* Roman Empire : The Roman Empire was founded when Augustus Caesar proclaimed himself the first emperor of Rome in 31 BCE and came to an end with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. + The ancient Romans influenced countries and civilizations in the following centuries. Their language, Latin, became the basis for many other European languages. Governments and legal systems in the western world were founded on Roman law. The ancient Romans were the first to build bridges, concrete roads and a sewage system that took waste water away from houses and homes. * Roman aqueduct systems were built over a period of about 500 years, from 312 B.C. to A.D. 226. Both public and private funds paid for construction. High-ranking rulers often had them built; the Roman emperors Augustus, = Caligula, and Trajan all ordered aqueducts built. Son tae (23 september 88 Auus ADH)Aqueduct of Segovia, Spain. + Aqueducts were used to carry fresh water to Rome. They are like bridges that we walk over. They would carry water through pipes directly to latrines(Roman toilets)and some private homes. Aqueducts also brought water to Roman baths. They were called aqueducts , from the Latin word for water (aqua) and the Latin word for channel (ductus).* As Roman towns got bigger, in the course of the Roman Republic, it got too hard for the people who lived in the towns to get drinking and washing water. Because raw sewage was draining into the rivers, people who drank river water often got very sick or died. + Local governments, first in the city of Rome and then elsewhere in the growing Empire, decided to build long stone channels to carry clean water from nearby hills to the towns. + Romans were the first to use for bridges. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure built with concrete. The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire. Innovative structure ever created. * The arch most commonly used by the Romans in their architecture is called the round or semi circle arch. P + These arches are built by using a support bridge to hold aims the stones until the final stone, the keystone, is placed.+ There were three main aqueduct designs including tunnels, siphons and bridges. ROowAN_#UEoUCT sreucTURES acces GSD ED a + Each design required different construction techniques. + They were made from a series of pipes, tunnels, canals, and bridges. Gravity and the natural slope of the land allowed aqueducts to channel water from a freshwater source, such as a lake or spring, toacity* Aqueducts moved the water through gravity alone, which was being built at a slightly lower angle in the masonry network. Some were buried underground and, following their outline, obstructions: to the top of the mountain were avoided, or less so as tunnels. Where there are valleys or lowlands, the channel is taken to make a bridge. Inspection shafts Settling tank Covered channel Distribution tent Ww* There were several different materials used in construction aqueducts. * Roman aqueducts were built from a combination of stone, brick and the special volcanic cement pozzuolana. They also used lead and earthenware clay to construct pipes. * The simplest form of binding material was lime mortar, a mixture of slaked lime and sand. When it was available, also gypsum was used. Later on - from the time of August and later - pozzulana was added. ‘cavty epson Wate Lead pipes Earthenware pipes+ The aqueduct symbolizes a unique and sophisticated engineering that the Rome had to offer. A critical part to any city is the constant water supply of fresh water. The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts in order to bring water from distant sources into cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains and private households. This unique aqueduct of water supply expanded over miles, which created an irrigation of water from distant sources into their cities and towns. * In order to bring fresh water into the cities Romans had to have access to the lakes or springs. Hundreds of miles away a tunnel was dug to the mountains with the use of hand tools. aqueduct+ The Romans took a water supply natural springs or even part of a river and put them into an artificially constructed channel and lead that channel of water into the city of Rome by gradient flow. The majority of the channels built by the Romans for their aqueducts are under ground in which 500 km of channels 5% (25 km) above the ground 95%(475km) below ground. + To maintain the waters precise decent through the high mountains Roman engineers dug perfectly angled tunnels through them when the pipe lines reached the low valleys they were elevated on stone walls if the walls needed to be higher 6 and a half feet off the ground the Romans saved building material while still adding strength by perfecting an ancient engineering concept " The arch”.* The arches were built around a temporarily wooden frame work that held each stone in place until the keystone was lead in the center. The keystone evenly distributed weight down each side of the arch allowing builders to stake additional stones above it. A six miles column of arches carried the aqua Claudia across the valleys on its way to Rome. * Many aqueducts were built at the foot of the mountains, offering flow from the melting snow.+ The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge builtin the first century AD to carry water over 50 km (31 mi) to the Roman colony by crossing the river Gardon . * The Pont du Gard is the tallest of all Roman aqueduct bridges, as well as one of the best preserved. * The main construction material used is LIMESTONETHANK YOU