Cluster Computing

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-1900-1

Power prediction method of lithium-ion battery for unmanned

vehicles based on combined constraint intelligence algorithm
Ze Cheng1 · Yuhan Xing1 · Silu Cheng2 · Peiyao Guo1

Received: 21 November 2017 / Revised: 17 January 2018 / Accepted: 18 January 2018

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract
For the inaccurate data predicting problem of the actual attainable maximum charge and discharge power of the lithium-ion
battery in practice for unmanned vehicles in the process of running, a combined constraint intelligence algorithm is proposed
based on the result of SOC, the battery voltage and the battery current. In view of the hysteresis characteristics of lithium-ion
battery presented in the charge and discharge process, a second-order RC hysteresis model was proposed in this paper. In
addition, we used the cubature Kalman filter algorithm to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of the battery based on this
model, which reduced both the model error and algorithmic error in the SOC estimation significantly. It is also of great
importance to accurately predict the state of power (SOP). Then the result of SOC, the battery voltage and the battery current
were settled as constraints to predict the actual attainable maximum charge and discharge power of the lithium-ion battery in
practice. Compared with the pulse discharge/charge test method and he hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) method,
the combined constraint intelligence algorithm proposed in this paper is of high accuracy in the process of predicting the
battery power.

Keywords Unmanned vehicle · Combined constraint intelligence algorithm · Lithium-ion battery · Power prediction ·
State of power · Hysteresis characteristics

1 Introduction battery management system design, being awareness of the

Unmanned Vehicle is an important verification platform
for artificial intelligence and researches have focused on
it in recent years. Lithion-ion battery, as a main power
source of unmanned vehicles [1,2], the estimation of state
of charge(SOC) and state of power(SOP) are two of the key
technologies in unmanned vehicles field [3,4]. At present,
researches on SOC are relatively mature, while the estima-
tion of SOP need further studies [5]. The accuracy of the
estimation of SOP is mainly determined by the intelligence
algorithm. The size of power battery is largely influenced
by its capacity and peak power, which stands for the max-
imum input and output power of the battery in a period of
time [6]. In the process of the overall vehicle design and
B Ze Cheng
michael.cheng@126.com
1 School of Electrial and Information Engineering, Tianjin
University, Tianjin, China
2 Institute of microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin,
China
peak power and the actual capacity of charge and discharge
power in different situations is an effective way to avoid
the excessive charge and discharge. Charge/discharge power
ultimately determines whether the batteries pack meets the
power requirements of the electric car during the start and
acceleration, whether the energy can recover as much as pos-
sible without sacrificing battery life [7], whether it can be
optimally matching the relation between the batteries pack
and the vehicle power performance, and whether it is able
to optimize vehicle control strategy. Therefore, to meet the
power demand and economical requirements at the same
time, in the electric vehicle design and battery management
system (BMS), it is of significant importance to note the
maximum input and output power under different conditions,
which will ensure that the electric vehicle is always working
at optimum performance area [8,9].
The method of the United States Advanced Battery Con-
sortium (USABC) discharge the battery continuously for 30
s at 2/3 open circuit voltage (OCV) in different depth of dis-
charge(DOD) [10]. And then it takes the powder obtained
as peak power. Therefore, power value obtained from the

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3.6 8
USABC test method is slightly less than the actual value,
6
and the test results are static peak power [11]. Japan Elec- 3.4
4

Voltage (V)

Current (A)
tric Vehicle Association (JEVS) power density test method 2
3.2
can get the charge and discharge capacity of batteries under 0
different current respectively for 10 s [12]. However, it does 3 -2
not take the power capability changes of battery into account 2.8
-4

under high-magnification current. Currently, to achieve the -6

voltage curve
current curve
2.6 -8
most accurate prediction of the battery peak power, the hybrid 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (s) x 10 5
pulse power characterization method (HPPC) is widely used
[13,14]. Literature [15] presents the SOP estimation method Fig. 1 Voltage and current curve of hysteresis major loop
for HPPC, which is based on the internal resistance model of
the lithium battery [16]. This method utilizes the open-circuit 3.6 8
voltage and the internal resistance of the current charge state 3.5
6
to estimate the value of the battery’s instantaneous SOP. 4

Voltage (V)

Current (A)
3.4
However, this method is not suitable for estimating the peak 2

power of dynamic process of charge and discharge. A com- 3.3 0

-2
bined constraint intelligence algorithm is proposed based on 3.2
-4
the result of SOC, the battery voltage and the battery current. 3.1
voltage curve -6
Compared to the HPPC method, results it is found that the current curve
3 -8
combined constraint intelligence algorithm proposed in this 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time (s) x 10 5
paper can improve the accuracy of the estimation of SOP.
Fig. 2 Voltage and current curve of hysteresis minor loop

2 Battery model in the SOP prediction

The power prediction accuracy is closely related to the pre-
cision of the model. At present, battery models in commonly
used consist of the following kinds: electrochemical model,
neural network model and equivalent circuit model, etc [17].
Currently, the most widely used method is the equivalent cir-
cuit model, which can depict relationship between the voltage
and current of the battery in the process of work. On the
one hand, the relationship can be described by numerical
relation, on the other hand, the battery can be the equiva-
lent as a two-port network. So the volt-ampere relation of
power battery can be described by establishing an equivalent
circuit in the operation process. Among the various equiv-
alent circuit models, the second-order RC series-parallel
network model is currently a popular configuration in view of
accuracy and computational complexity. Taking stable char-
acteristics of battery into account, it can easily obtain the
relationship between external characteristic and SOC. How-
ever, this method ignores battery’s internal chemical reaction
along with the change of SOC, which can be characterized
by the change of RC parallel branch resistance, polarization
capacitance and internal resistance, as well as the impact
of the hysteresis characteristics during charge and discharge
process.
Hysteretic characteristics is one of the basic characteris-
tics of the lithium-ion battery. It refers to the inconsistency
of the OCV of the battery in charge-discharge process. Lit-
erature [3] introduces the cause and explains the hysteresis
characteristics of lithium-ion battery. The OCV-SOC curve
goes very smoothly between 10 and 90% SOC, which means
SOC would be very sensitive to the changing of OCV and
any tiny OCV changes would be likely to bring a great
SOC estimation error. Thus, the hysteresis characteristics
during the lithium-ion battery SOC estimation process must
be taken into account. In literature [18], parameters of hys-
teresis characteristics are added in the equivalent circuit
model to meet high accuracy. However, it requires much
more parameters to be estimated, which means significant
increase on computational cost. On the basis of analysis
of hysteretic characteristic experiment, this paper seeks to
establish a lithium-ion battery model considering hysteretic
characteristics and finding the balance between complexity
and implementability. The test consists of two cycles of OCV-
SOC experiments. In hysteresis major loop experiment, first,
charge the battery from 0 to 100%, and then discharge the
battery to 0. In minor loop, the battery’s SOC changes like
this: 100% → 30% → 70% → 30% → 100%. The voltage
and current curves of the lithium ion battery are shown in
Figs. 1 and 2. According to the data analysis, the hysteresis
curve of lithium-ion battery, which stands under room tem-
perature for 1 h is shown in Fig. 3, and the black arrows
indicate the change direction of SOC.
From the data above, we can obtain that the closer the
OCV-SOC hysteresis curve approach to the hysteresis major
loop characteristic curve, the slower approaching speed is.
That is to say, the approaching speed is positive correla-
tion with the distance between OCV and OCVC or OCV D .
According to this characteristic, the paper chooses following

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3.4 -3
2 x 10 1
1.6
1.2
0.8
3.35
Voltage (V)

0.4

Error

SOC
0 0.5
-0.4
-0.8
3.3 -1.2
voltage error
-1.6 SOC
hysteresis main loop -2 0
hysteresis minor loop 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
5
3.25 Time (s) x 10
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
SOC Fig. 5 Error of hysteretic characteristics to SOC estimation

Fig. 3 Hysteresis loop characteristics

3.35
R1 R2

It

C1 C2
R0
OCV (V)

3.3
U1 U2
Ut
Uoc˄SOC ˅
hysteresis major loop
hysteresis minor loop
hysteresis model loop
3.25
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Fig. 6 Equivalent circuit of second-order RC hysteresis model
SOC

Fig. 4 Estimate curve of hysteresis characteristics

4
x 10
0.018 7
model after repeatedly comparison and analysis: making the 0.016 R0
R1 6
OCV of lithium-ion battery during the charge process gradu- 0.014 C1
Resistance (Ω)

Capacitance (F)
R2 5
0.012
ally tend to the OCVC of hysteresis major loop and during the C2
0.01 4
discharge process gradually tend to the OCV D of hysteresis 0.008 3
minor loop. Equation (1) is shown as below: 0.006
2
0.004
 d OC Vc 0.002 1
d OC V + k (OC Vc − OC V ) , d S OC
≥0 0
=
0
d S OC dt 0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800
d OC Vd
d S OC d S OC + k (OC V − OC Vd ) , d S OC
dt <0 Time (s)
(1)
Fig. 7 Parameters identification curve
where k stands for the adjustment factor. Aiming at the bat-
tery chosen in this paper, k is set to 10.
In order to verify the accuracy of the above models, the
paper substitutes the data obtained from the hysteresis minor Uoc (SOC) represents the OCV of the lithium-ion battery
loop into (1), and the results are shown in Fig. 4. Error of to describe the hysteretic characteristics of the battery. The
voltage calculation results of hysteresis model and voltage terminal voltage Ut , the terminal current It , the internal resis-
error of the charge-discharge cycle test are shown in Fig. 5, tance R0 , Re , Ce and Rd , Cd are set to describe the static
where we can see the maximum voltage error is 0.0016 V. characteristics of the battery.
This model output is substantially close to the true value of The parameters of lithium-ion batteries change along with
the lithium-ion battery OCV. For further accuracy improve- the battery SOC during charging and discharging. In order to
ment, k can be segmented. improve the accuracy of the model, this paper uses recursive
In view of the accuracy, complexity and battery type, this least-squares algorithm to identify the parameters values of
paper uses the equivalent circuit of second-order RC hystere- the equivalent circuit model dynamically. The result of iden-
sis model to carry out SOP prediction as shown in Fig. 6. tification based on the pulse discharge data is shown in Fig. 7.

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⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
3 Multi-parameter SOP estimation based on S OC(m + 1) 10 0
combined constraint intelligence ⎝ Ue (m + 1) ⎠ = ⎜ T
⎝ 0 e− τ e 0
⎟
⎠×
algorithm Ud (m + 1) 00 e
T
− τd

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ηT ⎞
Power prediction method proposed in this paper consid- S OC(m) − Qn
ers limitations of SOC of electric vehicles in service and ⎝ Ue (m) ⎠ + ⎜ T ⎟
⎝ R e (1 − e− τ e ) ⎠ It (m) (5)
battery cut-off voltage to the maximum peak power. The Ud (m) T
Rd (1 − e− τ d )
maximum allowable charge and discharge currents are calcu-
lated respectively from the SOC in current state and battery Ut (m)Uoc (S OC(m))Ue (m)Ud (m)R0 It (m) (6)
cut-off voltage, by using binary searching algorithm. The
maximum charge and discharge power is predicted by the We can use the discrete model above to predict the terminal
analyze results of the currents. voltage of the battery. Assuming discrete form of t can be
Battery SOC estimation should be done before bat- expressed as N sampling periods, the terminal voltage of next
tery peak power prediction [19,20]. Generally, SOC can t time is given by Eq. (7):
be obtained through the Kalman filter algorithm [21]. But
the accuracy of SOC estimation would affect the value of v [m + N ] = U OC V (S OC(m + N ))
maximum charge and discharge current [22,23]. So for the − Ue (m + N ) − Ud (m + N )) − R0 It (m + N ) (7)
proposed second-order RC hysteresis model of lithium-ion
battery, the cubature Kalman filtering algorithm is utilized It is assumed that the system input, charge and discharge
instead, which has better non-linear approximation and sta- currents are kept fixed within the T sampling periods, which
bility of filtering performance in comparison with the Kalman are expressed as It (m) = It (m+1) = It (m + N ). In order
filter algorithm. Moreover, it can greatly improve the accu- dis,volt
to seek the maximum discharge current i max,k , taking the
racy of SOC [24,25]. limitation of the discharge cut-off voltage into account, the
Assuming battery charges or discharges with a constant equation should be met Eq. (8):
current i k within a given time t, in this period t, the SOC
of the k th battery cell can be expressed as Eq. (2):
U OC V (S OC(m + N )) − Ue (m + N )
  − Ud (m + N ) − R0 It (m + N ) − vmin = 0 (8)
ηn t
S OCk (t + t) = S OCk (t) − i k (t) (2)
Qn chg,volt
Similarly, the minimum charge current i min,k , taking the
where C, ηi , SOCk (t) and SOCk (t +t) stand for capacity, the limitation of the charge cut-off voltage into account, the equa-
coulombic efficiency of battery, the SOC of the k th battery tion should be satisfied Eq. (9):
cell currently and t later. Assuming charge efficiency ηi =
1, discharge efficiency ηi = η ≤ 1. If the limitation of SOC U OC V (S OC(m + N )) − Ue (m + N )
is set to SOCmin ≤ SOCk (t) ≤ SOCmax , SOC is no less − Ud (m + N ) − R0 It (m + N ) − vmax = 0 (9)
than SOCmin after discharged with the maximum discharge
current for t. Likewise, the SOC is no greater than SOCmax The state variable xk (t) is linearized within m ≤ t ≤ m + N
after charged with the maximum charge current for t. and the state equation is specified as (10), where coefficient
Assuming the battery, For each battery cell, which only con- matrix A and B are given by Eq. (11):
sidered SOC limitation, the maximum discharge current and
the minimum charge current are expressed as Eqs. (3) and (4). xk [m + 1] = Axk [m] + Bi k [m] (10)

dis,soc S OCk (t) − S OCmin ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞

i max, k = (3) 10 0 − ηT
t/C ⎜ Qn
⎟
⎜ −T ⎟
⎠, B = ⎜ ⎟
T
chg,soc S OCk (t) − S OCmax A = ⎝ 0 e τe 0 ⎝ Re (1 − e Te ) ⎠
τ (11)
i max, k = (4) − T
ηt/C 00 e τd Rd (1 − e τd )

where discharge current is set to positive, charge current is The current is maintained in prediction period m ≤ t ≤
set to negative (the maximum charge current represents the m + N , thus we can get Eq. (12):
minimum negative value in the algebraic).
⎛ ⎞
State equation and observation equation of the system can −1

N
be derived in (5) and (6), where the SOC is treated as a state xk [m + N ] = A N xk [m] + ⎝ A N −1− j B ⎠ i k [m] (12)
variable. j=0

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3.7
With the purpose of obtaining the maximum discharge cur- 5.9
rent and the minimum charge current of the battery, we need 3.5 4.9

Current (A)
Voltage (V)
to solve the Eqs. (8), (9) and (10) with binary search algo- 3.9
3.3
rithm. 2.9

Using the maximum discharge current and the mini- 3.1

1.9

voltage curve 0.9

mum charge current, considering the constraints of the current curve
2.9 -0.1
SOC and battery voltage, the maximum discharge cur- 0 2 4 6 8 10
dis,soc Time (s)
rent of the battery pack can be derived as: i min, k = (a)
x 10
4

dis,soc dis,volt
min(min i max,k , max i max,k ) , and the minimum charge
k k voltage curve
11
chg,soc chg,soc
current can be derives as: i min, k = min(min i max,k , max 3.3 current curve
k k 8
chg,volt
i max,k ).

Voltage (V)

Current (A)
3.2
The peak power of the battery pack in dynamic work can 5

be given by (13) and (14) with the peak current calculated by 3.1
2
the formulas above:
3 -1
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000
 
n n 18000
dis
Pmax = dis
i max vk (t + t) ≈ dis
i max vk (n + N ) Time (s)

k=1 k=1 (b)


n  
U OC V (S OC(m + N )) − Ue (m + N ) Fig. 8 Voltage and current in constant current pulse test. a Charge test,
= dis
i max vk
−Ud (m + N ) − R0 i max
dis b discharge test
k=1
(13)
180

160
 
Power (W)

n n
chg chg chg 140
Pmin = i min vk (t + t) ≈ i min vk (n + N )
120
k=1 k=1

n   100
chg U OC V (S OC(m + N )) − Ue (m + N )
= i min vk chg
80 constraint intelligence algorithm
−Ud (m + N ) − R0 i min 60
HPPC method
k=1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
(14) SOC
(a)
70
Basing on the second-order RC hysteresis model of the bat- maximum discharge current
60
tery, the real-time prediction of the maximum charge and
discharge power can be obtained with combined constraint 50
Current (A)

intelligence algorithm, which provides more precise refer- 40

ence to the vehicle in order to optimize the operation and
30
protection for the battery.
20

10

4 Results and discussion 0

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed method for pre-
diction of the peak power, the paper chooses the lithium iron
phosphate battery LP2770102AC of Tianjin Lishen Com-
pany to implement the pulse charge and discharge tests under
room temperature.
First, the charge and discharge tests of the battery are oper-
ated with constant-current pulse. This method can verify the
prediction of actual maximum discharge and charge power
under static work environment. The voltage and current of
constant-current pulse are depicted in Fig. 8.
Time (s)
(b)
Fig. 9 Power and current in pulse discharge test. a Comparison of max-
imum discharge power, b comparison of maximum discharge current
The comparison of discharge power and the maximum
discharge current of these two prediction methods are shown
in Figs. 9 and 10.
Figure 9a is the comparison of the maximum discharge
power of the battery discharge test, and b gives the maximum

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250 3.6 50
constraint intelligence algorithm current curve
voltage curve
200
HPPC method
3.4 30

Voltage (V)

Current (A)
Power (W)

150 3.2 10

100 3 -10

50 2.8 -30

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2.6 -50
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
SOC
(a) Time (s)

Fig. 11 Terminal voltage and current in DST condition

maximum charge current
60

50 high to low results in the discharge capacity changing from

strong to weak, and the charge capacity changing from weak
Current (A)

40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (s)
(b)
Fig. 10 Power and current in pulse charge test. a Maximum charge
power, b maximum charge current
discharge current obtained from the combined constraint
intelligence algorithm. As can be seen from the figure, the
peak power decreases with further discharge process, mainly
because its capacity and terminal voltage reduction. At the
end of the discharge, peak power drops off rapidly resulting
from a sudden increase of the battery internal resistance. It is
noted from the comparison that the results of HPPC method
nearly has no difference between the proposed method’s at
the middle range of the SOC, where the difference is brought
about by the internal resistance or the accuracy of the battery
model. However, at low and high SOC, the results obtained
from the HPPC is higher than the proposed method’s,
which shows the HPPC method does not take the limita-
tion of the minimum SOC and the maximum current into
account.
As shown in Fig. 10a, which is similar to the discharge
test, the charge power of HPPC is significantly higher than
the proposed method’s when the SOC > 90% resulting from
the absence of limitation of SOC and the maximum cur-
rent. In this case, the battery will be overcharged in terms
of large current, thus affects the battery life. As for the pro-
posed method, when the SOC is over 90%, the charge power
decreases to 0 promptly and protect the battery. Meanwhile,
from the prediction of charge and discharge power, we can
see the battery charge power and discharge power are con-
tradictory to each other. That is to say the SOC ranging from
to strong simultaneously.
Finally, we used the constant power discharge method
to check the accuracy of the peak power obtained from the
hybrid pulse discharge method and the proposed model. This
method makes a group of batteries of same type, perfor-
8 9 10
mance and aging condition. And then measures the constant
x 10
4
power discharge performance in terms of battery SOC of
10%, 20%… 90%, 100% respectively under the constant
temperature 25 ◦ C . Take the 50% for example to illustrate
the test procedure: charges the battery to 50% SOC and dis-
charges with constant power and makes the battery terminal
voltage and the duration of each discharging recorded. Dis-
charge range from the rating power and increase by an order
of magnitude which sustains for 10 s of each discharge cycle,
until the battery terminal voltage reaches the discharge cut-
off voltage, and the power at this time is the output peak
power of the battery. If the discharge duration of one certain
power value is less than 10 s, the power value of last dis-
charge duration between the one no less than 10 s and the
one less than 10 s will be selected to discharge continually
to meet the cut-off voltage and cut-off period requirements.
Data obtained by the constant power discharge method is
accurate, so that this method is often used to detect the accu-
racy of power prediction.
At present, power lithium-ion batteries are widely used
in electric vehicles, where battery has dramatic change of
operating current. So the prediction of charge and discharge
performance in dynamic environment is more significant
comparing with the static environment. This paper com-
pares and verifies the conventional hybrid pulse discharge
method and the multi-parameter constraints power predic-
tion methods under DST (Dynamic Stress Test) conditions
DST condition has 5 test cycles, which consists of 14 steps
of high-current charge and discharge process per cycle. Fig-
ure 11 shows the experimental process of terminal voltage
and terminal current of lithium-ion battery. The maximum
discharge power and error of algorithm validation in DST
condition is depicted in Figs. 12 and 13.

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power reduces faster with respect to the terminal volt-

150
age. It will affect the system security and battery life if
the vehicle’s behavior is guided by the terminal voltage
Power (W)

100
at this time.
(3) HPPC methods are widely used under static conditions
50
and prediction work environment without high accuracy
HPPC method
constraint intelligence algorithm requriment. For high accuracy, the internal resistance
0 constant power measurements
should be changed as the initial statement varies, which
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (s) is neither of low computation or convenient to save as a
universal method. Therefore, in a dynamic work environ-
Fig. 12 Results of power in DST condition ment, it is necessary to utilizing a more accurate model
and at the same time taking more parameters constraints
0.02
HPPC method into consideration to predict the power.
0 constraint intelligence algorithm

-0.02 Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the National Natural

Science Foundation of China (Grant: 61374122).
Error

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08
-0.1
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Time (s)
Fig. 13 Error of algorithm validation in DST condition
It is noted from Figs. 12 and 13 that the results of HPPC
method are still better than the those of combined constraint
intelligence algorithm due to much approaching to the actual
value and better accuracy, which has the similar reason as the
constant-current pulse situation. Estimation results of HPPC
will bring larger error in a dynamic environment, which
would cause the drivers estimating the vehicle’s performance
inaccurately. It would lead to high-power discharge and bring
about the battery voltage reaching cut-off voltage earlier or
damage of the internal structure of the battery.
5 Conclusion
In terms of analysis of verification test for lithium battery
SOP, we can draw the following conclusions:
(1) The peak power decreases gradually along with the
lithium battery discharging, while the peak power
reduces rapidly at the end of discharge. Therefore,
discharge power should be limited at the end of the
discharge. Correspondingly, charge power should be
limited at the end of charge because of the decrease of
charge power along with the charging process.
(2) On the battery discharge platform, as a result of the cor-
relation between the peak power and terminal voltage,
the terminal voltage can substitute for the peak power.
Nevertheless, at the end of discharge, the lithium battery
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14. Fleischer, C., Waag, W., Bai, Z., et al.: Adaptive on-line state-of- Yuhan Xing received the B.E.
available-power prediction of lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Electr. degree in school of electrical and
13(4), 516–527 (2013) information engineering, Tianjin
15. Xiong, R., He, H., Sun, F., et al.: Model-based state of charge and University in 2012., where he is
peak power capability joint estimation of lithium-ion battery in currently pursuing the M.E. degree
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. J. Power Sour. 229(9), 159–169 in control science and Engineer-
(2013) ing. His current research inter-
16. Zhang, Z.J., Mao-De, L.I.: Effect of internal resistance on tem- ests include wireless power trans-
peratre rising of lithium-ion battery. Chin. J. Power Sour. 34(2), fer technology and applications.
128–130 (2010)
17. Fleischer, C., Waag, W., Heyn, H.M., et al.: On-line adaptive battery
impedance parameter and state estimation considering physical
principles in reduced order equivalent circuit battery models part
2. Parameter and state estimation. J. Power Sour. 262, 457–482
(2014)
18. Wang, S., Shang, L., Li, Z., et al.: Online dynamic equalization
adjustment of high-power lithium-ion battery packs based on the
state of balance estimation. Appl. Energy 166, 44–58 (2016) Silu Cheng received the B.S.
19. Ke B R, Lian K L, Ke Y L, et al. Control strategies for improv- and M.S. degrees in Microelec-
ing energy efficiency of train operation and reducing DC traction tronics and Solid State Electronics
peak power in mass Rapid Transit System. In: Proceedings of the from Tianjin University, China, in
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. 2012 and 2015, respectively. She
IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–9 is currently a laboratory assistant,
20. Sheng, H., Xiao, J., Wang, P.: Lithium iron phosphate battery working on digital ASIC design,
electric vehicle state-of-charge estimation based on evolutionary with the Tianjin Experimental
gaussian mixture regression. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 64(1), Teaching Demonstration Center of
544–551 (2016) Electronic Science and Technol-
21. Zhao, T., Peng, X., Yu, P., et al.: Lithium-ion battery SOC estima- ogy, Tianjin, China.
tion method with fusion improved Kalman filter algorithm. Chin.
J. Sci. Instr. 37(7), 1441–1448 (2016)
22. Cheng, X., Lu, Z.Y., Zhang, Z., et al.: Voltage and current sig-
nals de-noising with wavelet transform matrix for improved SOC
estimation of lithium-ion battery. In: Proceedings of the Energy
Conversion Congress and Exposition. IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–7
Peiyao Guo received the B.E.
23. Lojowska, A., Kurowicka, D., Papaefthymiou, G., et al.: From
degree in School of Mechanical
transportation patterns to power demand: stochastic modeling of
Electronic and Information Engi-
uncontrolled domestic charging of electric vehicles. In: Proceed-
neering from China University of
ings of the Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp.
Mining and Technology, Beijing,
1–7
China, in 2017. She is currently
24. Zhao, S.H., Feng, W.U., Wang, Z.D., et al.: Study on the different
pursuing the M.E. degree in con-
test methods for power density of power batteries. Acta Armamen-
trol science and engineering in
tarii 30(6), 764–768 (2009)
Tianjin University Her current
25. Kim, J.S., Yoon, J.O., Lee, J., et al.: High-efficiency peak-current-
research interests include state
control non-inverting buck–boost converter using mode selection
estimation of lithium-ion batter-
for single Ni–MH cell battery operation. Analog Integr. Circuits
ies.
Signal Process. 89(2), 297–306 (2016)

Ze Cheng received the Ph.D.

degree from the University of
Tianjin. He is currently a Profes-
sor with the School of Electri-
cal and Information Engineering,
working on modern power elec-
tronics.

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