PERIODIC TABLE
Johann Dobereiner
In 1829, he classified some elements into groups of
three, which he called “TRIADS”.
The elements in a triad had similar chemical properties
and orderly physical properties.
Model of triads
John Newlands
In 1863, he suggested that elements be arranged in
“octaves” because he noticed (after arranging the
elements in order of increasing atomic mass) that
certain properties repeated every 8th element.
Law of Octaves ABBREVIATED ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
THE symbol for noble gas brackets that represents
Dmitri Mendeleev completed sublevels
In 1869 he published a table of the elements organized The remaining electrons in order of their sublevels
by increasing atomic mass.
“Father Of Modern Periodic Table”
HENRY MOSELEY
In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he determined
the actual nuclear charge (atomic number) of the
elements*.He rearranged the elements in order of
“increasing atomic number.”
PERIODIC VARIATIONS
Groups = vertical columns of the periodic table
1.Atomic Radius Trend
Group Trend – As you go down a column, atomic radius
increases
As you go down, e- are filled into orbitals that are
farther away from the nucleus (attraction not as
strong)
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
atomic radius decreases
As you go L to R, e- are put into the same orbital,
but more p+ and e- total (more attraction = smaller
size)
ELECTRON DOT NOTATION
Period = horizontal rows in the periodic table
The seven horizontal rows in the periodic table aka
periods
Period 1 and 2 = 2 electron in the sublevel
Period 2 and 3 = have 8 electron in the s and p sublevel
Period 4 and 5 – have 18 electron in the s, p and d level
Period 6 = 32 electron in the s,p, d and f
Classification of elements A DIAGRAM THAT SHOWS THE VALANCE OF THE
Representative element – the columns labelled 1A to ELECTRONS IN THE ELEMENT
7A
Noble Gases – the column labled 8A ( all are colourless
and little reactivity) PERIODIC VARIATIONS
Transition Elements – the columns 1B to 8B – all are 1. ATOMIC RADIUS
metallic 2. IONIC SIZE
Inner transition elements Ionic Radius – size of an atom when it is an ion
Lanthanoids – all rare earth or metals Group Trend – As you go down a column, ionic radius
Actinoids – all are radioactive increases
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
cation radius decreases,
anion radius decreases, too.
As you go L to R, cations have more attraction (smaller
size because more p+ than e-). The anions have a larger
size than the cations, but also decrease L to R because
of less attraction (more e- than p+)
Ionic Radius Trend
Metals – lose e-, which means more p+ than e- (more
attraction) SO…
PERIODIC TABLE
Cation Radius < Neutral Atomic Radius
Nonmetals – gain e-, which means more e- than p+ (not as
much attraction) SO…
Anion Radius > Neutral Atomic Radius
3. IONIZATION ENERGY
Ionization Energy – energy needed to remove
outermost e-
Group Trend – As you go down a column, ionization
energy decreases
- As you go down, atomic size is increasing (less
attraction), so easier to remove an e-
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
ionization energy increases
- As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing (more
attraction), so more difficult to remove an e- (also, metals
want to lose e-, but nonmetals do not)
4. ELECTRON AFFINITY
Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when
an atom gains an electron (also measured in kJ).
Variation by group - As we move down a group the
atomic size and nuclear size increases
- more pronounced the additional electron feels less
attracted by the large atom.
5. ELECTRONEGATIVITY
When electrons are shared by two atoms a covalent bond is
formed.
When the atoms are the same they pull on the electrons
equally. Example, H-H.
When the atoms are different, the atoms pull on the
electrons unevenly. Example, HCl
Group Trend – As you go down a column, electronegativity
decreases
As you go down, atomic size is increasing, so less
attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
electronegativity increases
As you go L to R, atomic size is decreasing, so there is
more attraction to its own e- and other atom’s e-
6. METALLIC PROPERTY
Group Trend – As you go down a column, metallic
character increases
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
metallic character decreases (L to R, you are going from
metals to non-metals
7. NON-METALLIC PROPERTY
Group Trend – As you go down a column, nonmetallic
character decreases
Periodic Trend – As you go across a period (L to R),
nonmetallic character increases (L to R, you are going from
metals to non-metals
TRENDS IN PROPERTIES
