Foundation Studio

Environment and Climate Change

Module-3 - Day-14
Designing an Efficient Hybrid System

Supratim Das Gupta, Deepak Verma

Kunal Mankodi, Sutapa Mukherji
Residential Electricity Consumption growth in selected states (2004-
2015)
Electricity consumption in Indian homes has tripled since 2000.
access to electricity has increased from 55% in
2001 to more than 80% in 2017.

https://www.cprindia.org/news/6519

In 2014, an electrified Indian household consumed about 90 units (kWh) of electricity per month on an average; enough to run
four tube-lights, four ceiling fans, a television, a small refrigerator, and small kitchen appliances with typical usage hours and
efficiency levels in India. This is 
three-fourths of the average monthly household consumption in China, a tenth of that in the USA, and a third of the world average.
https://www.cprindia.org/news/6519
Households in India according to monthly consumption (in kWh or
units)

In rural areas, 90% of the electrified households

consume less than 100 units.

https://www.cprindia.org/news/6519
http://mospi.nic.in/publication/energy-statistics-india-2021
 What is a Hybrid Energy System
Apart from regular grid-connected system, there should be more
than one alternative source of energy
 Hybrid Energy System
• A hybrid system which combines renewable energy with
conventional energy maybe the best solution to satisfy
energy needs for given location:
• Efficient hybrid system
o Feasible
o Cost efficient
• Wind map of INDIA reveals at least 50% of India’s land mass
has potential for deploying Solar-Wind hybrid system
• Well designed hybrid system for 4 to 4.5 M/S average wind
speeds produce about 1200 to 1400 KWH per annum
 Why do we need a hybrid system?
• Growing Indian economy and growing electricity demand
• Rural households consume far less energy than urban
households
• Availability and affordability of electricity supply
• Remoteness of certain areas
• India faces one of the highest transmission losses in the
world and connection to electricity grid not available
• Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), part of the Electricity Act
of 2003 forces states to purchase a minimum percentage of
their total energy procurement from renewables.
 Advantages of hybrid energy system
• Complementary and reliable power supply (day/night/
different seasons/climate)
• Point of Generation and consumption - close to each other -
saves on infrastructure costs/transmission losses
• Useful during grid staggering / grid connection not available
• Affordable/Lowers the cost of power bill
• Climate friendly power generation
• Wind Solar hybrid solutions - cover most applications - off
grid , on grid , rural electrification , telecom , water pumping
, water purification etc.
 Types - Hybrid Energy Systems
1. Wind/PV/Fuel Cell battery 8) Wind/FC system
system
9) Wind/diesel system
2. Wind/PV/battery system
10) PV/diesel system
3. Micro-turbine/Fuel Cell
system 11) Diesel/wind/PV system
4. Microturbine/wind system 12) Hydro power/(wind-PV)
5. Gas-turbine/FC system system, etc.
6. PV/battery
7. PV/FC /battery system
 Hybrid Energy Systems in India
• As of Oct 2017, installed capacity of wind power in India is around 32.7 GW
• Constitutes about 55% of total renewable capacity in the country
• The wind power potential for onshore wind above ground is over 302 GW
Solar Wind Hybrid Systems in India
https://www.lavancha.in/solar-wind-energy-hybrid-system/

https://www.saurenergy.com/tag/hybrid-projects

https://balkangreenenergynews.com/india-launches-30-gw-hybrid-sola
r-wind-power-project/

https://www.crisil.com/en/home/newsroom/press-releases/2020/06/
wind-solar-hybrid-is-indias-new-power-couple.html
 Hybrid Energy Systems in World
• Solar thermal plants can be hybridized with other thermal plants that run on coal, gas or
biomass - Given very high cost of power generated from solar thermal plants in India, hybridized solar
thermal is good option

Combined cycle
natural gas
combined with
parabolic -
trough solar
thermal
 Solar Wind hybrid systems
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0jer1yIBgA

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxvXAFrZJQg
 Load Profile Understanding

Typical Load Profile

Activity: Can you draw/think of your load profile for given location/home?
Report IEA-PVPS T9-13:2013
 Case Study : Ain Ehel Taya in Mauritania
16 kWp hybrid system in Mauritania: average daily load curve, solar
output, battery and genset use (values in kW)

Report IEA-PVPS T9-13:2013

70 kWp hybrid system in Cambodia: average daily load curve,
solar output, battery and genset use (values in kW)

Report IEA-PVPS T9-13:2013

Project Management Principles for Sustainable off-Grid
Hybrid Power Facility

Report IEA-PVPS T9-13:2013

Shadow test: To collect maximum sunlight during the day, the solar PV panel should face as much south as
possible. The rooftop must be checked for the shadows of trees or adjoining builds etc., particularly from south
direction. A clear rooftop without any shadow from all around is an ideal case for solar PV installations.

Rooftop type: The load carrying capacity of the roof should be checked. The solar panels
with structure typically weigh 15Kg per Sq. meter. This weight varies with technology and
type of structure.
Sizing of solar system: As a thumb rule, 10 -12 Sq meter (108- 129 sq ft) area is required for 1 Kw capacity solar PV system.  

System output (annual units generated): As a thumb rule, 1 Kw capacity solar system generates 1600 – 1700
Kwh of electricity per year. 

Pricing of solar system:  A typical rooftop solar system without battery and without grid connection costs
Rs.125 per Wp. A system with battery with 5 hrs backup typically costs Rs.200 per Wp. These rates are for
smaller systems upto 250 Kw capacity. For larger systems, price per Wp reduces and is typically in the range of
Rs.100 per Wp for MW size systems. 
http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/5-things-consider-you-plan-rooftop-pv-plant
Wind power density (W/m2) at 80 m hub height

Power density should be more than 200 W/m2

Wind Speed
in m/sec
Typical power curve of a wind turbine
Afternoon Session Activity
● Designing an efficient hybrid system
 Behavioral Changes
for Reducing Carbon Footprint
Some issues captured in the ECC
studio…
• Climate Change and extremes
• Global warming and rising GHG emissions
• Pollution
• Extinction of species
• Land degradation
• Food insecurity
• Depleting resources of fossil fuels and energy security
• Unsustainable energy consumption
Source: Stern Review, 2008
• In 2018, global
consumption of
natural resources,
also called the
“global ecological
footprint,”
surpassed the
amount the planet
can sustainably
renew in one year
by August 1, with
total consumption
at the end of the
year equal to 1.7
times the Earth’s
annual resource
availability
According to a study of global supply chains in 2007…

• Household purchases accounted for 70 % of global land

use, 48 % of total raw material use, and 81 % of total
freshwater resources
• Consumption of agriculture and livestock was responsible
for 74 % of the global indirect water footprint and 80 % of
deforestation worldwide.
• Vast majority of this consumption occurring in developed
and emerging economies, such as the BRICS countries
(Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).
1 Gigaton equals 1 billion
metric tons
Source: Pennisi, 2018
 Human Behavior
• Why do people behave in a certain way?

• E.g.
• wear helmet/traffic violations,
• behavior for cleanliness/litter
• saving energy at home/office,
 What is Behaviour?
• Behaviour in simple terms is Action that results from
Cognition (Thoughts) and Emotions

• Can it be changed ?

• Creating awareness, levying fines, imposing regulations,

giving incentives, etc. are some of the ways of influencing
behavior
 Human Behavior

Individual Influenced

Family Others
and Colleagues
Friends
We are driven by ‘Self-interest’ Relatives Society
and ‘Self image’
Organizations Celebrities Govt.
 Change in Behavior to fight Climate
Change
Identify change in behavior at Home
1. Saving Energy (switch off extra lights during day time), running AC at
optimum temperature like 25-27.
2. Using energy efficient appliances LED lights, AC, fridge – star rating and
inverters etc.
3. Avoid food wastage
4. Saving of water – bathing, washing
5. Solar power, solar thermal
6. Use of Recycling paper, metal, plastic, and glass materials
 Change in Behavior to fight Climate
Change
Identify change in behavior during travel
1. Use of public transport/mass transit systems
2. Vehicle sharing/Car pool
3. Switch off engine during signals or cross-roads
4. Using energy efficient vehicles – mileage, regular servicing
5. Regular service of vehicles, Hybrid car, electric car, BS-VI compliant
vehicles

Reduce energy consumption by eliminating wastage:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFAylV8Wkwk&feature=youtu.be
 Behavioral Solutions for Climate Mitigation (Food)
Sector Solution Description Plausible-Optimum Scenario
Emissions Reduction
(GtCO2 -eq)

Reduced Minimize food loss and wastage in the 70.5-93.7

Waste food supply chain from harvest to
consumption
Clean Using stoves that burn fuel more 15.8-24.3
stoves efficiently

Food
Plant-rich Eating more plant-based foods and 66.1-87.0
diets fewer animal proteins and products

Composting Convert biodegradable waste into a 2.3-3.6

useful soil fertilizer instead of sending
it to the landfill
 Behavioral Solutions for Climate Mitigation
Sector Solution Description Plausible-Optimum Scenario
Emissions Reduction (GtCO2 -eq)

Rooftop solar Installing rooftop photovoltaic systems under 24.6-40.3

one megawatt
Solar water Using solar radiation to pre-heat or heat water 6.1-17.7
for building use
LED lighting Using energy efficient lighting in households 7.8-8.7

Energy Household Using water saving devices in homes such as 4.6-6.3

and water saving low-flow showerheads
Material Smart Using devices that reduce heating and cooling 2.6-5.8
s thermostats demand through sensors and settings in the
home
Household Recycling paper, metal, plastic, and glass 3.7-5.5
recycling and materials
recycled paper
Micro wind Installing small wind turbines to provide 0.2-0.1
household electricity needs
 Behavioral Solutions for Climate Mitigation
Sector Solution Description Plausible-Optimum Scenario
Emissions Reduction (GtCO2 -
eq)
Electric vehicles / Driving battery and plug-in vehicles / electric 15.8-75.2
hybrid cars bicycles / hybrid cars instead of conventional
vehicles

Ridesharing Using ride-sharing services and/or carpooling 6.9-29.5

Transportation
Mass transit Using public transportation for commuting in 6.6-26.3
cities instead of individual vehicles

Bicycle Biking to destinations in cities instead of 2.3-11.4

infrastructure using cars

393-729 GtCO2 -eq

TOTAL

Emissions 19.9-36.8%
mitigation
potential