Rates operation

 Thermodynamics often can be used to predict whether a reaction will occur spontaneously,
but it gives very little information about the speed at which a reaction occurs
 Kinetics is the study of the speed of reactions and is largely an experimental science
 Some general qualitative ideas about reaction speed may be developed, but accurate
quantitative relationships require experimental data to be collected
 For a chemical reaction to occur, there must be a collision between the reactant particles.
o That collision is necessary to transfer kinetic energy, to break reactant chemical bonds
and form new bonds in the product
o If the collision doesn’t transfer enough energy, no reaction will occur. And the collision
must take place with the proper orientation at the correct place on the molecule, the
reactive site

Rates of Reaction
 The rate (or speed) of reaction is related to the change in concentration of either a reactant
or product with time. Consider the general reaction: 2A + B → C + 3D. As the reaction
proceeds, the concentrations of reactants A and B will decrease, and the concentrations of
products C and D will increase. Thus, the rate can be expressed in the following ways:
o Reactants decrease, Products increase

 The first two expressions involving the reactants are negative because their concentrations
will decrease with time (the reactants are disappearing). The square brackets represent moles
per liter concentration (molarity). The deltas (Δ) indicate change (final – initial). The rate
of reaction decreases during the course of the reaction
 The rate that is calculated above can be expressed as the average rate of reaction over a
given time frame or, more commonly, as the initial reaction rate—the rate of reaction at
the instant the reactants are first mixed

Rates of Reaction
 The rate (or speed) of reaction is related to the change in concentration of either a reactant
or product with time. Consider the general reaction: 2A + B → C + 3D. As the reaction
proceeds, the concentrations of reactants A and B will decrease, and the concentrations of
products C and D will increase. Thus, the rate can be expressed in the following ways:
o Reactants decrease, Products increase
 The first two expressions involving the reactants are negative because their concentrations
will decrease with time (the reactants are disappearing). The square brackets represent moles
per liter concentration (molarity). The deltas (Δ) indicate change (final – initial). The rate
of reaction decreases during the course of the reaction
 The rate that is calculated above can be expressed as the average rate of reaction over a
given time frame or, more commonly, as the initial reaction rate—the rate of reaction at
the instant the reactants are first mixed

Rates of Reaction
 The rate (or speed) of reaction is related to the change in concentration of either a reactant
or product with time. Consider the general reaction: 2A + B → C + 3D. As the reaction
proceeds, the concentrations of reactants A and B will decrease, and the concentrations of
products C and D will increase. Thus, the rate can be expressed in the following ways:
o Reactants decrease, Products increase

 The first two expressions involving the reactants are negative because their concentrations
will decrease with time (the reactants are disappearing). The square brackets represent moles
per liter concentration (molarity). The deltas (Δ) indicate change (final – initial). The rate
of reaction decreases during the course of the reaction
 The rate that is calculated above can be expressed as the average rate of reaction over a
given time frame or, more commonly, as the initial reaction rate—the rate of reaction at
the instant the reactants are first mixed