NARFRED G.

EGAR
ME 66 - FC (Learning Outcomes Appraisal for ME 1)
September 20, 2021
Activity 4 (Individualized Activity)
Due Date/Time: September 21, 2021/5:00pm

Engineering Materials and Testing CLO Appraisal

Course Learning Outcome in Engineering Materials & Testing
The study of this subjects aims the students to:
• Describe a tensile test
• Recognise from a tensile test the limit of proportionality, the elastic limit and the yield point
• Plot a load/extension graph from given data
• Calculate from a load/extension graph, the modulus of elasticity, the yield stress, the ultimate tensile strength, percentage
elongation and the percentage reduction in area
• Appreciate the meaning of proof stress

Activities

1. A tensile test is carried out on a mild steel specimen. The results are shown in the following table of values:

Plot a graph of load against extension, and from the graph determine (a) the load at an extension of 0.04 mm, and (b)
the extension corresponding to a load of 28 KN.

Given:

Extension = 0.04mm
Load = 28 kN

Required:

1. graph of load against extension

2. the load at an extension of 0.04 mm
3. the extension corresponding to a load of 28 KN

Solution:

Based on the graph, at extension = 0.04 mm, the Load is equal to

17.3 kN

At Load = 28 kN, the extension is = 0.065 mm

2. A tensile test is carried out on a mild steel specimen of gauge length 40 mm and cross-sectional area 100 mm2. The
results obtained for the specimen up to its yield point are given below:

The maximum load carried by the specimen is 50 KN and its length after fracture is 52 mm. Determine
(a) the modulus of elasticity,
(b) the ultimate tensile strength,
(c) the percentage elongation of the mild steel.

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 50 𝑘𝑁 𝐿1 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝐴 = 100 𝑚𝑚2

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 52𝑚𝑚 𝐿2 = 52 𝑚𝑚

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅:

𝑎. 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐸)

𝑏. 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝜎)
𝑐. 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜎;

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑧
𝐸= = 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜎=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

36 𝑘𝑁
100 𝑚𝑚2 .36 𝐺𝑃𝑎 50 𝑘𝑁
𝐸 == .072 𝑚𝑚 = 𝜎=
1.8 𝑥 10−3 100 𝑚𝑚2
40𝑚𝑚

𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

𝐿2 −𝐿1
%𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝐿1

52−30
%𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
40

%𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎%
3. The results of a tensile test are: Diameter of specimen 15 mm; gauge length 40 mm; load at limit of proportionality 85
KN; extension at limit of proportionality 0.075 mm; maximum load 120 KN; final length at point of fracture 55 mm.
Determine
(a) Young’s modulus of elasticity
(b) the ultimate tensile strength
(c) the stress at the limit of proportionality
(d) the percentage elongation.

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:
𝐷 = 15𝑚𝑚 𝐿 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 = 85 𝑘𝑁
𝛿1 = .075 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 120 𝑘𝑁 𝐿2 = 55𝑚𝑚

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅:

𝑎. 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐸)

𝑏. 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝜎)
𝑐. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑑. % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜎;

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑧
𝐸= = 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜎=
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

85 𝑘𝑁
𝜋
(152 ) 𝑚𝑚2 50 𝑘𝑁
4
𝐸 == .075 𝑚𝑚 𝜎 = 𝜋(152)
𝑚𝑚2
40𝑚𝑚 4

𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟑 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜎𝐿𝑂𝑃 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 𝐿2 −𝐿1
𝜎𝐿𝑂𝑃 = % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝐴 𝐿1

85 𝑘𝑁 55𝑚𝑚−40 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝐿𝑂𝑃 = 𝜋(152) %𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚𝑚 40 𝑚𝑚
4

𝝈𝑳𝑶𝑷 = . 𝟒𝟖𝟏 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟖𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 %𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 %

4. A mild steel specimen of cross-sectional area 250 mm2 and gauge length 100 mm is subjected to a tensile test and the
following data is obtained: within the limit of proportionality, a load of 75 KN produced an extension of 0.143 mm,
load at yield point = 80 KN, maximum load on specimen = 120 KN, final cross-sectional area of waist at fracture =
90 mm2, and the gauge length had increased to 135 mm at fracture. Determine for the specimen:
(a) Young’s modulus of elasticity
(b) the yield stress
(c) the tensile strength
(d) the percentage elongation and
(e) the percentage reduction in area.

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:
𝐴1 = 250 𝑚𝑚2 𝐿1 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 = 75 𝑘𝑁
𝛿1 = .143 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 120 𝑘𝑁 𝐿2 = 135𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑@𝑌𝑃 = 80 𝑘𝑁 𝐴2 = 90 𝑚𝑚2

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅:

𝑎. 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐸)

𝑏. 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎1 )
 𝑐. 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝜎2 )
𝑑. % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑒. % 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠;

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑2
𝐸= = 𝛿1 𝜎1 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝐿1

75 𝑘𝑁
250 𝑚𝑚2 80 𝑘𝑁
𝐸 == .143 𝑚𝑚 𝜎1 =
250 𝑚𝑚2
100 𝑚𝑚

𝑬 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟕𝟗 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝟏 = . 𝟑𝟐 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐿2 −𝐿1
𝜎2 = % 𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝐴 𝐿1

120 𝑘𝑁 135 𝑚𝑚−100 𝑚𝑚

𝜎2 = %𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
250 𝑚𝑚2 100 𝑚𝑚

𝝈𝟐 = . 𝟒𝟖 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 %𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟑𝟓%

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

𝐴1 −𝐴2
% 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝐴1

250 𝑚𝑚2 −90 𝑚𝑚2

% 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
250 𝑚𝑚2

% 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟔𝟒%

5. An aluminium test piece 10 mm in diameter and gauge length 50 mm gave the following results when tested to
destruction:
Load at yield point 4.0 kN, maximum load 6.3 kN, extension at yield point 0.036 mm, diameter at fracture 7.7 mm.
Determine
(a) the yield stress
(b) Young’s modulus of elasticity
(c) the ultimate ten-sile strength
(d) the percentage reduction in area

𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏:

𝐷 = 10 𝑚𝑚 𝐿 = 50 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 = 4 𝑘𝑁
𝛿1 = .036 𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑2 = 6.3 𝑘𝑁 𝐷2 = 7.7 𝑚𝑚

𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅:

𝑎. 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝜎1 )

𝑏. 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐸)
𝑐. 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝜎2 )
𝑑. % 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠; 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐸;

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝜎1 = 𝐸= = 𝛿1
𝐴 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐿1

4 𝑘𝑁 .0509 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝜎1 = 𝜋(10 𝐸 = .036 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚)2
4 50 𝑚𝑚

𝝈𝟏 = . 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟗 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟎. 𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝑬 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟒 𝑮𝑷𝒂

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 % 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛;

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑2 𝐴1 −𝐴2
𝜎2 = % 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝐴 𝐴1

𝜋 𝜋
6.3 𝑘𝑁 ( 𝐷12 )−( 𝐷12 )
4 4
𝜎2 = 𝜋
(10 𝑚𝑚)2
% 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋 2 𝑥 100%
𝐷
4 4 1

𝜋 𝜋
( 102 )−( 7.72
1)
4 1 4
𝝈𝟐 = . 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟐 𝑮𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟖𝟎. 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂 % 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋 2 𝑥 100%
10
4 1

% 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑹𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟕𝟏%