are grown from

seeds for the following purposes:
(a) To produce commercial crops/seedlings
(b) To raise rootstocks for budding and grafting.
Seed propagation is common for most of the vegetables,
herbaceous ornamental annuals and ornamental trees.
LET US KNOW
Root stock: A root stock is a plant raised for performing

grafting and budding operations, where scion is inserted from
another plant/variety. Rootstock has higher adaptability and
resistance to diseases and pests. In grafting and budding,
the selection of proper rootstock is most important.
4.4.1 Procedure of Seed Propagation
Selection of Seeds : Seeds of vegetables and flowers should be

collected from genuine and reliable sources. For fruit crops, the
seeds should be selected from good high yielding and disease free
trees.
Seed propagation is mainly employed for the production of

healthy seedlings for planting in certain fruit crops like papaya,
mango, acid lime, etc. But it is widely adopted for the raising of root-
stock seedlings for budding or grafting purpose in many fruit crops.
In certain fruit crops, fresh seed is sown in the well prepared
raised beds or polybags as they lose viability very soon (e.g., citrus,
papaya, jack, jamun, etc.), while in certain fruit crops, the seeds are
sown after the dormant period is over (e.g. sitaphal). Presoaking of
certain seeds in GA3 100-200 ppm solution results in rapid and
increased germination. Seed treatment with fungicides like bavistin,
captan or mancozeb protects seedlings against collar rot and
damping off.
Seed Beds : Raised seed beds of about one meter wide and of
any convenient length are to be prepared and drenched with copper
oxychloride (0.3%) or captan 0.2% solution a day before sowing.
This is done to kill the harmful microbes present in the soil. Sowing
has to be done thinly in lines at 1-2 cm depth (depending on the
seed size and rooting behaviour) and covered with soil. Irrigations
are to be done with a fine rose till the seedlings are about 2-4 leaf
stage.Then they should be transferred to poly bags or earthen or
plastic bags of suitable size or to the secondary beds preferably in
the evening times followed by watering.
Appropriate plant protection measures should be adopted
by prophylactic sprays with suitable insecticides and fungicides.
Good cultural practices like weeding, watering and control of pests
and diseases will produce healthy and vigorous seedlings.
Procedure for Raising Seedlings : Vegetables and seasonal
flowers are grown in the field by direct sowing or by transplanting
the seedlings. Good planting material in the form of seeds or
seedlings is one of the important factors that plays a vital role in
successful horticultural production.
Most of the winter season vegetables and flowers are grown
by transplanting of seedlings. Good quality seedlings are the
foundation for higher production. To produce quality seedlings, seeds

are to be procured from reliable sources and are to be sown properly.
The procedure for raising seedlings is given below:
(i) The area for preparation of nursery beds should be sunny
with well-drained friable light soil rich in organic matter.
(ii) Deep ploughing at least one month before the preparation
of the nursery beds should be done
(iii) The soil should be pulverized and beds of 1m width and 5-
10m length are to be prepared which are to be raised by 10-
15cm above the ground level. 2 kg sand and 2 kg well
decomposed compost should be added to every one square
meter (1 m2 ) area at the time of the preparation of the bed.
(iv) To make the soil free from soil borne pathogens, 0.1%
solution of Captan or Fytolan or 4% Formalin should be
applied and care should be taken so that it penetrates down
to10-15 cm depth. After the application, the beds should be
immediately covered with polythene sheet or gunny bag or
newspaper sheets for 2-3 days.
(v) The cover is removed after 2-3 days and the soil is prepared
to a fine tilth for sowing seeds. The seeds are treated with
Captaf or Thirum or Brassicol @ 3g/kg of seeds before
sowing.
(vi) Depending upon the seed size, seeds are sown thinly in
lines 2-3 cm apart. Following the sowing, light irrigation with
a watering can fitted with fine rose is given. The beds are
then covered with a mixture of finely sieved garden loam,
FYM and sand. 2g Malathion dust per kg of that mixture should
be added to check the insect damage. Finally, the seed sown
beds are covered with banana leaves or bamboo mat or
gunny bag or newspaper sheets which are to be removed
as soon as the germination is noticed.
(vii) To protect the tender seedlings from heavy rain and
scorching sunshine overhead shade should be provided.
When the seedlings are 15-20 days old the shade is to be

removed and the frequency of irrigation is gradually reduced
to harden the seedlings. The seedlings are ready for
transplanting when they are 30-40 days old or 10-15 cm in
height or at 3-4 true-leaved stage. In order to ensure the
proper establishment of the costly seedlings, transplanting
at a 2-3cm plant to plant spacing is to be done in a second
nursery bed when the seedlings are at 1-2 leaf stage.
Providing shade in the secondary nursery bed for 4-5 days
immediately after transplanting is a must.
Shade management : Shade management is very important for
the hardening of the nursery plants prior to transplanting. Adjustment
of shade for the hardening purpose usually commences 45 days
prior to transplanting. The sequence of operation is usually as follows:
 45 days to transplanting – reduce shade to 30%
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.1. What is seed viability?

.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.2. Why is shade gradually removed before transplanting the
seedling?
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.3. Name three chemicals that are used for seed treatment.
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................

Q.4. State True or False

(a) Presoaking of certain seeds in GA3 solution results in rapid
and increased germination
(b) The seed beds are covered with a mixture of sand and
loam mixed with malathion to enhance germination.
(c) Malathion dust is applied to the seed bed for enhancing
germination
(d) Seedlings are ready for transplanting at 3-4 true leaved
stage.
(e) Certain fruits, almost all the vegetables and flowers are
propagated by seeds.
4.5 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OR ASEXUAL

PROPAGATION
It is the method of propagation by vegetative means. In this type of

propagation different parts of the plants and different methods are adopted
for propagating plants. Fruit trees, bulbous plants, shrubs etc. are commonly
propagated by vegetative means. Vegetative methods of propagation can
be classified as follows:
Vegetative Propagation
Propagation by Propagation by Propagation on Propagation on the

Apomictic specialized its own root root system of
Seedlings vegetative system other plants
Structures
Cutting Layering Budding Grafting
Bulbs Tubers Rhizomes Corms Runners Suckers Offsets

Fig. 4.1 Vegetative Propagation

Propagation by cuttings is one of the most important

practices in the nursery. A cutting is a part of a plant which will first
produce roots and then eventually a new plant which is quite true to
the parent plant. A cutting may be a piece of stem, a leaf or part of a
leaf, a piece of root, or even a scale of a bulb. The success in the
propagation by cuttings depends upon factors such as conditions
of the mother plants, part of the tree from where the cuttings are
made, time of the year, care at the time of planting and after care.
Cuttings can be made during spring- summer (February to June)
season when active cell division is taking place.
A) Root Cuttings : Propagation by means of root cutting is
very simple and easy. It can be practised in many plants like
guava, apple, pear, cherry, persimmon, rhododendron etc.
In root cuttings, adventitious shoots are regenerated. Plants
which produce suckers freely in nature can easily be
propagated by root cuttings.
The adventitious shoots develop mostly at the proximal
end of the root, that is, the portion nearest to the crown of
the root generally forms shoots. Hence, it is essential to
maintain correct polarity at planting. The proximal end of the
root cutting should always be kept above the soil when
vertical planting is done.
Root cuttings are generally taken in early or late winter
or early spring when the roots have sufficient reserve
carbohydrates.
B) Stem Cuttings
 Herbaceous cuttings : The herbaceous cuttings usually
consist of the terminal leafy portion of stems of
herbaceous plants like Dahlia, Chrysanthemum,
Carnation, Sweet potato etc. In general 7.5 to 12.5 cm
long terminal portions of moderately vigorous shoots are

selected for making cuttings and the leaves are removed

from the basal portion of the cuttings. The cuttings should
be prepared just before they are placed in the rooting
medium.
 Soft wood cuttings: Cuttings made from soft,
succulent, non-lignified new growths of some woody
plants are known as soft wood cuttings. Moderately
vigorous shoots growing on healthy plants under the full
sunlight are most suitable for making soft wood cuttings.
Generally 10-15 cm long with terminal buds and at least
two or three nodes on each cutting should be taken into
consideration. Leaves are removed from the bottom node
and the basal cut is made just below a node in slanting
manner. The cuttings should be treated with auxins and
immediately be planted in the rooting beds. Alamanda
may be propagated by soft wood cutting.
 Semi-hard wood cuttings: Cuttings taken from partially
matured, slightly woody shoots are known as semi- hand
wood cuttings. Semi hand wood cuttings are made 7.5
to 15 cm long with several leaves left at the terminal end
but removing the leaves from the basal portion. The basal
slanting cut is given just below a node. Best result is
obtained when the cuttings are taken during the cooler
part of the day, preferably in the morning while the
material remains turgid. The treatment of cuttings before
planting with auxin is found to be beneficial.
 Hardwood cuttings: Cuttings made from past season’s
growth or wood that has become mature and lignified
are known as hardwood cuttings. The cuttings should
be taken from healthy and vigorous stock plants growing
in full sunlight. These may be 10-30 cm long or more.
The diameter may range from1.0-1.5 cm or even more.
Usually one year old wood is preferred, but in some cases
two year old shoot is also used. It is a common practice

to give the top cut 1 or 2 cm above a node and the basal
cut slightly below a node. A number of fruit plants like
grape, fig, mulberry, gooseberry, olive, pomegranate etc.
are propagated by hard wood cuttings.
C) Leaf cuttings : Certain plants with thick and fleshy leaves
can reproduce themselves from leaf cuttings. Adventitious
roots and an adventitious shoot develop on the leaf cutting.
Many ornamental plants like Bryophyllum, Sansevieria, etc.
can be propagated by leaf cuttings.
In Bryophyllum, well developed leaves are placed flat on the
rooting medium and partially covered with the rooting
medium. New plants soon arise from foliar embryos in the
notches of the leaf margin. In case of Sanserieria, 5 to 10
cm long leaf sections are planted at the propagating frames
maintaining the polarity. Within a month a new plant develops
at the base of the leaf cutting.
D) Leaf bud cuttings : A leaf bud cutting consists of a leaf
blade, petiole and a small piece of stem containing a dormant
vegetative bud at the leaf axils. Many species such as
Camellia, Rhododendron, Blackberry etc. can be easily
propagated by means of leaf bud cuttings. The leaf bud
cutting with about 1.0-1.5 cm of stem portion bearing a leaf
with the axillary bud is usually taken. The stem portion of the
cutting can be treated with auxin for better rooting. New
shoots will develop soon and the axillary bud will sprout and
develop quickly to form a complete new plant.

Fig. 4.2 : Propagation by Cuttings
4.5.2 Propagation by Layering
It is a technique of propagation in which a portion of the plant

is forced to produce adventitious roots while it remains attached to
mother plant and the ultimate planting material from layering is called
as layers. This is one of the important methods of propagation.
Various commercial fruit crops are propagated by this method.
Different plants require different methods of propagation and
need careful choosing of the right method. Air layering, ground
layering and trench layering are some of the methods of layering.
A) Air Layering : As the name refers, in this method the layering
is done in air. To be more precise, the rooting is done on the
shoot itself when it is still attached to the mother plant. In
this method healthy one year old and straight shoot is
selected and a ring of bark measuring about 2.5 cm just
below a bud is removed. Moist sphagnum moss is placed
around this portion and is wrapped with a polythene strip. It
is light in weight and has a very high water holding capacity.
If sphagnum moss is not available, any other material, which
can retain moisture for a long period of time, can be used
for this purpose. The polythene covering does not allow the
moisture to come out but permits gas exchange. Moreover
the layers need not be watered afterwards, which saves
considerable labour. This method of layering is also known
as goottee method.
Air layering can be practiced during February–March and
July-August in guava, litchi, sapota, loquat etc. After a few
weeks the roots are developed which are visible through the
polythene covering. Then a half way cut should be given to
the rooted layers on the parent branch at least 15 days prior
to their permanent removal from the mother plant. At the
time of separation, a few leaves or small shoots are retained.
It is also advisable to plant these rooted layers in nursery for
close attention rather than to plant them directly in field.
These layers can be planted in the fields during the following
year in February or September–October.
Fig. 4.3 : Air Layering
Fig. 4.4 Procedure of Air Layering

Procedure of Air Layering

1. Bark deep incision is made on the shoot to be layered.
2. Ring of bark is removed, hormone application is done to the
girdle and distal end with brush
3. Girdle is to be covered with moist sphagnum moss and
wrapped tightly under polythene tube
4. Well developed roots are seen through polythene tube
5. Separated layer is ready for planting in polybag.
B) Ground layering : In this method, a branch of plant, which
is near the ground, is chosen and a ring of bark about 2.5
cm in diameter is removed just below the bud. This branch
is then bended and buried in soil when still attached to the
mother plant. The soil is regularly watered to keep it moist.
Within a few weeks, the roots are formed and the new plant
is separated from the mother plant. Separation should be
done in such a way that the roots formed also go with the
detached plant. These new plants should preferably be
planted in pots or nursery rows for developing better root
system and shoot system before planting in the fields. This
method is commonly followed for propagation of baramasi
lemon.
Pencil thick Pot or polybag kept Root growth in progress Separated

shoot down, below the soil, layered notch made on shoot layer with
bent like arch portion buried in before separation of good root
and slit made potting mixture and layer system
for layering stone kept to avoid
dislodging of shoot
Fig.4.5 : Procedure of Ground Layering
4.5.3 Propagation by Budding
The process of connecting a scion, which is a bud, with the

rootstock in a manner that they may unite and grow successfully as
one plant is called budding. The material involved is only one bud or
a single cluster eye of buds. Most of the fruit crops are commercially
propagated by this method. The rootstock for budding should be
vigorous and ripened (basal bark brown) and pencil size to one inch
thick.
There are different types of budding viz., Shield or “T”
budding, Chip budding, Patch budding etc.asshown in the following
illustrations.
1. T-Shaped incision made on the root stock

2. Flap of bark lifted on stock
3. Scion bud stick
4. Removal of Bud wood
5. Bud woods
6. Insertion of bud wood into matrix of stock
7. Bud joint bandaged
8. Scion bud sprouting
9. Growing budded plants
Fig. 4.6 : Procedure of Shield or ‘T’ Budding

1. Method of removal of chip on

rootstock.
2. Separation of chip bud on scion.
3. Chip bud placed in position on
stock.
4. Graft joint tightly bandaged.

5. Scion bud sprouting.
6. Scion shoot growing top of rootstock and bandage removed.
Fig. 4.7 : Procedure of Chip Budding
1. Horizontal incision made on rootstock.

2. Two vertical incisions made to join the
ends of horizontal incisions.
3. Patch of bark removed on rootstock.
4. Bark deep incisions made with bud on
patch.
5. Patch bud removed from scion shoot.
6. Patch bud placed in position on rootstock.

7. Graft joint bandaged tightly.
8. Scion bud sprouting.
9. Scion shoot growing rootstock portion cutoff, bandaged removed.
Fig. 4.8 : Procedure of Patch Budding
4.5.4 Propagation by Grafting
Grafting is a technique of propagation in which the scion

and the rootstock are connected in such a manner that they unite
and subsequently grow and develop into a successful plant .The
new plant is known as a graft.
The four basic requirements for successful grafting are:
(i) Compatibility between stock and scion,
(ii) Age of the parts joined together,
(iii) Wounding to expose cambium or other meristematic tissues
and
(iv) Anchorage of the parts.
There are different types of grafting viz., Approach grafting,
Veneer grafting, Epicotyle grafting, Soft wood grafting etc. The
following illustrations will high light these different types of grafting.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F)

A. Operated scion and stock with uniform slice of bark removed, B. Scion shoot
and rootstock tied together, C. Separation of graft making first cuts, D. Second
cuts made, E. Separated graft, F. Bandage removed
Fig. 4.9 : Procedure of Approach Grafting (Inarching)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

A. Prepared rootstock, B. Prepaird scion, C. Scion grafted on stock,
D. Deheaded stock and sprouted scion, E. Graft bandage remnoved
Fig. 4.10 : Procedure of Veneer Grafting
1. Geminated mango stone with epicotyl, 2. Epicotyl and scion spliced for grafting,
3. Epicotyl and scion brought together, 4. Cleft on epicotyl wedge on stock are
made, 5. Scion inserted into cleft epicotyl, 6. Graft portion tied with polythene
Fig. 4.11 : Procedure of Epicotyl Grafting
1. Root Stock, 2. Beheaded and prepared rootstock, 3. Prepared scion,

4. Scion inserted into stock, 5. Bandage completed
Fig. 4.12 : Soft Wood Grafting
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.5. What is a cutting?

.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.6. Name the factors responsible for success in propagation by
cutting?
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................

Q.7. What type of plants can be propagated by root cuttings?

.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.8. State true or false:
(i) Most of the fruit crops are propagated by cuttings.
(ii) Root cutting is generally taken in early or late summer.
(iii) Dahlia is propagated by herbaceous cuttings.
(iv) Alamanda is propagated by hard wood cuttings.
(v) Semi hardwood cuttings should be 7.5 – 15cm long.
(vi) Bryophyllum is propagated by leaf bud cuttings.
(vii) A leaf bud cutting consists of a leaf blade, petiole and a
small piece of stem.
Q.9. What are different methods of layering?
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.10. What is the difference between budding and grafting?
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
4.5.5 Propagation by Specialized Vegetative Structures
A) Bulbs : A bulb is a short, modified, underground stem

surrounded by usually fleshy modified leaves that contain
stored food for the shoot within. Most of the bulbous plants
like tulip, daffodil, onion, bulbous iris, tuberose etc. as they
reach maturity, produce buds in the axil of the scales. These
buds continue to grow forming daughter bulbs. These
daughter bulbs can be separated from the mother plants at
the end of the growing season and used as propagating
materials.

Fig. 4.13 : Bulbs
B) Tubers and Tuberous Roots : A tuber is a swollen, fleshy,

usually underground stem of a plant, such as the potato,
bearing buds from which new plant shoots arise.
Propagating by tubers or tuberous roots is done either by
planting the whole tuber or by cutting it into sections. Potato
is propagated by tubers. The examples of tuberous roots
are dahlia, sweet potato and tuberous rooted begonia.
Fig. 4.14 : Tubers
Fig. 4.15 : Tuberous roots

C) Rhizomes : The horizontal, thick and fleshy or slender and
elongated stems growing underground are known as
rhizomes. Rhizomes have nodes and internodes and readily
produce adventitious roots. Ginger, ferns and many grasses
are propagated by rhizomes.
Fig. 4.16 : Rhizomes

D) Corms : A corm is a solid underground base of a stem having

nodes and internodes and is enclosed by dry scale like
leaves. The gladiolus, crocus, freesia and water chestnut
are examples of corm forming plants.
Fig. 4.17 : Corms
Bulbous Plants
The term bulbous refers to plants that include true bulbs but
also the plants that grow f rom tubers,corms and
rhizomes.These are the storage organs that enable bulbous
plants to cope with growing conditions and long period of
dormancy during which time there is often nothing or little of
the plant that is visible on ground.
E) Runners : Runners are the specialized aerial stems arising

in the leaf axils of plants having rosette crowns. New plants
arise from the nodes at interval along these runners. From
these runners, more new runners may arise, thus developing
a natural clonal multiplication method. A typical runner
producing plant is strawberry.
Fig. 4.18 : Runners

F) Suckers : Some plants such as banana, pineapple, gerbera

etc. produce adventitious shoots from the underground
portion of the stem or from their horizontal root system.
These are known as suckers .They may be used as
propagating materials.
Fig. 4.19 : Suckers
G) Offsets or offshoot : An offset is a shoot or thick stem of

rosette-like appearance arising from the base of the main
stem of certain plants, such as date palm, pineapple etc.
Date palm cultivars are propagated vegetatively by cutting
away the offshoots and replanting them.
Fig. 4.20 : Offsets
4.6 PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES OF SOME

HORTICULTURAL CROPS
The propagation techniques of some horticultural crops like fruits,

vegetables and flowers are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 : Propagation techniques of some horticultural crops

Sl. No. Crops Commercial propagation techniques
1 Fruits
1.1 Banana Sword sucker
1.2 Pineapple Sucker, slip and crown
1.3 Mango Veneer grafting
1.4 Papaya Seed
1.5 Guava Air layering
1.6 Litchi Air layering
1.7 Assam lemon Semi hard wood cutting
1.8 Khashi Mandrin T-budding
1.9 Coconut Nut
1.10 Arecanut Nut
1.11 Cashewnut Soft wood grafting
2 Vegetables
2.1 Cabbage Seed
2.2 Cauliflower Seed
2.3 Knolkhol Seed
2.4 Tomato Seed
2.5 Brinjal Seed
2.6 Carrot Seed
2.7 Radish Seed
2.8 Pointed gourd Root cutting
2.9 Spine gourd Tuber
2.10 Bottle gourd Seed
2.11 Cucumber Seed
2.12 Chilli Seed
2.13 Capsicum Seed
2.14 Ridge gourd Seed
2.15 Beans Seed
3 Flowers
3.1 Marigold Seed
3.2 Dahlia Herbaceous cutting
3.3 Chrysanthemum Herbaceous cutting

3.4 Tuberose Bulb
3.5 Gladiolus Corm
3.6 Gerbera Sucker
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.11. What are the different specialized vegetative structures that

are used for propagation?
..............................................................................................
Q.12. How are the ferns propagated?
..............................................................................................
Q.13. Name four bulbous forming plants.
..............................................................................................
Q.14. Fill in the blanks.
(a) __________ propagation is common for most of the
vegetables, herbaceous ornamental annuals and
ornamental trees.
(b) A __________ is a plant raised for performing grafting and
budding
(c) __________ are the specialized aerial stems arising in
the leaf axils of plants having rosette crown
(d) An __________ is a shoot or thick stem of rosette-like
appearance arising from the base of the main stem of
certain plants.
4.7 LET US SUM UP
 Plant propagation is the perpetuation or increase in number of plants.

In simple words, it is the multiplication of plants. There are two types
of plant propagation - seed propagation and vegetative propagation.
Seed propagation is common for most of the vegetables, herbaceous

ornamental annuals and ornamental trees.
 Seed propagation is mainly employed for the production of healthy
seedlings for planting in certain fruit crops like papaya, mango, acid
lime, etc. but it is widely adopted for raising of rootstock seedlings for
budding or grafting purpose in many fruit crops. A root stock is a plant
raised for performing grafting and budding operations, where scion is
inserted from another plant/variety.
 Sowing is done thinly in lines at 1-2 cm depth in seed beds depending
on the size of the seed. The seeds are treated with Captaf or Thirum
or Brassicol @ 3g/kg of seeds before sowing.The beds are drenched
with copper oxychloride (0.3%) or captan 0.2% solution a day before
sowing. Irrigations are done till the seedlings are about 2-4 leaf stage
and then transferred to polybags or earthen or plastic pots of suitable
size preferably in the evening times and then watered. Vegetables
and seasonal flowers are grown in the field by direct sowing or by the
use of transplants. To protect the tender seedlings from heavy rain
and scorching sunshine overhead shade is provided .When the
seedlings are 15-20 days the shade is removed. The seedlings are
ready for transplanting when they are 30-40 days old or 10-15 cm in
height or at 3-4 true-leaved stage.
 In vegetative propagation, different parts of the plants and different
methods are adopted for propagating plants. A cutting is a part of a
plant which will produce roots and eventually, a new plant quite true to
the parent plant. A cutting may be a piece of stem, a leaf or part of a
leaf, a piece of root, or even a scale of a bulb. Propagation by cuttings
is one of the most important practices in nursery.
 Root cutting is very simple and easy, and can be practiced in plants
like guava, apple, pear, cherry, persimmon, rhododendron etc. and
adventitious shoots are regenerated.
 Cuttings made from soft, succulent, non- lignified new growths of some
woody plants are known as soft wood cuttings. Cuttings made from
the past season’s growth or wood that has become mature and
lignified are known as hardwood cuttings. The herbaceous cutting

usually consists of the terminal leafy portion of stems of herbaceous
plants like Dahlia, chrysanthemum, carnation, sweet potato etc. Many
ornamental plants like bryophyllum, sansevieria, etc. can be
propagated by leaf cuttings. A leaf bud cutting consists of a leaf blade,
petiole and a small piece of stem containing a dormant vegetative
bud at the leaf axils.
 The process of connecting scion, which is a bud, and rootstock in a
manner that they unite and grow successfully as one plant is called
as budding. Grafting is a technique of propagation in which scion and
rootstock are connected in such a manner that they may unite and
subsequently grow and develop into a successful plant .Layering is a
technique of propagation in which a portion of plant is forced to produce
adventitious roots while it remains attached to mother plant.
 Propagation is also done by some specialized vegetative structures
such as bulb, tuber, rhizomes, runners, suckers or offset. A bulb is a
short, modified, underground stem surrounded by usually fleshy
modified leaves that contain stored food for the shoot within .A tuber
is a swollen, fleshy, usually underground stem of a plant, such as the
potato, bearing buds from which new plant shoots arise. The
horizontal, thick and fleshy or slender and elongated stems growing
underground are known as rhizomes. A corm is a solid underground
base of a stem having nodes and internodes and is enclosed by dry
scale like leaves. Runners are the specialized aerial stems arising in
the leaf axils of plants having rosette crowns. Some plants such as
banana, pineapple, gerbera etc. produce adventitious shoots from
the underground portion of the stem or from their horizontal root system.
These are known as suckers. An offset is a shoot or thick stem of
rosette-like appearance arising from the base of the main stem of
certain plants, such as date palm, pineapple etc.

Ans. to Q. No. 1. Capacity of seeds to germinate under favourable

condition is called the seed viability.
Ans. to Q. No. 2. For hardening the seedlings
Ans. to Q. No. 3. Bavistin, Captan and Mancozeb
Ans. to Q. No. 4. (a) True, (b) True, (c) False, (d) True, (e) True
Ans. to Q. No. 5. A cutting is a part of a plant which will produce roots and
,eventually, a new plant quite true to the parent plant.
Ans. to Q. No. 6. Condition of the mother plant, part of the tree from where
the cuttings are made, time of the year, care to be taken
while planting and after care.
Ans. to Q. No. 7. Guava, apple, pear, cherry, persimmon, rhododendron
etc.
Ans. to Q. No. 8. (i) True, (ii) False, (iii) True, (iv) False, (v) True, (vi) False,
(vii) True
Ans. to Q. No. 9. Air layering, Ground layering and Trench layering
Ans. to Q. No. 10. Budding is the process of connecting a bud (scion) and
rootstock in a manner that they unite and grow
successfully as one plant. Grafting is a technique of
propagation in which scion and rootstock are connected
to develop as a plant.
Ans. to Q. No. 11. Bulb, Corm, Suckers, Rhizomes, Runner, Offset
Ans. to Q. No. 12. Rhizome
Ans. to Q. No. 13. Tulip, daffodil, onion, bulbous iris, and tuberose
Ans. to Q. No. 14. (a) Seed propagation, (b) root stock, (c) Runners,
(d) offset

 Scientific Nursery Management. Y. T. N. Reddy, T. Janakiram and D.

Satyanarayan Reddy.
Q.1. What is propagation?

Q.2. What are different types of plant propagation?
Q.3. What are the differences between two types of propagation?
Q.4. What are the crops which are generally propagated by seeds?
Describe the procedure of raising seedlings.
Q.5. How Chrysanthemum and dahlia are propagated?
(a) Herbaceous annual
(b) Root stock
(c) Bulb
(d) Corm
(e) Suckers
(f) Rhizomes

UNIT 5 : PROPAGATION OF SOME IMPORTANT
FLOWER CROPS
UNIT STRUCTURE

5.2 Introduction
5.3 Propagation of Chrysanthemum
5.3.1 Propagation by Seeds
5.3.2 Propagation by Suckers
5.3.3 Propagation by Terminal Cuttings
5.4 Propagation of Dahlia
5.4.1 Propagation by Seeds
5.4.2 Propagation by Division of Tubers
5.5 Propagation of Bulbous Ornamental Plants by Corms and Bulbs
5.6 Propagation of Gladiolus
5.7 Propagation of Tuberose
5.8 Let Us Sum Up
5.10 Answers to Check Your Progress
After studying this unit, where propagation technique of four important

flower crops is described,, you will be able to:
 State the importance of two important flower crops viz.,
Chrysanthemum and Dahlia
 Name the different methods of propagation used for multiplication
 Explain the method of propagation
 Recognize the importance of commercial bulbous ornamental
plants
Unit 5 Propagation of Some Important Flower Crops
 Recall the propagation techniques by corms and bulbs

 Explain the methods of propagation of two bulbous crops viz.,
Tuberose and Gladiolus.
5.2 INTRODUCTION
In the previous Unit, we have discussed various techniques of plant

propagation. Different techniques are adopted to propagate different type
of crops. In many crops, specialized vegetative structures are the main
materials for propagation. Chrysanthemum and Dahlias are the two most
important flower crops and valued for attractive flowers of various types
and colours. Their propagation is also done by such vegetative methods.
Similarly, bulbous ornamental plants like gladiolus and tuberose are also
popular flowers. Of the bulbous ornamental plants those that are tender
must be treated as bedding plants if they are to be used as garden plants.
Because such plants produce storage organs, it is possible to save these
structures, store them over the winter and replant them in the spring. For
this reason, they can be considered as special crops. The special aspects
of propagation of two popular plants viz., gladiolus and tuberose classed
as tender bulbous ornamentals will also be discussed in this unit.
In this unit, we shall discuss the techniques of propagation of
Chrysanthemum and Dahlias and the propagation of bulbous ornamental
plants such as tuberose and gladiolus by corms and bulbs.
5.3 PROPAGATION OF CHRYSANTHEMUM
Chrysanthemum is one of the widely grown greenhouse

ornamentals. Florist chrysanthemum is grown throughout the world both
for cut flowers and as potted plant. It is popular for flower arrangements
due to its long vase life.
Chrysanthemums, often called mums or chrysanths, belong to the
genus Chrysanthemum having about 30 species of perennial flowering
plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Asia and northeastern Europe.
Modern chrysanthemums are much more showy than their wild relatives.
Propagation of Some Important Flower Crops Unit 5
The flowers occur in various forms and can be daisy-like, decorative,

pompons or buttons. Chrysanthemum is a complex hybrid which is grown
from seeds and segregates into many diverse flower forms.
Fig. 5.1 : Chrysanthemum flowers
Chrysanthemum can be propagated by three methods. These are:

(i) Propagation by seeds
(ii) Propagation by suckers and
(iii) Propagation by terminal cuttings.
5.3.1 Propagation by seeds
Seeds are used for propagation of annual and single type of

chrysanthemum and also for the development of hybrid varieties.
5.3.2 Propagation by suckers
Suckers and terminal cuttings are used for propagation of

large and decorative varieties and florist’s chrysanthemum. Suckers
are the side branches which arise from the underground portion of
the stem and grow horizontally below the ground level up to some
distance and then come out and produce green leaves at their tips.
Cuttings are the pieces of the above ground portion of the stem.

5.3.3 Propagation by terminal cuttings
5-7 cm terminal cuttings are detached from the mother plants

with the help of a sharp blade. Long, weak growths, hard and woody
cuttings should not be used. Moderately soft young growths will root
quicker and grow better.The lower leaves are removed leaving 3-4
fully opened leaves at the top. A slanting cut is given just below a
node. After preparation of the cuttings they are placed in a bucket
containing water. The excess water is removed by giving a jerk to
the cuttings and then the cut ends are treated with rooting hormone
like Rootex or Seradex. They are then planted in the holes made in
the already sterilized media with fungicide at a spacing of 2.5 cm ×
5.0 cm.
Cuttings can be planted in beds, seed pans, pots, shallow
boxes and polythene bags. Root primordia appear within 7-10 days
and cuttings become well rooted within 3-4 weeks. It mainly depends
on cultivar, temperature, humidity, management practices etc.
5.4 PROPAGATION OF DAHLIA
Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous, perennial plants native to

Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. There are at least 36 species of
Dahlia. Dahlia hybrids are commonly grown as garden plants. The Aztecs
gathered and cultivated the dahlia for food, ceremonies as well as decorative
purposes, and the long woody stem of one variety was used for small pipes.
Given below are the visual illustrations of some dahlias.
Fig. 5.2 : Dahlia flowers
Dahlia is commonly propagated by

(a) Seeds (b) Division of tuber and (c) Cuttings.

5.4.1 Propagation by seeds
Dwarf bedding single dahlias is usually grown from seeds.

Seeds are sown in October-November and in March-April in hills.
Seedlings are transplanted in beds or pots after about a month of
sowing. However, plants are not true to the type.
5.4.2 Propagation by division of tuber
The double decorative cactus, pompon and other types of

dahlia are generally raised from tubers. When flowering is over, the
mother plant is headed back 15-20 cm above the ground level. After
7 days of heading back, the tubers are lifted out and dried in partial
shade for 3-4 days. Then tubers are treated with fungicide and
insecticide and stored in some earthen pot or floor covered with
sand. However, for commercial purposes, tubers are kept in cold
storage at a temperature of 7-10°C.
For planting the tubers are brought out from the cold storage
during July-August (±15 days). Tubers are divided before planting.
Each tuber should have some portion of crown for the development
of sprouts, eyes/buds.
5.4.3 Propagation by cuttings
After the tubers have sprouted and the young shoots have
come out and attained a height of 10-15 cm, small terminal stem
cuttings can be taken to raise new plants. Cuttings can be taken
periodically from July to September.
The size of a cutting should be 8-10 cm long. The cuttings
should be solid. The lower leaves are removed and a slanting cut is
given at the base just below a node. Then, the cut ends are dipped
into a rooting hormone like Seradox or Rootex and then planted in
rooting media i.e., pure sand, sand, peat moss, vermiculite etc.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.1. Why are Chrysanthemum and Dahlia considered as important

crops?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.2. What are the different types of propagation of chrysanthemum?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.3. How is Dahlia propagated?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
(i) In chrysanthemum, __________ cm terminal cuttings are
detached from the mother plants.
(ii) There are at least __________ species of dahlia.
(iii) The size of a cutting in Dahlia should be __________ cm.
5.5 PROPAGATION OF BULBOUS ORNAMENTAL

PLANTS BY CORMS AND BULB
Bulbous ornamental plants are those plants which produce bulbs

or similar underground storage organs that are perennial in growth habit.
Those that are hardy in our climate can be used and handled in much the
same as any other hardy herbaceous perennial. However, those that are
tender must be treated as bedding plants if they are to be used as garden
plants. Because such plants produce storage organs, it is possible to save
these structures, store them over the winter and replant them in the spring.
For this reason, they can be considered as special crops. The special
aspects of the propagation of a few popular plants like gladiolus and tuberose
classed as tender bulbous ornamentals are described here.

Fig. 5.3 : Gladiolus flowers
5.6 PROPAGATION OF GLADIOLUS
Gladiolus is propagated by corms and cormel. A corm is a swollen

base of stem axis having distinct nodes and internodes enclosed by dry,
scale-like leaves. In the mature corm, the dry leaf bases persist and enclose
the corm. At the apex of the corm a growing point exists that will develop
into leaves and flowering shoot.
Corms of 5-7 cm diameter are first dehusked and dipped in 0.2%
solution of Bavistin for 5 minutes and dried under shade. The corms should
be planted at a depth of 5-7 cm maintaining a distance of 20 cm from corm
to corm and 40 cm from row to row. Cormels are planted at closer spacing
after dipping them overnight in water.
In some cases, large corms are divided into small sections, each
containing a bud and a portion of root zone. The sections should be treated
with fungicide solution (Dithane M-45, 0.2 per cent) before planting.
Fig. 5.4 : Gladiolus Corm

5.7 PROPAGATION OF TUBEROSE

Tuberose is propagated by bulb. A bulb is a specialized underground
organ consisting of a short, fleshy, usually vertical stem axis bearing as its
apex a growing point or a flower primordium enclosed by stick fleshy scales.
Daffodil, Tulip, Lily etc. are also propagated by bulb.
Fig. 5.5 : Tuberose Flowers

Tuberose is propagated by bulbs and division of bulbs. The bulbs
should preferably be spindle shaped. Large bulbs having an average
diameter of 1.5 cm or more should be preferred. Tuberose can also be
multiplied by division of bulbs. Large bulbs are cut into 2-3 vertical sections,
each 2 cm or more in diameter. Each section should contain a bud and a
part of the basal plate. Each section is planted vertically in the soil after
treating with fungicide solution.
Fig. 5.6 : Tuberose Bulb
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.5. What is a corm? Give an example of a crop propagated by

corm.
..............................................................................................
.................................................................................................

Q.6. What is a bulb? Give the examples of a crop propagated by

bulb.
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Q.7. How is gladiolus propagated by corm?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.8. How is tuberose propagated by bulb?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.9. Fill in the blanks.
(a) __________ ornamental plants are those plants which
produce bulbs or similar underground storage organs.
(b) A __________ is a swollen base of stem axis having distinct
nodes and internodes enclosed by dry scale like leaves.
(c) __________ is propagated by corm.
(d) A __________ is a specialized underground organ
consisting of a short, fleshy, usually vertical stem.
(e) __________ is propagated by bulbs and division of bulbs.
5.8 LET US SUM UP
 Chrysanthemum and Dahlias are valued for attractive flowers of

various types and colours.
 There are mainly three methods of propagation of chrysanthemum
viz., by seeds, suckers and terminal cuttings. Seeds are used for the
propagation of annual and single type of chrysanthemum and also for
the development of hybrid varieties. Suckers and terminal cuttings
are used for propagation of large and decorative varieties and florist’s
chrysanthemum.
 In Chrysanthemum, 5-7 cm terminal cuttings are detached from the
mother plants with the help of a sharp blade. Root primordia appear
within 7-10 days and cuttings are well rooted within 3-4 weeks in
chrysanthemum cuttings
 Dahlia is commonly propagated by seeds, division of tuber and
cuttings. Dwarf bedding single Dahlias are usually grown from seeds.
Seeds are sown in October -November and March-April in hills. The
double decorative varieties like cactus, pompon and other types of
dahlia are generally raised from tubers.
 For commercial purposes, Dahlia tubers are kept in cold storage in
temperature 7.7-10°C. and for planting, tubers are brought out from
the cold storage during July-August
 Cuttings of Dahlia can be taken periodically from July to September.
The size of a cutting in dahlia should be 8-10 cm.
 Bulbous ornamental plants are those plants which produce bulbs or
similar underground storage organs that are perennial in growth habit.
Because such plants produce storage organs, it is possible to save
these structures, store them over the winter and replant them in the
spring. For this reason, they can be considered as special crops.
 A corm is a swollen base of stem axis having distinct nodes and
internodes enclosed by dry, scale-like leaves. In the mature corm, the
dry leaf bases persist and enclose the corm. Gladiolus is propagated
by corms and cormels. Corms of 5-7 cm diameter are first dehusked
and dipped in 0.2% solution of Bavistin for 5 minutes and dried under
shade. These are planted at a depth of 5-7 cm maintaining a distance
of 20 cm from one corm to another and 40 cm from row to row.
 In some cases, large corms are divided into small sections, each
containing a bud and a portion of root zone. The sections should be
treated with fungicide solution (Dithane M-45, 0.2 %) before planting.
 A bulb is a specialized underground organ consisting of a short, fleshy,
usually vertical stem axis bearing as its apex a growing a point or a
flower primordium enclosed by stick fleshy scales. Tuberose is
propagated by bulbs and division of bulbs. Large bulbs having an
average diameter of 1.5 cm or more are preferred.

 Tuberose can also be multiplied by division of bulbs. Large bulbs are

cut into 2-3 vertical sections, each 2 cm or more in diameter. Each
section of bulb should contain a bud and a part of the basal plate,
planted vertically in the soil after treating with fungicide.
Ans. to Q. No. 1. Chrysanthemum and Dahlias are valued for attractive

flowers of various types and colours.
Ans. to Q. No. 2. There are mainly three methods of propagation of
chrysanthemum viz., by seeds, suckers and terminal
cuttings.
Ans. to Q. No. 3. Dahlia is commonly propagated by seeds, division of
tuber and cuttings.
Ans. to Q. No. 4. (i) 5-7 (ii) 36 (iii) 8-10 cm
Ans. to Q. No. 5. A corm is a swollen base of stem axis having distinct
nodes and internodes enclosed by dry, scale-like leaves.
In the mature corm, the dry leaf bases persist and
enclose the corm. At the apex of the corm a growing
point exists that will develop into leaves and flowering
shoots. Example: Gladiolus.
Ans. to Q. No. 6. A bulb is a specialized underground organ consisting of
a short, fleshy, usually vertical stem axis bearing as its
apex a growing point or a flower primordium enclosed
by stick fleshy scales. Examples: Tuberose.
Ans. to Q. No. 7. Gladiolus is propagated by corms and cormels. Corms
of 5-7 cm diameter are first dehusked and dipped in 0.2%
solution of Bavistin for 5 minutes and dried under shade.
The corms should be planted at a depth of 5-7 cm
maintaining a distance of 20 cm from corm to corm and
40 cm from row to row.
Ans. to Q. No. 8. Tuberose is propagated by bulbs and division of bulbs.
The bulbs should preferably be spindle shaped. Large
bulbs having an average diameter of 1.5 cm or more

should be preferred. Tuberose can also be multiplied by
division of bulbs. Large bulbs are cut into 2-3 vertical
sections, each 2 cm or more in diameter. Each section
should contain a bud and a part of the basal plate. Each
section is planted vertically in the soil after treating with
fungicide solution.
Ans. to Q. No. 9. (a) Bulbous, (b) corm, (c) Gladiolus, (d) bulb,
(c) Tuberose

Q.1. What are the different methods of propagation of Chrysanthemum?

Q.2. How Dahlia is propagated commercially?
Q.3. What is the difference between Dahlia propagation by tubers and
by cuttings?
Q.4. How are gladiolus and tuberose propagated?
Q.5. What are the different vegetative structures that are used for the
propagation of bulbous ornamentals?

UNIT 6 : PROPAGATION BY TUBERS, RHIZOMES
AND THEIR DIVISIONS
UNIT STRUCTURE
6.1 Objectives
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Propagation by specialized organs/structures
6.3.1 Tuber
6.3.2 Rhizome
6.3.3 Suckers
6.4 Let Us Sum Up
6.6 Answers to Check your Progress
6.7 Model Questions
After reading this unit, you will be able to:

 Discuss the methods of propagation by specialized vegetative
structures
 Describe the methods of production of planting materials by
using tubers, rhizomes and suckers.
6.2 INTRODUCTION
In the previous unit, we have discussed how some flower crops

and bulbous ornamental crops are propagated by different specialized
vegetative structures/organs. There are some plants which are propagated
asexually by using plant parts produced in the plants. For those plants it is
very essential for the nurserymen to know the procedure of production of
planting materials by using plant parts like tubers, rhizomes and suckers.
The success of production of planting materials of such important
horticultural crops largely depends on the knowledge of propagation.
Unit 6 Propagation by Tubers, Rhizomes and Their Divisions
In this unit, we will discuss the propagation techniques of those

commercially important horticultural crops
6.3 PROPAGATION BY SPECIALIZED ORGANS/

STRUCTURES
6.3.1 Tuber
A tuber is a swollen, modified stem structure that functions

as an underground storage organ. Eyes or buds are present on the
surface of the tubers. Either the whole tuber is planted individually
or cut into sections ,each containing one or more buds or eyes,and
planted. Dahlia, Caladium etc are propagated by tubers.
6.3.2 Rhizome
A rhizome is a specialized stem structure in which the main

axis of the plant grows horizontally at or just below the ground
surface. It produces roots on its lower surface and extends shoots
above the ground. The stem appears segmented as it is composed
of nodes and internodes. Generally rhizomes are cut into small
pieces having one or more buds and planted for multiplication.
Propagation of Cannas and Heliconia : Canna and Heliconia are
propagated by rhizomes. The rhizome is divided into small sections.
Each section should contain at least one node for root and shoot
development. The individual sections should be treated with fungicide
solution before planting in a well prepared ground. The rhizomes
are buried 4-5 cm below the surface of soil.
6.3.3 Suckers
In some plants new stems are produced from the

adventitious buds on their roots. Such new growths are called
suckers. These suckers can be perpetuated as individual plants.
For example, Gerbera, Chrysanthemum etc.
Propagation by Tubers, Rhizomes and Their Divisions Unit 6
Propagation of Banana and Pineapple :

 Banana : Banana is propagated by suckers .In banana ,two
types of suckers are produced viz., (i) sword suckers and
(ii) water suckers.
Sword suckers are the suckers which have the narrow
leaves and the base of the pseudostem (the stem of banana
is not a true stem which is formed by tightly packed leaf
sheaths) is broad.
Water suckers are the suckers which have the broad
leaves and the pseudostem is cylindrical.
For propagation, only sword suckers are used. Sword
suckers 3-4 months old and 2-2.5kg weight are used for
the propagation of banana. The sucker is cut at a height of
30 cm from the rhizome. The dry leaf sheaths on the
pseudostem should be removed and the roots on the
rhizomes should be cut before planting. Suckers should be
treated with Furadon @ 40g per sucker to control the
nematode infestation.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) Sword sucker (B) Water sucker (C) Leaves of sword and water
suckers (D) Sword sucker after preparation for planting
Fig. 6.1 : Suckers of Banana
 Pineapple : Pineapple is propagated by suckers to get early

fruiting. It can also be propagated by slip or crown After
harvesting the fruit, the suckers should be separated from
the mother plants and the tip of the leaves should be cut.
After that, the suckers should be dipped in Indofil M-45 solution
of 0.2% for 10-15 minutes before planting as a preventive
measure for heart rot disease.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
Q.1. Give some examples of the crops propagated by tubers.

..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.2. What is a rhizome?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.3. Name two crops propagated by tubers.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.4. What is the difference between sword suckers and water
suckers?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.5. What type of sucker is preferred for banana propagation?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.6. What should be the size of suckers for the propagation of
banana?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.7. How are banana suckers treated before planting?
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
Q.8. Write briefly about the procedure of propagation of pineapple

by suckers.
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
a) A __________ is a swollen, modified stem structure that
functions as an underground storage organ.
b) A __________ is a specialized stem structure in which
the main axis of the plant grows horizontally at or just below
the ground surface.
c) Sword suckers are the suckers which have the
__________ leaves.
d) Water suckers are the suckers which have the __________
leaves.
e) Suckers should be treated with __________ @ 40g per
sucker to control the __________ infestation.
f) Pineapple is propagated by __________ to get early
fruiting.
6.4 LET US SUM UP
 A tuber is a swollen, modified stem structure that functions as an

underground storage organ Eyes or buds are present on the surface
of the tubers. For propagation, either the whole tuber is planted
individually or cut into sections each containing one or more buds or
eyes and planted. Dahlia, Caladium etc are propagated from tuber.
 A rhizome is a specialized stem structure in which the main axis of
the plant grows horizontally at or just below the ground surface.
Rhizomes produce roots on its lower surface and extend shoots above
the ground. Canna and Heliconia are propagated by rhizomes. The
individual sections of rhizomes of Canna and Heliconia should be
treated with fungicide solution before planting in a well prepared

ground. The rhizomes are buried 4-5 cm below the surface of soil.
 Banana and pineapple are propagated by suckers. In case of banana
two types of suckers are produced- sword suckers and water suckers.
Sword suckers are the suckers which have the narrow leaves and
the base of the pseudostem is broad. Water suckers are the suckers
which have the broad leaves and the pseudostem is cylindrical For
the propagation of banana, only sword suckers are used.
 Sword suckers of 3-4 months old and 2-2.5kg weight are used for
propagation. Which are cut at a height of 30 cm from the rhizome?
The dry leaf sheaths on the pseudostem and the roots on the rhizome
are removed before planting Suckers should be treated before planting
with Furadon @ 40g per sucker to control the nematode infestation.
 Pineapple is propagated by suckers to get early fruiting. After
harvesting the fruit, the suckers should be separated from the mother
plants and the tip of the leaves should be cut. The suckers should be
dipped in Indofil M-45 solution of 0.2% for 10-15 minutes before planting
as a preventive measure for heart rot disease.

 Practical Horticulture. James and Shoemaker and Benjamin, J.E.
Ans. to Q. No. 1. Plants propagated by tubers are Dahlia, Caladium etc.

Ans. to Q. No. 2. A rhizome is a specialized stem structure in which the
main axis of the plant grows horizontally at or just below
the ground surface. It produces roots on its lower surface
and extends shoots above the ground. The stem appears

segmented as it is composed of nodes and internodes.
Ans. to Q. No. 3. Cana, Heliconia
Ans. to Q. No. 4. Sword suckers are the suckers which have the narrow
leaves and the base of the pseudostem is broad. Water
suckers are the suckers which have the broad leaves
and the pseudostem is cylindrical.
Ans. to Q. No. 5. For propagation of banana, only sword suckers are used.
Ans. to Q. No. 6. Sword suckers 3-4 months old and 2-2.5kg in weight
should be used for propagation.
Ans. to Q. No. 7. Suckers should be treated with Furadon @ 40g per
sucker to control the nematode infestation.
Ans. to Q. No. 8. After harvesting the fruit, the suckers are separated from
the mother plants and the tip of the leaves is cut. After
that, the suckers are dipped in Indofil M-45 solution of
0.2% for 10-15 minutes before planting as a preventive
measure for heart rot disease.
Ans. to Q. No. 9. (a) tuber, b) rhizome, c) narrow, d) broad, e) Furadon,
nematode, f) suckers .
6.8 MODEL QUESTIONS
Q.1. Give examples of crops which are propagated by tubers and

rhizomes.
Q.2. How are banana and pineapple propagated?
Q.3. What are the treatments to be given to the planting materials of
banana and pineapple?

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UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO COMMERCIAL

1.1 Learning Objectives

1.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After going through the unit, you will be able to –

Demand for horticultural crops more particularly the ones bearing

1.3 NURSERY TRADE IN INDIA

There is an urgent need to get the nursery industry developed in the

1.4 SCOPE FOR COMMERCIAL NURSERY

Nursery raising technique is an important income generating process

maintaining varieties of flowering, fruit and ornamental plants. However,

1.5 DEFINITION OF NURSERY

Nursery is a place where plants and planting materials are raised

Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1) 9

 Seedlings of uniform size may be obtained.

1.6 NURSERY MANAGEMENT

For the establishment and management of a commercial nursery,

10 Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1)

seeds and other planting materials is easy and convenient way

is necessary. The rooting media and seed or planting materials

challenges. Integrated pest management (IPM) combining

1.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOWERING/

Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1) 13

Echium wildpretti etc. Some plants grown as biennials are, botanically

1.8 SOME POPULAR ORNAMENTAL PLANT SPECIES

ANNUALS : Antirrhinum, China aster, Ageratum, Arctotis, Carnation,

Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1) 15

FOLIAGE : Thuja, Crotons, Alocasia, Anthuriums, Coleus,

16 Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1)

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Q.1. Write about the scope of commercial nursery?

1.9 LET US SUM UP

 There is now a tremendous interest among the public for acquiring,

Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1) 17

1.10 FURTHER READINGS

 Scientific Nursery Management. Y. T. N. Reddy, T. Janakiram and

1.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Ans. to Q. No. 1. Nursery raising technique is the income generating

1.12 MODEL QESTIONS

Q.1. Define a nursery.

2.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

2.3 SELECTION OF SITE

The selected site for establishing a nursery should preferably

2.3.2 The Soil

The success of any nursery depends mainly upon the nature

The topography of the land should be plain with about one

2.4 PLANNING AND LAYOUT

After the selection of the site for the establishment of a nursery,

22 Commercial Nursery Management for Horticultural Crops (Block 1)

Prior to the establishment of a nursery, a good fence with

2.4.2 Roads and Paths

2.4.3 Progeny Block

Progeny block is the block of plants where true-to-type

of production and increases the success rate of grafting/budding/

2.4.4 Wells, Pipelines, Generators etc.

Fruit and ornamental nursery plants require abundant quantity

An office-cum-stores is needed for an effective management

2.4.6 Seed Beds

In a nursery, this component is essential to raise the seedlings

2.4.7 Nursery Beds /Poly bag

The raising of seedlings/rootstocks in poly bags requires

2.4.8 Potting Mixture and Potting Yard

For achieving better success in respect of nursery plants,

Allocation of space for a Medium Nursery

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