PAWAN WAGH ACADEMY

Notes-
Topic- Introduction to Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical Chemistry –
The branch of chemistry in which the investigation of
chemical compositions of substance is done is called as
Analytical Chemistry.

❖ Analysis of Compound

Provides two types of Information.

Physical Information Chemical Information

▪ Analysis are of two types

Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis

The analysis in which The analysis in which

presence or absence of the relative proportion
element in the compound of elements in the co-
is determined is called as mpound is determined
Qualitative Analysis. is called as Quantitative
Analysis.

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 Qualitative Analysis includes

Detection of
Detection of
cationic and anionic
functional
species.
group

Determination of
Melting and Boiling
Point

Quantitative Analysis Includes

Gravimetric Volumetric
Analysis Analysis

• Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation of any number is written using
point shifting concept.

0
10 +
10-
(L.H.S) (R.H.S)
(Left hand side) (Right Hand Side)

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▪ If the point is shifted to the left side of any number,
then the power of 10 is increased by (+).
Ex –
5.602 0.5602 x 10+1

As here the point is shifted to L.H.S by just one

number. So power is 10+1.

Ex – 5.602 0.05602 x 10+2

As here the point is shifted to the left hand side by

two number, so power is 10+2.

▪ If the point is shifted to the right side of any

number, then the power of 10 is increased by (-).
Ex –
5.602 56.02 x 10-1

As here the point is shifted to R.H.S by just one

number, so power is 10-1
Ex –
5.602 560.2 x 10-2

As here the point is shifted to R.H.S by two numbers,

so power is 10-2.

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 Scientific Calculations

Scientific Scientific Scientific Scientific

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

❖ Rules
1. For performing, scientific addition and scientific
subtraction, firstly the power of 10 should be made equal.
2. After making power of 10 equal, then only addition and
subtraction of numbers is to be done.

• Calculations

1) (5.55 x 104) + (6.95 x 103)

Power are
not Same
So, we need to make them same
So,
5.55 x 104 = 55.5 x 104 – 1 = 55.5 x 103
So,
(55.5 x 103) + (6.95 x 103) = 62.45 x 103

2) (3.5 x 10-2) – (5.8 x 10-3)

Here power is
not same
So, we need to make the power same for subtraction
3.5 x 10-2 = 35.0 x 10-2-1 = 35.5 x 10-3
So,
(35.5 x 10-3) – (5.8 x 10-3) = 29.2 x 10-3

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❖ Rules
1. For during multiplication or division of any two numbers,
there is no need to make the power of 10 equal.
2. When multiplication of two numbers is to be done, the
power of 10 of both the number is added.
3. When division of two numbers is to be done, the power of
10 of the numbers are subtracted like.
A x 10x 𝐴
1) y = x 10x – y
B x 10 𝐵

2) (A x 10x) x (B x 10y) = (A x B) x 10x + y

Ex – (5.6 x 105) + (6.9 x 108)

= (5.6 x 6.9) x 105 + 8 = 38.64 x 1013
= 3.864 x 1014

Imporatnt relation

Actual Value = True value = Accepted Value

➢ Definitions –
1) Accuracy –
a) The nearness of the measured value to true value is
called as the accuracy.
b) Accuracy depends on least count.

2) Least Count –
The smallest quantity that can be measured is called as
Least Count.

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3) Accuracy is expressed in terms of Error

Small-Error means High-Error means

High-Accuracy Small - Accuracy

4) Error

Absolute Error Relative Error

Absolute Error = Relative Error =
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
Observed value – True Value x 100%
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

The difference of observed The ratio of absolute error to

value and true value is called the true value is called as
as Absolute Error. Relative Error.

5) Precision –
The closeness or matching of two or more readings is
called as Precision.

Is requisite
High Precision High Accuracy
for

Precision is expressed in terms of deviation.

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 Deviation

6)

Absolute Deviation Relative Deviation

Absolute Deviation = Relative Deviation =

Mean of absolute Deviation
|𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − x 100%
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠|

The modulus (| |) of different The ratio of mean of abso-

between an observed value lute deviation to the
andmean of observed values mean of observed values

7) Significant Figures –
The uncertainty in a value is indicated by expressing the
number of significant figures.

❖ Rules to calculate the significant figures in number.

1. All non zero digits are significant
Ex - 127.34 = Significant figure = 5

2. If zero comes in between, then they are counted.

Ex – 54006289 = Significant Figure = 8

3. Zero on the left hand side of any number, are not counted.
Ex – 0.005 – Significant Figure = 1

4. Zero on the right hand side of any number are counted

Ex – 0.400 = Significant Figure = 3

5. The power of 10x is not counted.

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 In short,

0 . 0 0 0 4 2 6 0 0 5 8 0 0 0 x 1012

= Not counted For significant Figure

= Counted

▪ Formula for expressing a compound

Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

The formula which indicates The formula which indicates
the actual number of atoms the simplest ratio of atoms
of elements in molecule is in a molecules is called as
called as Molecular Formula. Empirical Formula.

• Relation

Molecular Formula = r x Empirical Formula

Where r = no’s of Units

❖ Rules to determine the empirical and Molecular formula of any

compound from the given percentage (%) data –
1] Firstly calculate the sum of (%) of all elements (%)
If sum =100% then oxygen absent
Elements

If sum ≠ 100% then oxygen present

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2) if sum ≠ 100%

Then % of oxygen =100 – sum of all % of elements

3) Then calculate the number of moles of elements by formula

given percent of element
No of moles of element =
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

4) Then predict the small value of numbers of moles

5) Divide all the values of no of moles by that smallest value of no
of moles respectively
6) Then calculate empirical formula
7) Then calculate empirical formula mass by substituting the values of
atomic masses in that empirical formula
8) Then calculate the R (unit) = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

9) Then calculate molecular formula

Molecular formula = r (unit) × empirical formula

Stoichiometric problems are

based on

Mass – mass Mass – volume Volume –

relationship relationship volume
relationship

❖ Rules of silving stoichiometric problems

1) Burning of = Combustion of = Reaction with

Hydrocarbon hydrocarbon oxygen

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 Any hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 (g) + H2 (l)

2) Firstly balance the chemical reaction

3) Then solve problem accordingly
4) If the element are given in liters then always multiply by 22.4 liters
while calculating molecular & mass
5) If the element are given in grams, then directly molecular mass can
be determined by substituting the values of element

❖ % Purity
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
% purity = ×100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

❖ Limiting reagent
The reactant which is present in lesser amount, gets
consumed firstly and limits the formation of product is called as
Limiting reagent Stoichiometry

aA bB P

Reactant Product
If 𝑛𝑜 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑛𝑜 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵

So then A is limiting reagent

Solutions Solute + solvent

❖ Concentration of solution
( it can be expressed by following)
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 Mass present (% mass) Molarity (M)

Concentration of solution

Molality(m) Mole fraction(x)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
1) Mass percent = × 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2) Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
3) Mole fraction of A =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
4) Molarity (M) =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
5) Molarity =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
6) Density = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1000𝑚𝑙

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 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
7) number of moles =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

8) mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute

❖ Relationship with volume

1) Molarity (M) depends on volume and volume depends on
temperature

2) Molality (m) depends on mass and mass does not

depends on temperature

❖ Graphical analysis of volume with temperature

1) The volume versus temperature is a zig – zag pattern curve
2) So average curve with respect to all the points is drawn
3) volume α temperature

❖ Representation
(positive) +ve deviation

Average curve
x
x -ve (negative curve)
V
x
xx
x

x x
T

Perpendicular lines

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