Journal of Building Construction

Volume 3 Issue 2

Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete in Bangladesh

Context: A Review
Raisul Islam Shuvo1*, Razesh Kanti Sarkar2, Md. Mehrab Mostak3,
Dr Sharmin Reza Chowdhury4
1,2,3
Student, 4Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.

*Corresponding Author
E-mail Id:-160203095@aust.edu

ABSTRACT
Bangladesh is experiencing faster urbanization. Multi-storied building technology has
become popular in urban areas due to fulfill urban housing demand in Bangladesh. The
Government, manufacturers and stakeholders should explore proper approaches to reuse the
building /construction wastes without aggravation to climate. The main objective of this study
is to review the physical and mechanical properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and
to compare these properties with that of natural aggregates. This review also focuses on the
influence of RCA on Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC). It is found from this review study
that RCA can be used in non structural member efficiently by replacing 25 to 30% natural
course aggregate. For using RAC in structural member, still some improvements of flexural
properties of RCA are required. It is also shown that recovery of construction and demolition
waste is higher in developed countries.

Keywords:-Recycled coarse aggregate, physical and mechanical properties, demolition

waste.

INTRODUCTION bound together with cement and water.

Bangladesh is a developing country where
city urbanization started in 1991s. Due to
industrialization, Bangladesh's
urbanization rate is very high.
Bangladesh's GDP is growing at an annual
rate of 8.2% (2018/2019 e) [1]. For
achieving GDP rate, it is necessary to build
various industrial structures using
concrete.
Since we spend 90% of our time in
building or other infrastructures such as
roads, highways, and bridges, so concrete
materials are extremely momentous in our
lives. The word concrete comes from the
Latin word “Concretus” (meaning
condensed) [2]. Concrete is a close-knit
mixture of fine and coarse aggregates
Worldwide over 12 billion tons of concrete
are being used each year. Around 1.5
billion tons of cement, 9.3 billion tons of
aggregates, and 1.2 billion tons of water
are used to produce this massive volume of
concrete [3]. For this huge production,
maximum portion of the aggregates come
from natural assets which is limited.
Cutting rocks, crushing river gravels, and
other methods are often used to extract
natural aggregates.
But in Bangladesh the sources of crushed
stones are limited. For this reason, baked
clay brick chips are used which is
destructive for our current circumstance.
From climate perspective, for production
of natural aggregate, large amount of

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carbon releases. In future, when natural
resources will finish what we do? So, it is
urgent to provide alternative materials
which could be used to replace natural
aggregates in concrete.
On the other hand, Construction and
demolition (C&D) industries in Asia and
many other developing countries around
the world manufacture and dump huge
amounts of waste. Among the materials
found in (C&D) waste, significant portions
of total weight of waste are represented by
concrete. Debris from the demolition of
homes, highways, bridges, and other
infrastructure is referred to as demolition
waste. The primary causes of the rise in
demolition concrete waste are as follows:
• Destruction of buildings & structures
due to cataclysmic event
(Earthquakes, Storms, Landslide
etc.)& wars.
• Rearrangement of a city.
• Many old houses and other structures
have reached the end of their useful
life and must be demolished.
• In Bangladesh, low rise building
owners started to construct high rise
building replacing their old houses.
Every day, at least 3.5 million tons of solid
waste are generated around the world (In
18 may,2018) [4]. In September 2018,
According to the World Bank, global
waste generation is expected to increase by
70% by 2050 unless people take
immediate action (Sesonseo Global Waste
Index 2019) [5]. According to statistic in
2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital,
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Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2
generates about 3340 tons of solid waste
every day, of which 668 tons are recycled,
1236 tons are illegally dumped, and 1436
tons are disposed of in landfills (AIT-
UNEP RRC.AP, 2005) [6]. Construction
and demolition waste accounts for around
(15 to 20 percent) of their waste.
The tremendous measure of waste is
treated for our current circumstance. We
need preserve the assets and relief from
this huge amount of construction waste.
We have to use “3R” principle (i.e.,
reduce, reuse and recycle) which has been
investigated from long time [7].
On an environmental standpoint, the
production of 1 ton of natural aggregate
emits 0.0046 million tons of carbon, while
the production of 1 ton of recycle
aggregate emits 0.0024 tons of carbon. By
recycling building and demolished
concrete, more than 30% of natural
aggregate can be saved [8].
Use of recycle aggregate is not a new
thing. In past, many investigations have
been done by various researchers. Reusing
of crushed concrete was first recorded in
1860 in Germany. At the end of World
War II, many countries started to use
recycled aggregate for the excessive
demolition of building and roads. It
became popular in the United States in
1970’s.
People may encourage for using recycled
concrete aggregate (RCA) due to benefits
as shown below:
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 Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2

Use as a
landfills
material which
saves land
spaces

RCA reduce
the need for provides
gravel mining
Benefits economic
and also save
benefits
money of RCA
use

Less emission
Creates
of carbon, this
business is good for our
opportunities environment

Demolished Concrete Blocks Recycled Coarse Aggregate [9]

(Collected from demolished building sites) (After Crushing Concrete blocks)
Fig.1:-Demolished Concrete Block and Recycled Aggregates

Demolished concrete blocks were sites and cut into pieces as aggregate for
extracted from demolished construction the investigation, as seen in Figure 01.

STATUS OF RECOVERY OF JAPAN: In early 1970, some Japanese

CONSTRUCTION AND researcher had been investigated about
DEMOLITION WASTE IN recycling of concrete. In Japan, the
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES majority of recycling and demolition waste
The current state of construction and is based on earthquake-resistant materials
demolition waste recovery in a few foreign and prefabrication [10].
countries is described in this section.

Fig.2:-Construction and Demolition waste of Japan [10]

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Figure 2 shows the construction and
demolition waste situation in Japan in the
year 2000.
In Japan, approximately 77 million tons of
construction and demolition waste are
produced each year and around 80.50%
construction & demolition waste has been
recovered per year [11].
INDIA: Rapid infrastructural growth in
India, such as airports, highways, and
housing, as well as the demand for
construction materials, has resulted in
scarcity and an increase in the cost of
construction materials. The majority of the
buildings that have been destroyed are
used as landfill materials. As a result, there
is a scarcity of land for disposal in urban
areas. So, it is essential to begin reusing
demolition concrete waste [12]. In India,
approximately 150 million tons of
construction and demolition waste are
produced each year. However, the official
recycling capacity is just 6,500 tons per
day (TPD), which is less than 1% of total
capacity [13].
CHINA: In China, with the fast
improvement of development industry
which depends on the expense of
unnecessary common asset utilization and
the disintegration of the climate, the
logical inconsistency between the practical
advancement of the development business
and the deficiency of assets will turn out to
be more also more genuine. At the same
time, the interaction of the development of
new structures and destruction of old
structures is produced a large amount of
solid waste in every year. Natural disasters
in China, such as the 2008 Wenchuan
earthquake, the 2010 Yushu earthquake,
and the 2011 Yunnan earthquake, have
resulted in a large amount of waste
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Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2
concrete. Construction waste reuse has
become a hot topic in China recently and
deserves deep researches [14]. China
produces approximately 300 million tons
of construction and demolition waste per
year and recovered around 120 million
tons. Approximately 40% construction &
demolition waste has been recovered per
year in china [11].
HONG KONG: For regulating NOx in
the surrounding air, concrete bricks and
paving blocks were successfully
impregnated with photograph impetus. The
public authority generally supports the
reusing of C&D materials taken from
development work and overseeing
development squander. The amount of
construction and demolition waste
generated each year approximately 24.3
million tons in Hong Kong and recovered
around 6.8million tons. Approximately
28% construction & demolition waste has
been recovered per year [11].
TAIWAN: The amount of construction
and demolition waste generated each year
approximately 63 million tons in Taiwan
and recovered around 58 million tons.
Approximately 92% construction
&demolition waste has been recovered per
year in Taiwan [11].
THAILAND: The amount of construction
and demolition waste generated each year
approximately 10 million tons in Thailand
and recovered around 3.2 million tons.
Approximately 32% construction &
demolition waste has been recovered per
year in Thailand [11].
The recovery of construction and
demolition waste described in the above is
summarized in Table
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 Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2

Table 1:-Recovery of construction & demolition waste [11]

Total C&D waste
Countries Total C&D Recovery(million tons)
(million tons)
Australia 19.30 12.00
China 300.00 120.00
Hong Kong 24.30 6.80
Japan 77.00 62.00
Taiwan 63.00 58.00
Thailand 10.00 3.20
Belgium 40.20 34.57
Denmark 21.70 20.40
Finland 20.80 5.40
France 342.60 212.40
Germany 192.30 165.40
Ireland 16.60 13.30
Netherland 25.80 25.28
Norway 1.30 0.87
Portugal 11.40 5.52
Spain 38.50 5.39
Switzerland 7.00 2.00
United Kingdom 114.20 74.23
Brazil 101.00 6.20
Canada 0.66 0.20
USA 534.00 256.30
South Africa 4.70 0.76

600.00

500.00
Total C & D
(Million Tons)

400.00
waste
300.00

200.00

100.00 Total C & D

waste recovery
0.00
United…
Australia

USA
Hong Kong

Portugal

South Africa
China

Finlang

Brazil
Canada
Belgium
Taiwan

Denmark

France

Spain
Switzerland
Japan

Thailand

Germany
Ireland

Norway
Netherland

Countries
Fig.3:-Comparison of C&D Waste VS C&D Waste Recovery

The recovery status of the different Concrete mix design and various
countries which is shown in tabular form is properties of concrete are getting impacted
again shown in pictorial view at Figure 3. by the physical properties of recycled
concrete aggregate. Due to the existence of
AGGREGATE PROPERTIES OF remaining cement mortar in recycled
RECYCLED CONCRETE aggregates, the essential qualities of RCA
AGGREGATE (RCA) such as Shape and Texture, Specific
Physical Properties gravity, Bulk density, Water absorption

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 Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2

Capacity are worse than NCA's. Table 2 of NCA and RCA, which are briefly
shows the fundamental physical properties discussed later.

Table 2:-Fundamental physical properties of NCA and RCA [15]

Physical properties Natural Concrete Recycled Concrete Recycled Concrete
Aggregate(NAC) Aggregate(RCA) Aggregate(RCA)
(For stone) (For Brick) [16]
Shape and texture Well rounded, smooth Angular with rough Almost Angular with
(gravels) to surface rough surface
angular and rough (crushed
rock)
Specific gravity (saturated surface- 2.4-2.9 2.1-2.5 2.02
dry based)
Bulk density(Kg/m3) 1450-1750 1200-1425 1096-1245
Water absorption (wt. %) 0.5-4 3-12 14
Pore Volume (vol. %) 0.5-2 5-16.5 40

Particle Shape and Texture
The aggregate particle form and texture
have a significant impact on the concrete's
workability. RCA will in general be
exceptionally precise and harsh due to the
pulverization of old concrete and the
inclusion of hardened cement mortar
adhered to the surfaces of recycled coarse
aggregate. The shape of NCA is almost
well rounded whereas the shape of RCA
(for stone) is almost angular. In context of
Bangladesh, here brick chips are used in
concrete for casting slabs. Particle shapes
are almost same in both cases of RCA as
can be seen from Table 02.
Specific Gravity
As can be seen from Table 2, RCA has a
lower specific gravity than NCA. The
specific gravity of recycled concrete
aggregate (for stone) was determined to be
between 2.1 and 2.5 in saturated surface
dry conditions, which is lower than NCA's
specific gravity [15].In case of RCA(for
brick), specific gravity is about 2.02 which
is very disappointing [16]. The reason of
lower specific gravity of RCA is the
adherence of remaining old cement paste
on recycled aggregate, which renders it
less dense than natural aggregate.
Bulk Density
As seen in Table 2, the bulk density of
RCA is appreciably smaller than that of
NCA. The bulk density of NCA was found
in range between (1450-1750)
kg/m3whereas the bulk density of NCA
was found in range between (1200-1425)
kg/m3 (for stone) [15] and (1096-
1245)kg/m3 (for brick) [16] from Table 2.
This is due to the RCA's higher porosity in
the presence of ascribed cement paste to
the surfaces of recycled coarse aggregate.
Because of the lower Bulk Density, the
concrete mix gets influenced.
Water Absorption Capacity
As seen in Table 2, the water absorption
capacity of RCA is noticeably greater than
that of NCA. The ability of aggregate to
absorb water has a major impact on the
concrete mix design. The water absorption
capacity of NCA was found within the
range of (0.5-4) % which is less than the
water absorption capacity of RCA (for
both stone & brick) [15]. The bulk density
of RCA (for stone) was observed to be
9.8% lower than that of NCA in Yong and
Teo (2009)'s experiments [17]. Because of
the higher porosity of RCA in the
appearance of added cement paste, this
occurs.
Pore Volume
Table 2 shows that the pore volume of
RCA is slightly greater than that of NCA.
The pore volume of RCA (for brick) was
found 40 % which is higher among NCA

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and RCA (for stone) [16]. The porous
nature of remaining mortar with old brick
aggregates does this. In comparison to
NCA, RCA has a higher pore volume,
making it frail and less dense.
Mechanical Properties
Concrete's mechanical properties are
dependent on aggregate mechanical
properties. Mechanical properties are used
to help classify and identify material. The
choice of aggregates for construction work
is primarily determined by its physical and
mechanical properties. Table 3 contains
the major mechanical properties of NCA
and RCA, which will be discussed briefly
later.
Table 3:-Major mechanical properties of
NCA and RCA [15]
Mechanical property (wt. %) NAC RCA(for Stone)
Aggregate abrasion value 15-30 20-45
Aggregate impact value 15-20 20-25
Aggregate crushing value 14-22 20-30
Aggregate Abrasion Value
The aggregate abrasion value (AAV) is a
measurement of aggregate wear resistance.
When material loss due to wear becomes
larger, a higher AAV is obtained. Abrasion
test provides the result that helps the user
to compare the materials and helps to
judge the service life of the material. The
aggregate abrasion value of recycled
concrete aggregate (for stone) was found
from (20-40) %which is more than NCA’s
aggregate abrasion value [15].In case of
RCA (for brick), exact data was not found.
It may predict that the aggregate abrasion
value of RCA (for brick) may higher than
the RCA (for stone).
Aggregate Impact Value
The aggregates must be sufficiently tough
to withstand impact disintegration. The
impact value test is used to measure this
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Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2
affection. The aggregate impact value
(AIV) is a measure of resistance to abrupt
impact, as opposed to incremental
compression load. The AIV of RCA (20–
25%) is more prominent than that of NCA
(15–20%), according to previous
investigations (Table 03) [15]. RCA is
weakened by the mortar and cement paste
that has been incorporated with it. The
lower the AIV, the stronger is the
aggregate.
Aggregate Crushing Value
The strength of aggregates is determined
by their crushing value. The aggregate
crushing value (ACV) is a measurement of
aggregate's resistance to pulverization
continuously applied compressive load.
The Aggregate crushing value of recycled
concrete aggregate (for stone) was found
from (20-30) %which is more than NCA’s
aggregate crushing value [15].The higher
the aggregate crushing value, the weaker is
the aggregate. Lower crushing value is
recommended for roads and pavements
construction due to the indication of long
service life.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF RECYCLED
AGGREGATE ON CONCRETE
The use of recycled aggregate has a
detrimental impact on the strength of
concrete because it is made from
demolition building waste. How recycled
aggregate influences the various strength
of concrete is discussed in this portion.
The effects of RCA on various concrete
properties are discussed one by one.
Compressive Strength of Concrete
Usually the compressive strength of
Recycled aggregate concrete is lower
when it is compared with Natural
aggregate concrete as demonstrated in
Figure 04.
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 Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2

Compressive Strength (Mpa) 18

17 100% Fresh
16 Concrete
15
14
13 50%
50%
12 Replacement
replacement by
11 RAC
by RCA (for
10 brick)
9
8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Days

Fig.4:-Effect of RCA(by brick)on the compressive strength of concrete [18]

The compressive strength of natural strength that is about two-thirds that of

aggregate concrete is higher compared to natural aggregate concrete. The reasons for
recycled aggregate concrete for both 7 & the decrease in compressive strength are
28 days which are clear from figure 04. listed below [18]
Recycled concrete has a compressive

The water
requirements of
recycled aggregate
concrete are greater
than those of natural
aggregate concrete

Approximate
causes of
compressive
strength
reduction
The bond
As compared to
between the new
natural aggregate,
and old mortar
recycled aggregate
adhering to the
has a lower
recycled concrete
mechanical
aggregate is
resistance
poorer

12 14
% reduction of Comressive strength than

11%
% reduction of Comressive strength than

W/C=0.35
12%
10 9.6% W/C=0.5 12
5
10%
% reduction 10 9.4% 9.6%
% reduction
8 7.2
6.8 of 8% of Comressive
%
% Comressive 8 strength than
NCA

NCA

6 5.6% strength than NCA(28 days)

4.4 NCA(28 days) 6 5.9%
%
4 3.7%
4 % reduction
2 % reduction 2.6% 3%
2 % of of Comressive
2 strength than
Comressive
strength than NCA(56 days)
0 NCA(56 days)
0
25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100
% replacement by RCA % replacement by RCA

Fig.5(a): % reduction of compressive strength of concrete Fig.5(b): % reduction of compressive strength of concrete
for 28 & 56 days with various replacement by RCA (for for 28 & 56 days with various replacement by RCA (for
stone) considering W/C = 0.55 [19] stone) considering W/C = 0.35 [19]

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 Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2

It is found from both figure 05 (a and b) compressive strength is comparatively

that mixing 50 % to 100 % recycled increased with the decrease of water
concrete aggregate (for stone) with natural cement ratio (W/C) from 0.55 to 0.35 [19].
aggregate reduces the compressive
strength of concrete by around 5% to 15%. Flexural Strength of Concrete
Flexural strength is commonly used to
However, the use of (25-30) % of recycled design structural components such as
aggregate with (75-70) % natural beams, columns etc. It aids in determining
aggregate almost doesn’t show any vital the consistency of building structures. It is
effect on compressive strength. Figure 05 a parameter that aids in the prediction of
(a and b) shows that the % reduction of object resistance and durability.

7
6
Flexural strength (MPa)

5.818 5.637 5.436 5.334

5 4.69 4.57 4.48 4.396 Flexural strength
4 (MPa)(7 days)
3
2
Flexural strength
1 (MPa)(28 days)
0
0 10 20 30
% Replacement by RCA(for stone)

Fig.6:-Effect of RCA (for stone)on the flexural strength of high strength concrete [8]

The flexural strength of concrete is Recycled concrete aggregate [8].

marginally affected by recycled aggregate. However, the use of (25-30) % of recycled
As compared to natural aggregate aggregate with (75-70) % natural
concrete, the flexural strength of recycled aggregate almost doesn’t show any
aggregate concrete is smaller, as seen in adverse effect on flexural strength due to
figure 06. It's also been discovered that the its negligible reduction. The reduction of
flexural strength of concrete decreases Flexural strength is limited to 10%.
very slowly with increasing the amount of

Shear Strength of Concrete

25
% reduction of Shear strength than NCA

21.7%
20.3%
20

15
10.6%
10

0
25 50 100
% replacement by RCA

Fig.7:-% Reduction of flexural strength of concrete with various % replacements by RCA (for
stone) [20]

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The reduction of shear strength is limited
to 10% for (25 to 30) % replacement by
RCA instead of NCA. It is found from
figure 07 that 25% to 100% use of
recycled concrete aggregate (for stone)
with natural aggregate decrease the shear
strength of concrete by approximately 10%
to 20% [20]. This is because of the recycle
aggregate has weaker spots formed while
demolition of concrete is done.
Durability of Recycled Aggregate
Several factors affect the durability of
recycled aggregate concrete, including:-
• Ratio of aggregate replacement
• Age of concrete
• Water cement ratio(W/C) and
• Moisture content.
Because of the high porosity of recycled
aggregate, the concrete is less durable. The
reason for this decrease is due to the lower
resistance of concrete to Carbonation,
Chloride penetration & Reinforcement
Corrosion. However, uses of
supplementary cementing materials like fly
ashes, slag cement & silica fume etc.
improves the durability & strength of the
concrete.
Modulus of Elasticity
The volume fraction of aggregates as well
as the elastic modulus of the aggregate has
an effect on the modulus of elasticity of
concrete. The modulus of elasticity of
brick chip concrete is almost identical to
that of stone chip concrete. [21]. As
compared to Natural Aggregate Concrete,
the Modulus of Elasticity of Recycled
Aggregate Concrete is observed to be
marginally lower. For normal strength, 28
day’s modulus of elasticity of Natural
aggregate concrete was found 32264.4
MPa whereas 20% RCA mix gave
maximum value of 31126.6 MPa with
3.52% reduction compared to Natural
aggregate concrete. For high strength, 28
days modulus of elasticity of natural
HBRP Publication Page 1-13 2021. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2
aggregate concrete was found 41943.7
MPa where as 20% RCA mix gave
maximum value of 38908.2 MPa with
5.01% reduction compared to natural
aggregate concrete [22]. Therefore 20%
RCA mix shows optimum potential for
both normal & high strength concrete.
Shrinkage & Creep
Recycled Aggregate Concrete has a higher
rate of shrinkage and creep deformation
than Natural Aggregate Concrete. That is
usually 25% to 35% higher. However, this
behavior can be controlled by altering the
mix design & water cement ratio.
Workability of Concrete
Higher water content is necessary in
recycle aggregate concrete to achieve the
same workability as natural aggregate
concrete. This is due to recycled
aggregate's higher water absorption
capacity, as well as the lower specific
gravity and bulk density of recycled
aggregate.
OVERALL STRUCTURERAL
PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED
CONCRETE AGGREGATE (RCA)
Limited literature is available concerning
about the structural performance of
Recycle Aggregate Concrete. Etxeberria,
A. R. Mari, E. Vázquez 2007 announced
that the impact of the utilization of
recycled aggregate on the beam's shear
strength relies upon the percentage of
coarse aggregate substituted, specially for
beams without transverse reinforcement
[23]. For low percentage of replacement
(under 25%) it tends to be said that this
impact is basically negligible [23].
From a source university of Notre dame
Australia [24], The variability and
uncertainty in the consistency and
properties of recycled concrete, as well as
how this variability influences the
strength, stiffness, and longevity of
reinforced concrete buildings, has been the
Page 10

greatest obstruction to utilizing recycled
concrete.
Based on service load deflection, between
conventional concrete beams and RCA
reinforced concrete beams, the
conventional concrete beams are
performed well. According to Fathifazl et
al. (2009), the midspan deflection for RCA
beams was greater than for Natural
Aggregate beams under a load of 40% of
failure load [25]. Maruyama et al. (2004)
and Sato et al. (2007) have found that
RCA produces higher midspan deflections
in beams than Natural Aggregate-based
concrete. [25].
CONCLUSIONS
Bangladesh is experiencing rapid
urbanization. High rise building concept
became popular in urban areas due to
fulfill urban housing demand in
Bangladesh. The Government,
manufacturers and stakeholders should
discover proper approaches to reuse the
building /construction wastes without
genuine aggravation to climate. This is a
work to encourage people for using
recycled aggregate in construction works
as coarse aggregate. The following are the
findings of this research:
• Demolition and recovery data for
almost all countries is recorded. But in
Bangladesh no specific data is found.
Nowadays, Bangladesh has started
research and activities over recycling
but has not started large scale like
other countries which has to start as
soon as possible for a sustainable
development.
• The principal disadvantage of recycled
concrete aggregate is the adhered
mortar layer. If it could be removed as
much as possible then the properties
of concrete would have improved
significantly.
• The use of RCA as a replacement for
NCA in the manufacture of concrete
HBRP Publication Page 1-13 2021. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Building Construction
Volume 3 Issue 2
with satisfactory properties and
durability is advantageous. The
heterogeneity and uncertainty in the
consistency and properties of recycled
concrete aggregate, particularly when
it is obtained through demolition of
old concrete structures, has been the
most significant barrier to its usage.
• In the vast majority of cases, RCA is
utilized without any form of treatment,
such as washing, acetic acid treatment,
one layer cement treatment etc. If one
can utilize recycled aggregates by
providing proper treatment then the
water absorption capacity, bulk
density and specific gravity will
additionally boost.
• This can be seen that the trend of
replacement of recycled concrete
aggregate is almost same in brick and
stone aggregates.
• It may conclude based on various
researchers that around 25% to 30% of
natural coarse aggregate can be
supplemented with recycled coarse
aggregate without adversely altering
the properties of concrete.
• It is conducted that the strength such
as compressive strength, flexural
strength and shear strength of the
recycled aggregate concrete, is
considered to be weaker than natural
aggregate due to RCA's high
aggregate abrasion, impact, and
crushing values.
• It's also been discovered that the use
of recycled concrete aggregate in
structural member is not that much
popular because the quality is not
ensured like natural concrete
aggregate and also due to the greater
midspan deflection.
• Further research is required to get
clear picture about RCA, specially
experiments on RCA is strongly
recommended.
Page 11

REFERENCES
1. Byron, R. K., & Rahman, M. F.
(2020). Bangladesh to post highest
GDP growth in Asia this fiscal
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