Social Inequality

Uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or statuses within a group or
society. This occurs when resources in a given are distributed unevenly, generally through norms of
allocation, that bring about specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.

Economic Inequality

Described on the basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth, in the most frequently
studied type of social inequality.

Gender Inequality

Sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination or sexual division of labor. The emphasis on
gender inequality is born out of the deepening division in the roles assigned to men and women,
particularly in the economic, political and educational spheres.

Racial and Ethnic Inequality

Is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within
a society and are often recognized based on characteristics such us skin color and other physical
characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.

INEQUALITY IN THE ACCESS TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND SYMBOLIC CAPITAL

Social capital

Is the ability of a collective to act together to pursue common goal. It refers to the connection of
individuals within the society.

Political capital

Refers to the trust, good will and influence possessed by a political actor, such as politician, to
mobilize support toward a preferred policy outcome.

Symbolic Capital

Refers to the resources that one possesses which is a function of honor, prestige or recognition,
or any other traits that one values within a culture.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY TO THE PHILIPPINE SOCIETY

Prejudice

is the negative attitude towards the members of a particular group

Stereotyping

Refers to our propensity to picture all members of a particular category as having the same
qualities

Ethnocentrism

Is the belief that our own race or group is the best

Scapegoating

Is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve

Racism

Is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the right to control or direct others.

Ethnic minorities

Are people dwell in a society that does not share their cultural heritage. And they are also the
people whose cultural background differs from that of the dominant members of society.

Discrimination

Is an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment and are kept in a lower status by the
dominant members of the society and the resistance of equality

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ADDRESSING THESE INEQUALITIES

Conditional Cash Transfer Program

Is a government program that provides conditional cash, grants to the poorest of the poor in the
Philippines.

SK Reform Act of 2015

Has the provisions that prohibits political dynasty. It prohibits any person to run in any
Sanggunian Kabataan Office either elected or appointed if it has a relative up to second degree in the
barangay level to governorship.

Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act

Is a law that institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in state universities and
colleges, local universities and colleges in the Philippines.
MINORITY GROUPS

Are groups composed of less-dominant classifications in society that experience

disproportionately lower opportunities than their dominant counter parts.

1. Gender Inequality
 In some countries women are paid relatively lower than men due to their sexuality and
biological differences.
 The LGBT community has always been treated indifferently and discriminatively because
they do not fall within a biologically defined gender group.

Programs:

Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development (PPGD)

Rest on a vision of development that is equitable, sustainable, free from

violence respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and the
actualization of human potentials, and participatory and empowering.

Magna Carta of Women (MCW)

Is a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate

discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotion
of the rights of Filipino women, especially those belonging in the marginalized
sectors of the society.

2. Ethnic Minorities
 Because some minorities live traditionalistic lives far away from the city and technology,
and some may appear differently than usual, they have been consistently labeled and
treated as people with minimal knowledge and capabilities.
 Lack of resources easily available for many are not utilized within their group, and thus
receive negative attention from dominant public.

Programs:

Republic Act 8371

Known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), was enacted in 1997. It has
been praised for its support for the cultural integrity of indigenous peoples, the
right to their lands and the right to self-directed development of these lands.

3. Republic Acts
1. Anti-Bullying Act
Republic Act Number 10627 dated 05, June 2013. Bullying shall refer to any
severe or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or
electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination
thereof, directed at another student that has the effect of actually causing or
replacing the later in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or
damage to his property ; creating a hostile environment at school for the
other student ; infringing on the rights of other student at school; or
 materially and substantially disrupting the education process or the orderly
operation of a school.
2. Equal Opportunity Employment
Republic Act No. 10524 dated 23, July 1012. At least one per cent (1%)
of all positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations
shall be reserved for persons with disability: provided that, private
corporations with more than One Hundred (100) employees are
encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions for
persons with disability.
3. Accessible Polling Places exclusively for persons with disabilities
and Senior Citizens
Republic Act No. 10336. Dated 23 July 2012. The state shall
ensure that persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to
exercise their right political participation without discrimination or
restrictions. Towards this end, the state shall design systems and
procedures that will enable persons with disabilities and senior citizens
to register and vote by them.
4. Implementations of Programs and Services for Persons with
Disabilities in Every Province, City and Municipality
Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be
created in every province, city and municipality. The local chief
executive shall appoint a PWD affairs officer who shall manage and
oversee the operations of the office, pursuant to its mandate under this
act.
NATIONAL PROCLAMATIONS
UN international Day of Persons with Disabilities
Presidential proclamation No. 1157, dated 16 October 2006. The
proclamation designated December 3 as the International Day of persons
with Disabilities in the Philippines, in keeping with United Nations
declaration.
National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation Week
Presidential proclamation No. 361, dated August 2000. The proclamation
ordered the assignment of the third week of July as the National Disability
Prevention and Rehabilitation Week, culminating on the birthdate of the sublime
paralytic, Apolinario Mabini on July 23.
National Autism Consciousness Week
Presidential proclamation No. 711, dated January 1996. The proclamation
ordered the assignment of the third week of January as National Autism
Consciousness Week, enjoining the Department of Health, Department of
Education Culture and Sports, the Department of social Welfare and
Development, and the Department of Interior and Local Government to serve
as the national focal point for the commemoration of this event.
 National commission on Disability Affairs
Presidential Decree No.1509, dated 11June 1978. The national government
recognizes responsibility to provide the handicapped with the fullest measure
of protection and assistance to help develop their abilities in all fields of
endeavour and to promote their integration into the mainstream of society, as
well as its primary duty for the prevention of physical and mental
disabilities.
Administrative and Executive Orders
Community based Rehabilitation for persons with disabilities. Executive Order
No. 437, dated 21 June 2005. The proclamation enjoins local government
units to adopt the Community-Based Rehabilitation Program in delivering
services to their constituents with disabilities and to allocate funds to support
the program.
Other Policies
DepEd Child Protection Policy dated 14 May 2012. The document outlines the
Philippine Department of Education’s Policies and Guidelines on protecting children
in school from violence , exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse cruelty
and other conditions prejudicial to their development.
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIAL INEQUALITY
1. Educational attainment
Inequality and Educational Attainment is evidence from many instances. The
reality of Rich can get better education in an easy way but poor hardly get their
diploma. Educational inequality is the unequal distribution of academic resources
and still needs policies that encourage educational attainment for men and
women
based on merit, rather than gender.
2. Wealth and poverty
Social Inequality brought about by unequal distribution of wealth. The Covid19
pandemic teaches us the advantages of the upper and the lower class. Evidently
the struggles get by middle and lower class compare to the upper class. There’s
a
huge different between allocation of wealthy and the poor in many ways.
3. Power
Power in the context of Social inequality connotes economic, cultural and
social positions. Thus, there’s symbolic with is reputation and certain position in
society.
4. Gender Inequality
Acknowledges that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an
individual's living experience. These differences arise from distinctions in biology,
psychology, and cultural norms. Some of these distinctions are empirically
grounded while others appear to be socially constructed. Studies show the
 different lived experience of genders across many domains including education,
life expectancy, personality, interests, family life, careers, and political affiliations.
LOCAL INEQUALITY
Current state of the Indigenous Cultural communities. Ethnic group is involved in
the local inequality. Sometimes, they are less fortunate whose right are violated
with rich people. An ascribed status, a form of organization, a focus of identity and
a subculture are the characteristics of an ethnic group.
NATIONAL INEQUALITY
Economic and Political current circumstances. Economic policy is a national
interest and it gives direction to the future. If national government fail to do its job
effectively and candid way ----- the equilibrium of the rich and the poor arises
much.Thus, if political policies fail to give national interest for all with consideration of
better futures, then discrimination also take place.
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
International inequality refers to the idea of inequality between countries. This can
be compared to global inequality which is inequality between people across
countries. This may refer to economic differences between countries. As well as
medical care and education differences.