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Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730

8th International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, SEB-17,

8th International Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings, SEB-17,
Chania, Greece 5-7 July 2017
Chania, Greece 5-7 July 2017
Fuzzy logic energy management for a photovoltaic
Fuzzy logic energy management for
solar home a photovoltaic
*
solar home
Fathia Chekired , Achour Mahrane, Zoubeyr Samara, Madjid Chikh,
*
Fathia ChekiredAbderrazak
, Achour Mahrane, Zoubeyr
Guenounou, AissaSamara,
Meflah Madjid Chikh,
Abderrazak Guenounou, Aissa Meflah
Unité de Développement des Equipements Solaires /UDES Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables /CDER,
42415.W.Tipaza,Algérie
Unité de Développement des Equipements Solaires /UDES Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables /CDER,
42415.W.Tipaza,Algérie

Abstract
Abstract
This paper presents a new energy management strategy for supplying a home with a grid-connected photovoltaic system with a
backup. The proposed energy management algorithm is based on a fuzzy logic technique. A strategy has been elaborated in order
This paper presents a new energy management strategy for supplying a home with a grid-connected photovoltaic system with a
to manage the home energy demand depending mainly on the energy available from the PV system and according to an
backup. The proposed energy management algorithm is based on a fuzzy logic technique. A strategy has been elaborated in order
established load priority, which is adjusted to satisfy the user’s energy needs and comfort. The case studied concerns a home
to manage the home energy demand depending mainly on the energy available from the PV system and according to an
installed in a coastal region of Bou-Ismaïl (Algeria). The efficiency level of the PV system has been shown through a favourable
established load priority, which is adjusted to satisfy the user’s energy needs and comfort. The case studied concerns a home
week in summer (August 2016) and an unfavourable week in winter (January 2016) using the real weather conditions of the site.
installed in a coastal region of Bou-Ismaïl (Algeria). The efficiency level of the PV system has been shown through a favourable
weekdeveloped
The in summerFuzzy
(August
Home2016) and an
Energy unfavourable
Management hasweek in winter
permitted (January
to save 2016)
26.49% andusing theof
25.54% real weather
energy conditionsinofwinter
respectively the site.
and
summer when compared to the consumption of the same home in the same conditions but without any energy management and or
The developed Fuzzy Home Energy Management has permitted to save 26.49% and 25.54% of energy respectively in winter and
just using a basic load priority.
summer when compared to the consumption of the same home in the same conditions but without any energy management and or
just using
© 2017
2017 a basic
The load priority. by Elsevier Ltd.
Authors.
© The Authors. Published
Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of [KES International.].
Peer-review under
Keywords: photovoltaicresponsibility
(PV); Fuzzy of KES
logic International.
technique, Solar home, Home energy management; Consumption profiles;
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of [KES International.].
Keywords: photovoltaic (PV); Fuzzy logic technique, Solar home, Home energy management; Consumption profiles;

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The fulfilment of the ever-increasing energy demand, while taking into account both the depletion of fossil
resources and the preservation
The fulfilment of the environment,
of the ever-increasing requires awhile
energy demand, deep change of theaccount
taking into grid. both the depletion of fossil
resources and the preservation of the environment, requires a deep change of the grid.
* Corresponding author. Tel: +213-244-102-00; fax: +213-244-101-33.
E-mail address:chekiredfathya@yahoo.fr
* Corresponding author. Tel: +213-244-102-00; fax: +213-244-101-33.
E-mail address:chekiredfathya@yahoo.fr
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of [KES International].
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of [KES International].

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of KES International.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.566
724 Fathia Chekired et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730
Chekired et Al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

This would be done mainly by adopting the smart grid concept, which induces the transition from a centralized
generation and distribution system to a decentralized and bidirectional electrical network. This new architecture of
the electricity grid calls for the use of power stations using renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic,
which are suitable for the decentralization even if their intermittent aspect remains a challenge. As the residential
and tertiary sector is the most energy intensive sector, housing consumption appears as a cornerstone in the grid
mutation. The objective to be achieved when using solar photovoltaic in the residential sector is to satisfy the energy
demand of the house in a sustainable manner by the locally photovoltaic energy produced while preserving the
comfort of the users. This requires an efficient Home Energy Management System (HEMS).

During the past decade, several approaches have been used in order to develop HEMS. Therefore, S. A. Shinde
[1] proposed a HEM system with Demand Response (DR), in which different loads are used and corresponding
priorities were adjusted. S Althaher and AL. [2] have developed an optimized home energy management controller
which manages the appliances in response to dynamic price signals to reduce the consumer’s electricity bill with
decreasing the energy consumption and considering the user’s comfort. Di Giorgio and Al. [3] examined an optimal
energy management controller of a smart home in the case of Demand Side Management (DSM) and Time Of Use
(TOU) Tariffs and reasonable results were obtained conducting to economic savings. Several techniques are
available for the implementation of the energy management algorithm [4, 5]. Among them we have chosen the fuzzy
logic [6, 7] technique which offers several advantages; it does not require an exact mathematical model of the
studied system, it offers low power dissipation and an optimized cost, it is reliable and stable [8].

The present work is organized as follows. In Section 2, the chosen photovoltaic system which feeds the home is
presented. Section 3 mentioned the chosen production profile and load profile used in our study. The proposed
energy management system is presented in Section 4, while in Section 5; the results of the simulation are given and
discussed, using the MATLAB-SIMULINK. The conclusion is given in Section 6.

2. PV System description

The optimal PV system configuration used to feed the house has been obtained by using the PVSYST [9] using
the real irradiance and temperature data of the site , autonomy of one day and the home load profile. This has
conducted to a PV array of 3.2kWp, a battery bank of 12kWh and a 4kW DC/AC converter [10]. The home energy
needs satisfaction, which must be fulfilled mainly by the locally PV produced energy, as shown on Fig. 1, depends
on the energy demand of the home, the PV energy produced, the State Of Charge (SOC) of the battery bank and the
energy imported from the grid. In order to achieve the best match between production and consumption in the
house, a fuzzy logic energy management system has been developed.

PV system Storage Home

system Loads

Pstored
Pproduced
Pconsumed
Fuzzy Energy management
system
Fig. 1. Description of Grid-connected PV system with storage for the solar home.
 Fathia Chekired et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730 725
Chekired et al/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

3. Produced PV energy and solar home energy demand (production profile, load profile)

The case studied in this paper is a house with 57m2 area which is situated in the coastal region of Bou-Ismaîl,
Tipaza, Algeria (Latitude: 36 ° 38 ‘33’’North and Longitude: 36 ° 38 ‘33’’North). It was assumed that a family of
three members occupied it. The home energy demand depends on the number of appliances, the electrical power
used by each appliance and the amount of use of appliances, which was determined by the behaviour of the
occupants in the home [10]. The home appliances used in this study are listed in [10] with their power ratings and
estimated operating time per day.

In order to design the energy management system, the energy consumption data of the house were analyzed,
taking into account the use of specific load (air conditioner in summer and heating in the winter). Fig. 2a and Fig 2.b
show the total consumption power profiles of the house for one week in winter and one week in summer
respectively. The weekly production profiles (in winter and summer) are simulated using on the irradiance data
acquired by the meteorological station of the site of Bou-Ismaïl. These profiles are shown in Fig. 3a and Fig 3.b.

(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Consumption profiles of a solar home for two seasonal weeks (a) in winter, (b) in summer.

(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Irradiation profiles of the solar home site for two seasonal weeks (a) (01/01/2016-07/01/2016), (b) (08/08/2016-14/8/2016)

4. Fuzzy Logic Home Energy Management (FHEM)

Nowadays, as the grid parity is a reality in certain countries, the new approach in the energy transition revolution
is to meet the energy demand in the residential and tertiary sector by self-consumption [11]. In the case of the house,
726 Fathia Chekired et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730
Chekired et Al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

this could be interpreted as a strategy based on the following principles:

• Satisfy the energy needs of the user by avoiding energy shortage,
• The PV production should be consumed by loads in priority and the remaining energy is stored in a battery
bank,
• The excess PV energy production is fed in the grid,
• Withdraw energy from the grid only when necessary.
These principles must be traduced into rules that could be taken in charge by a Home Energy Management, which
aims to reduce electricity consumption and cost. Among the techniques used for the energy management in a house
[4, 5], the intelligent techniques seems to be more efficient according to [12].
The operation of the management system depends mainly on three inputs data: Pp (the power produced by the PV
panels), Ps (the stored power according to the SOC: State of charge of the battery) and Pc (consumed power).
Depending on these previous parameters (Pp, Pc, SOC), the Fuzzy energy management will take decision which
loads will be powered taking into account the following predefined priorities.
1. The priority 01(P1): Category of appliances that cannot be disconnected (refrigerators, lamps, Wi-Fi).
2. The priority 02(P2): Category of appliances that can be shifted (washing machine, dishwasher, ironing, air
conditioner).
3. The priority 03(P3): Category of appliances which are not essential (which may be unused in the event that the
batteries are discharged and there is not enough PV production).
For a given irradiance and temperature, after taking into account the produced energy and the consumed energy
at time t, as well as the state of charge of the battery, the system operates the devices by priority of use either P1 or
P1 + P2 or P1 + P2 + P3.
For example, if the production is lower than the consumption and the battery is discharged, , it is the priority one P1
which will be started, in the other hand, if the production is greater than the consumption and the battery is charged,
all the devices can be started (P1 + P2 + P3).
To implement the fuzzy logic algorithm, we have to go through three phases [13, 14]: fuzzification, inference, and
defuzzification.

4.1. Fuzzification
The FHEM which uses the Mamdani's FLC approach [13- 15] has two fuzzy inputs and one fuzzy output (Fig. 2).
The two inputs are the state of charge of the battery SOC% and ΔP which is defined by:

ΔP(n)= Pp (n)-Pc(n) (1)

Where:
n is the sampling time, Pp (n) is the instantaneous produced power and Pc(n) is the instantaneous consumed power.
Both input variable membership functions are shown in Fig. 4.
 Fathia Chekired et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730 727
Chekired et al/ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 4 (a) Membership functions of the input variable ΔP; (b) Membership functions of the input variable SOC.
4. 2. Inference
After have been defined the fuzzy variables and the membership functions, the next step concerns the definition
of the If-Then logic inference. In order to understand the membership functions, an example for each priority will be
given below:
IF ΔP is Big negative AND SOC is Big, THEN the probability to start the appliances of the priority P1 only is
High.
IF ΔP is Big negative AND SOC is Small, THEN the probability to start the appliance P1+P2 is Very low.
IF ΔP is Big Positive AND SOC is Big, THEN the probability to start the appliance P1+P2+P3 is Very High.
Thanks to these rules and according to the energy actual situation (consumption power, produced power, state of
charge of the storage system, etc.), the FHEM system behaves in an adapted way to achieve the objectives.
Table 1-3 shows the corresponding fuzzy rules for the FHEM depending on the load. The outputs of the FIS are the
probability P(t) to start a certain appliances (appliances P1, appliances P1+P2, appliances P1+P2+P3) : (N) None,
(VL) Very Low, (L) Low, (M) Medium, (H) High, (VH) Very High.

Table.1. Fuzzy inference of fuzzy inputs /output P1

SOC Small Medium Big

ΔP
Big negative VH VH H
Small negative VH VH M
Zero VH H M
Small positive VH M L
Big positive H L VL

Table.2. Fuzzy inference of fuzzy inputs /output P1+P2

SOC Small Medium Big

ΔP
Big negative VL VL M
Small negative VL L M
Zero VL M H
Small positive VL M VH
Big positive L H VH

Table.3. Fuzzy inference of fuzzy inputs /output P1+P2+P3

SOC Small Medium Big

ΔP
Big negative VL VL VL
Small negative VL VL VL
Zero VL L L
Small positive VL M M
Big positive L M VH

4.3. Defuzzification
After applying the rules, which corresponds to the fuzzification step, the method of the center of gravity is used
for the defuzzication. Fig. 5 shows the output membership functions of the FHEM system which consists of
sigmoid functions with different values for each appliances category.
728 Fathia Chekired et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730
Chekired et Al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

Fig. 5. Membership functions of the output variable P(t) for each appliances category (P1 OR P1+P2 OR P1+P2+P3).

Fig. 6. Generated surface of the FHEM system: (a) P1, (b) P2, (c) P1+P2+P3.

5. Simulation results and analysis

In order to test the efficiency of the FHEM system, the satisfaction of the energy demand of the solar home has
been evaluated for two chosen cases. The first one is ‘a favorable week’ for the PV production relatively to weather
conditions in summer and the second one is ‘an unfavorable week’ in the winter. For each case, depending on the
PV produced, the load energy profile, the SOC value, the energy management system behaves in an adapted way to
achieve as close as possible the objectives planned for the self-consumption.

The simulations were done using the irradiation and the temperature data acquired by the meteorological station
of the site of Bou-Ismaïl. The algorithm was performed using the appropriate load profile of each season. Fig. 7 and
8 show weekly variation of load consumption without any energy management, with loads proprieties management
and with fuzzy energy management in summer and winter respectively.
 Fathia et
Chekired Chekired et al.Procedia00
al/ Energy / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730
(2017) 000–000 729

4
Without any energy mangement
With loads proprities management
3.5
consumed energy in (Kwh)

With Fuzzy energy management

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (h)
Fig. 7. The variation of load consumption without any energy management, with loads proprieties management and with FHEM for
‘unfavorable week’ in summer (08/2016).
3.5
Without any energy management
With loads proprities management
With Fuzzy energy management
3
consumed energy in (Kwh)

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (h)
Fig. 8 The variation of load consumption without any energy management, with loads proprieties management and with FHEM for ‘unfavorable
week’ in winter (01/2016).

To make an overall assessment of the energy satisfaction of our proposed FHEM system, we made calculations for
the two studied weeks. The results obtained are summarized in Table 4.
730 Fathia Chekired et al. / Energy Procedia 134 (2017) 723–730
Chekired et Al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

Table 4: Energy consumption evaluation with and without FHEM

Weekly energy Weekly energy

Weekly energy consumption in kWh consumption in kWh consumption in kWh
Week Saved energy
(Without any energy management) (With load proprieties (With fuzzy energy
management) management)
26.49%
Summer 110.53 90.35 81.25

Winter 102.23 87.75 76.12 25.54%

It appears clearly from Table 4 that implementing a FHEM allows us to save 26.49% and 25.54% of energy
respectively in summer and winter when compared to the consumption of the same home in the same conditions but
without any energy management and about 10% for both cases with just using a load priority.

6. Conclusion

In this article, based on the fuzzy logic technique, a new energy management strategy is presented, taking into
account the production profile, the load profile, the state of charge (SOC) and the priorities of the appliances use.
The simulation proved that the adopted fuzzy strategy can achieve an optimal energy management in the studied
solar home.
When comparing the strategy developed in [10] and the proposed strategy, the first one presented an energy flow
management algorithm that directs the energy flow showed that even if the energy flow algorithm is necessary, but
it is not sufficient [10]. Moreover, the second one (the proposed FHEM) permits to reduce the energy consumption
by controlling the loads.

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