PHYSICS

PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY :

S.SANJAY

CLASS :

XII-A
 TO STUDY

LIGHT REFLECTION

AND

REFRACTION OF LIQUID
CERIFICATE

This is to certify that sanjay .s student of class “XII-A” has

successfully completed the project to study the development of
embryogenesis under the guidance of Mrs. Shanthi beulah during
year “2022-2023”.

Principal signature Teacher’s signature External signature

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support,
this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with this project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my biology teacher Mrs
shanthi beulah whose valuable guidance has been the once that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof success. Her
suggestions and her instructions have served as the major contributor
towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been very
helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.
CONTENTS

1.introduction

2.theory

3.light reflection preocess

4.light refraction process

5.result

conculsion

7. bibilography
OBJECTIVE:

The objective of the project is to determine what properties of

mediums affect the light reflection, refraction and intensity off
different liquids and in what quantity. Another goal is to learn and
understand the concept of light physics.
Materials required

1.a setup of a tripod

2.laser light

3.a table

4.container

5. A liquid

6.wall

7.a measuring poster.

INTRODUCTION

What is Reflection of Light?

When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the

light ray bounces back, it is called the reflection of light. The incident
light ray that land on the surface is reflected off the surface. The ray
that bounces back is called the reflected ray. If a perpendicular were
drawn on a reflecting surface, it would be called normal. The figure
below shows the reflection of an incident beam on a plane mirror.

Here, the angle of incidence and angle of reflection are with respect
to normal and the reflective surface.\

reflection, abrupt change in the direction of propagation of a wave

that strikes the boundary between different mediums. At least part of
the oncoming wave disturbance remains in the same medium. Regular
reflection, which follows a simple law, occurs at plane boundaries.
The angle between the direction of motion of the oncoming wave and
a perpendicular to the reflecting surface (angle of incidence) is equal
to the angle between the direction of motion of the reflected wave and
a perpendicular (angle of reflection). Reflection at rough, or
irregular, boundaries is diffuse. The reflectivity of a surface material
is the fraction of energy of the oncoming wave that is reflected by
it.See also total internal reflection

Laws of Reflection:

The laws of reflection determine the reflection of incident light rays

on reflecting surfaces, like mirrors, smooth metal surfaces and clear
water. Let’s consider a plane mirror as shown in the figure above.
The law of reflection states that
1.The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same
plane

2.The angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

Types of Reflection of Light

Different types of reflection of light are briefly discussed below:

1.Regular reflection is also known as specular reflection

2.Diffused reflection

3.Multiple reflection

what is refraction of light:

Refraction of light is one of the most commonly observed phenomena,

but other waves like sound waves and water waves also experience
refraction. Refraction makes it possible for us to have optical
instruments such as magnifying glasses, lenses and prisms. It is also
because of the refraction of light that we that we are able to focus
light on our retina.

Causes of Refraction
Change of Speed Results in Change in Direction

A light ray refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a medium of

different refractive index. This change in speed results in a change in
direction. As an example, consider air travelling into water. The
speed of light decreases as it continues to travel at a different angle.
Laws of Refraction of Light:

Laws of refraction state that:

1.The incident ray refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of
two media at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane.

2.The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the
angle of refraction is a constant. This is also known as Snell’s law of
refraction.

Sin i / sin r = constant

THEORY:

Reflection of light is either specular (mirror-like) or diffuse (retaining

the energy, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the
interface. In specular reflection the phase of the reflected waves
depends on the choice of the origin of coordinates, but the relative
phase between s and p (TE and TM) polarizations is fixed by the
properties of the media and of the interface between them.

A mirror provides the most common model for specular light

reflection, and typically consists of a glass sheet with a metallic
coating where the significant reflection occurs. Reflection is enhanced
in metals by suppression of wave propagation beyond their skin
depths. Reflection also occurs at the surface of transparent media,
such as water or glass.

In the diagram, a light ray PO strikes a vertical mirror at point O,

and the reflected ray is OQ. By projecting an imaginary line through
point O perpendicular to the mirror, known as the normal, we can
measure the angle of incidence,θi and the angle of reflection, θr. The
Law of reflection states that θi = θr, or in other words, the angle of
incidence equals the angle of reflection.
In fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a
medium of a given refractive index into a medium with a different
refractive index. In the most general case, a certain fraction of the
light is reflected from the interface, and the remainder is refracted.
Solving maxwell equation's for a light ray striking a boundary allows
the derivation of the Fresnel equations, which can be used to predict
how much of the light is reflected, and how much is refracted in a
given situation. This is analogous to the way impendance mismatch in
an electric circuit causes reflection of signals. Total internal
reflection of light from a denser medium occurs if the angle of
incidence is greater than the critical angle.

Total internal reflection is used as a means of focusing waves that

cannot effectively be reflected by common means.X-ray telescopes are
constructed by creating a converging "tunnel" for the waves. As the
waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are
reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with
the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the
focus). A conventional reflector would be useless as the X-rays would
simply pass through the intended reflector.

When light reflects off of a material with higher refractive index than
the medium in which is traveling, it undergoes a 180° phase shift.

Refraction occurs when light goes through a water surface since

water has a refractive index of 1.33 and air has a refractive index of
about 1.

Looking at a straight object, such as a pencil in the figure here, which

is placed at a slant, partially in the water, the object appears to bend
at the water's surface.

This is due to the bending of light rays as they move from the water to
the air. Once the rays reach the eye, the eye traces them back as
straight lines (lines of sight).
The lines of sight (shown as dashed lines) intersect at a higher
position than where the actual rays originated. This causes the pencil
to appear higher and the water to appear shallower than it really is.

The depth that the water appears to be when viewed from above is
known as the apparent depth.

This is an important consideration for spearfishing from the surface

because it will make the target fish appear to be in a different place,
and the fisher must aim lower to catch the fish.

Conversely, an object above the water has a higher apparent height

when viewed from below the water. The opposite correction must be
made by an archer fish.

For small angles of incidence (measured from the normal, when sin θ
is approximately the same as tan θ), the ratio of apparent to real
depth is the ratio of the refractive indexes of air to that of water.

But, as the angle of incidence approaches 90o, the apparent depth

approaches zero, albeit reflection increases, which limits observation
at high angles of incidence.

Conversely, the apparent height approaches infinity as the angle of

incidence (from below) increases, but even earlier, as the angle of
total internal reflection is approached, albeit the image also fades
from view as this limit is approached.
LIGHT REFLECTION PROCESS:

HOW DOES LIGHT REFLECT IN DIFFRENT SURFACES:

SPECULAR REFLECTION:

Reflection is when light bounces off an object. If the surface is smooth

and shiny, like glass, water or polished metal, the light will reflect at
the same angle as it hit the surface. This is called specular reflection.

MIRROR REFLECTION:

Also, when light is reflected from a mirror, it bounces off at the same
angle in the opposite direction from which it hit. For example, if the
light hits a flat or "plane mirror" at a 30-degree angle from the left, it
will bounce off at a 30-degree angle to the right. When photons —
rays of light — coming from an object (your smiling face, for
example) strike the smooth surface of a mirror, they bounce back at
the same angle. Your eyes see these reflected photons as a mirror
image.

DIFFUSE REFLECTION:

A surface built from a non-absorbing powder such as plaster, or from

fibers such as paper, or from a polycrystalline material such as white
marble, reflects light diffusely with great efficiency.

Light refraction process:

HOW DOES LIGHT REFRACT IN WATER:

When light passes from a less dense to a more dense substance, (for
example passing from air into water), the light is refracted (or bent)
towards the normal.

A demonstration of refraction can be conducted at home in a dark

room. All that is needed is a flashlight, a clear glass filled with water
and a small mirror.

Shine the light directly into the glass. If the light strikes the water
straight on (or parallel to the normal), no bending occurs and it
simply passes directly into the water undisturbed, leaving only a
straight beam of light all the way to the bottom of the glass.Shine the
light into the glass at an angle. As the light enters the water, it is
refracted. Since the light is passing from air (less dense) into water
(more dense), it is bent towards the normal. The beam of light would
appear to bend at the surface of the water.

Place a mirror at the bottom of the glass of water and again shine the
light into the glass of water at an angle. As light initially enters the
water, it isrefracted as in figure (b) and then reflected off the mirror
(at the bottom of the glass). Upon exiting the water, the light is bent
away from the normal as it passes from water (more dense) and into
air (less dense).

The light would leave the flashlight, bend at the surface of the water,
reflect off the mirror at the bottom of the glass and move towards the
surface, where it would bend outward at the same angle it bent in on
the way in.
RESULT:

The results of the experimentation came in two parts, one was the
actual reflection and refraction of the light and the other was the
properties that affected it.

The light reflection testing results were constant because all of the
liquids reflected the light at 45 degrees.

The results for light refraction were different and were affected
mainly by the viscosity property. Some of the results really puzzled the
experimenter and made him dwell on what occured for quite some
time.

The experimentation process of the testing was divided into two

sections, light reflection and refraction. The two tests were both
conducted in a controlled enviroment where the experimenter could
work efficiently.

This was the ideal setup since it is easier to conduct and to figure out
the trigonomic functions needed in the experiment.

The light was shined at a controlled 45degree angle for both tests
onto the setup and then were tested with different liquds.

The liquids were all common substances that would be found in many
households.

The light source that was used was a laser pointer that had a 630-
680nm wavelength and the light meter that was used was a normal
flash/light meter.
CONCLUSION:
The properties color, opacity, and viscosity affected light reflection, refraction, and intensity
by increasing or decreasing the angle of refraction and the intensity. The patterns in this
experiment were that the reflection testing was constant and the properties had very little
affect on it.

Also in the refraction testing their were two main groups of results; watery liquids which
averaged 1.7cm of refraction and oily liquids with an average of 2.2cm of refraction. The
results prove the part correct hypothesis that the experimenter proposed in the beginning.

Properties of different mediums do have an affect on light reflection and refraction.

This project is about determining what properties affect light reflection, refraction and
intensity off of different liquid.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1.https://www.1000sciencefairprojects.com/Physics/Light-Reflection-
and-Refraction-off-Liquids.php

2.https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/cbse-class-10-science-notes-chapter-
10-light-reflection-and-refraction/

3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction