DATABASE CONCEPTS AND SQL COMMANDS-

CLASS XII CS/IP SUMAN VERMA PGT(CS)

Database- Collection of huge amount of data which can be used for various applications.

DBMS- DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM- System used to manage the data by inserting , updating and deleting the data
in the database.

Examples- MS-ACCESS, ORACLE, MYSQL, GreySQL,SQLite

Advantages of database-

 Reduce redundancy
 Reduce data inconsistency
 Enforce standards
 Provides data security

SQL –

 Structured Query Language

 Language used to insert , update and delete the data in the database

DDL-

 Data Definition Language

 Used to define database objects
 CREATE , ALTER , DROP
 CREATE(to create database or table)
 ALTER(to add/delete/modify the COLUMN in the table)
 DROP(to delete the DATABASE or TABLE permanently)

DML-

 Data Manipulation Language

 Used to manage/manipulate the data
 INSERT , UPDATE , DELETE , SELECT
 INSERT(to insert the row in the table)
 UPDATE(to change/modify the data in the table)
 DELETE(to delete the rows from the table)
 SELECT(to display data)

TUPLE- Single ROW in the table . Attribute- Single column

DEGREE- Total number of Columns in the table D-C

CARDINALITY- Total number of Rows in the table C-R

RELATION- data arranged in the rows and columns is called RELATION or TABLE.

PRIMARY KEY- All the columns which have UNIQUE VALUES and USED to DIFFERENTIATE one row from other row. (In the
table PRIMARY KEY IS ADMN_NO.)
TABLE: STUDENT TABLE: INFO

ADMN_N ROLL_N NAME MARK

O O S
1001 1 ROHAN 99
2314 2 MOHA 100 UID NAME SCHOO ADMN_N
N L O
6543 3 GEETA 99 U1 ROHAN KVPP 1001
1234 4 MOHA NULL U2 MOHA KVPV 2314
N N
Count(*) =4 count(marks)=3 U3 GEETA KVKP 6543
U4 MOHA KVPV 2314
Domain – pool of values from which the values of a N particular
column are taken

CANDIDATE KEY- All those columns in the table which CAN SERVE as PRIMARY KEY. (ADMN_NO AND ROLL_NO BOTH ARE
CANDIDATE KEYS)

ALTERNATE KEY- All the candidate keys which are not PRIMARY KEY. (ROLL_NO IS CANDIDATE KEY )

FOREIGN KEY- A column in the table whose valued are taken from PRIMARY KEY of some OTHER TABLE.(IN THE INFO
TABLE ADMN_NO IS FOREIGN KEY)

Aggregate functions- MAX(),MIN(),AVG(),COUNT(),SUM() – applied to group of rows and return single result

Group
Description
Functions

MAX() Returns the maximum of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

MIN() Returns the minimum of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

AVG() Returns the average of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

SUM() Returns the sum of the non-NULL values in the specified field.

Returns the number of rows containing non-NULL values in the

COUNT()
specified field.

SELECT –

 Used to display the whole row from table (using *)

 or Used to display one or more columns from the table (using column name)

WHERE-

 Used to apply condition on single row.

 Gives one output per row
 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>2000; (Will give all rows whose salary will be greater than 2000)

GROUP BY-

 Used to divide the table in different groups ACCORDING TO SAME VALUE OF THE COLUMN
 USED TO APPLY GROUP/AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
 SELECT CITY, SUM(SALARY) FROM TEACHER GROUP BY CITY;
HAVING-

 Used with GROUP BY to apply CONDITION on the GROUP

 The HAVING clause behaves like the WHERE clause with the GROUP BY clause.
 SELECT CITY, SUM(SALARY) FROM TEACHER GROUP BY CITY HAVING CITY =’DELHI’;

ORDER BY-

 To arrange data in ascending or descending order (ASC/DESC)

 SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY NAME ASC; (WILL GIVE ALL THE ROWS ARRANGED BY NAME)

SQL COMMANDS

SHOW DATABASES; To see a list of databases in

computer

CREATE DATABASE डेटाबेस का नाम ; To create database

USE डेटाबेस का नाम; To open database

DROP DATABASE डेटाबेस का नाम ; To delete database

SHOW TABLES; To see a list of tables in a

database

CREATING THE TABLE-

TABLE: STUDENT

RNO NAME CLASS MARKS FEES

1 ROHAN 12 100 1000
2 SOHAN 10 99 2000

(WITHOUT ANY CONSTRAINTS/CONDITIONS)

CREATE TABLE टेबल का नाम( कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप
 ………………………………………………………..);

(WITH CONSTRAINTS)
CREATE TABLE टेबल का नाम( कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइपPRIMARY KEY ,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप NOT NULL,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप UNIQUE ,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप DEFAULT 20,
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप CHECK (कोलम का नाम >2000),
कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप );
कोलम का टाइप = INT / DECIMAL(M,N) / CHAR() OR VARCHAR() / DATE

INSERT-TO INSERT ROW IN THE TABLE-

METHOD-1
INSERT INTO टेबल का नाम (COL1NAME,COL2NAME,COL3NAME..)
VALUES(VAL1,VAL2,VAL3..);

INSERT INTO STUDENT (RNO,NAME,CLASS,MARKS,FEES)

VALUES(1,’ROHAN’,12,100,1000);
METHOD-2
INSERT INTO टेबल का नाम VALUES (VAL1,VAL2,VAL3..);
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1,’ROHAN’,12,100,1000);

DROP- TO DELETE THE TABLE PERMANENTLY FROM DATABASE-

DROP TABLE टेबल का नाम;

टेबल और कॉल स के नाम कभी भी को स म नह आते

यूमे रक डाटा भी को स म नह आते (2,3,34.45,2000)
करै टर ,DATE और ग डाटा को स म आते है (‘a’,’Rohan’,’S101’)
ALTER COMMAND- TO ADD/DELETE/MODIFY THE COLUMN
ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम ADD कोलम का नाम कोलम का टाइप ;

ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम DROP कोलम का नाम ;

ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम MODIFY कोलम का नाम कोलम का नया टाइप ;

ADDING PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT IN EXISTING TABLE

ALTER TABLE टेबल का नाम ADD PRIMARY KEY( कोलम का नाम) ;

UPDATE- TO CHANGE THE DATA IN THE TABLE

UPDATE टेबल का नाम SET कोलम का नाम=NEW VALUE;

UPDATE टेबल का नाम SET कोलम का नाम=NEW VALUE
WHERE CONDITION;
UPDATE STUDENT SET MARKS=100 WHERE RNO=5;

DELETE – DELETING ROWS FROM TABLE

DELETE FROM टेबल का नाम WHERE CONDITION; (SPECIFIC ROWS)
DELETE FROM टेबल का नाम ; (ALL ROWS)
DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE MARKS<33;

SELECT –
 Used to display the whole row from table (using *)
 or Used to display one or more columns from the table (using column
name)
SYNTAX-
SELECT ____
FROM _____
WHERE _____
ORDER BY______;

USE OF - AND/OR/NOT/LIKE/BETWEEN/ > , >= , < , <= / NULL/IN/DISTINCT

EXAMPLES-

SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT;
SELECT NAME,ADMN_NO FROM STUDENT;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE CLASS=12;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE CLASS=12 AND MARKS>70;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE IS NULL;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE IN (‘A’,’B’); OR

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE =’A’ OR GRADE=’B’;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE MARKS BETWEEN 50 AND 70;

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE NOT IN (‘A’,’B’); OR

SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE GRADE! =’A’ OR GRADE!=’B’;

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “_ _ _ _ _”; (NAME HAVING 5 LETTERS)

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “%A”; (NAME HAVING A IN THE LAST)

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “A%”; (NAME HAVING A IN THE STARTING)

SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME LIKE “_ A_ _ _”; (NAME HAVING A IN SECOND
POSITION AND EXACTLY 5 LETTERS)

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