Characteristics of the Low-income Groups

Low-income groups are characterized by poverty, tenure insecurity, informal housing, an

absence of basic services, and overcrowding (Davis 2006; Nuissl and Heinrichs 2013; UN-
Habitat 2003, 2014, p. 31). except for urbanization, their expansion has also been attributed to
colonialism, poor urban planning approaches, poor governance, and therefore the inability of
governments to satisfy the strain of the growing urban population (Cranby 2012; Fox 2014;
Huchzermeyer 2014; UN-Habitat 2003; Watson 2014).

horizontal
https://www.fool.com/m
illionacres/real-estate-
market/articles/will-
horizontal-apartments- vert -
continue-to-trend-in- https://www.academia.edu/35965168/Advantages_Disadvantages_a
2021/ nd_Challenges_of_Sustainable_Vertical_Cities
advan disadvantage advan disadvantage
takes a large
portion of the
land, causing it to
higher rents / can easily support the
  value requirements of the urbanisation mas matrabaho

it is harder to more land can be saved and

support the spared for other purposes such as
requirements of agricultural and can also help costly especially on the
  urbanisation maintain ecosystem construction phase
transportation is
harder because
of the long
distance and thus
also makes
transpo cost transportation cost is reduced and larger environmental impact when
  increase thus air polution not studied well
 reducing distance from their
offices, home and workplace. and chances of mass destruction is
can help people be encouraged higher in case of calamities and
    into walking other generated disasters