LONGSOR DAN GERAKAN

TANAH

Teuku Faisal Fathani, Ph.D.

 Satuan Acara Pengajaran (SAP) Dosen
Minggu Pokok Bahasan
I Sistem pemantauan dan akuisisi data untuk longsor/gerakan HRJ
tanah, pengenalan instrumentasi dan equipment untuk
memonitor gerakan tanah
II Investigasi geoteknik di daerah longsor, mekanisme proses TFF
longsoran, faktor penyebab longsor
III Stabilitas lereng tanah dan batuan 2-Dimensi, pengenalan TFF
analisis gerakan longsor 3-Dimensi
IV Field Trip di Desa Kalitlaga, Kec. Pagentan, Banjarnegara HRJ
V Presentasi kelompok hasil observasi di daerah bencana, tutorial HRJ
dan diskusi
VI Desain teknik penanggulangan longsoran berdasarkan SKBI- TFF
2.3.06.1987 DepPU. Sistem Peringatan Dini Longsor
VII Dampak pembangunan fisik terhadap konservasi pembangunan TFF
kawasan, studi AMDAL terkait dengan bencana tanah longsor
Mechanism and Causes of
Landslides
Landslide blocked both the river stream and the highway.
Jizukiyama
Landslide,
Japan
Many houses were
buried by the slide.
Sueling Landslide
Cibangkong Landslide, Banyumas Province
Cibangkong, Banyumas
(March, 2002)

Cibangkong, Banyumas
(March, 2007)
  Geological formations are subdivided into bedrock, debris soil and earth
soil. Slope movements were classified by Varnes (1978) into 18 types.
 The abbreviated classification of slope movements:

Type of Movement Type of Material

Bedrock Engineering soils
Predominantly coarse Predominantly fine
Falls Rockfall Debris fall Earth fall
Topples Rock topple Debris topple Earth topple
Slides: Rotational
A few units Rock slump Debris slump Earth slump
Slides: Translational
A few units Rock block slide Debris block slide Earth block slide
Many units Rock slide Debris slide Earth slide
Lateral spreads Rock spread Debris spread Earth spread
Flows Rock flow (deep Debris flow (soil Earth flow (soil
creep) creep) creep)
Complex Combination of two or more principal types of movements
Frequency of the Varnes classification movement types and identification
difficulty degree in the Italian geological environment (Carrara et al., 1985)

Type of Identification Type of Movement Identification

Movement
Rockfall    Debris slide  
Rock topple   Debris spread 
Rock slump   Debris flow  
Rock slide   Earth fall 
Rock spread  Earth topple 
Rock flow  Earth slump   
Complex   Earth slide   
Debris fall    Earth spread 
Debris topple  Earth flow   
Debris slump  

Slope movement types :

 Large diffused slope;  Average diffuse;  Rare diffused
 Easily identifiable slope;  Difficult to identify;  Unlikely identifiable
Slope movement scale (after Varnes, 1978)

Rate Definition term

> 3 m/s Extremely rapid
> 3 m/min Very rapid
> 1.5 m/day Rapid
> 1.5 m/month Moderate
> 1.5 m/year Slow
> 0.006 m/year Very slow
< 0.006 m/year Extremely slow
Carson and Kirkby (1972) proposed the classification of slope
movements based on water content of sliding mass and slope
movement velocity

FLOW
WET FAST

Debris

Mud Flow

Earth Flow

DRY Landslide
SLOW

Rock Slide
SLIDE HEAVE

FAST SLOW
 Difference between landslide and slope failure
Landslides Slope Failures
Geology Occur in places with particular Slightly related to geology
geology or geological formation
Soils Are mainly active on cohesive Frequently occur even in sandy
soil such as slip surface soils
Topography Occur on gentle slopes of 5° to Frequently occur on the slopes
20° steeper than 30°
Situation of Continuous, or repetitive Occur suddenly
activities occurrences
Moving velocity Low at 0.001 to 10 mm/day High speed > 100 mm/day
Masses Have little disturbed masses Have greatly disturbed mass
Provoking causes Greatly affected by groundwater Affected by rainfall intensity
Scale Have a large scale between 1 Have a small scale. Average
and 100 ha volume is about 440 m3
Symptom Have cracks, depressions, Have few symptoms and
upheavals, groundwater suddenly slip down
fluctuation, before occurrence
Gradient 10° to 25° 35° to 60°
Some terms describing a landslide
(Cruden and Varnes, 1996)
Some terms describing a landslide
(Cruden and Varnes, 1996)
 Causes of Landslide

• Rainfall or storm rainfall  the rising of

groundwater level
• Construction works  Earthwork, Cutting,
Filling, Tunnel construction,
• Reservoir induced landslide  the rising and
drawdown of reservoir level
• Earthquake  horizontal acceleration gx, gy
The main causative factors of Landslides
(Anagnostopoulos, 2005)

1. Climatic conditions
2. Topography
3. Lithology and distribution of soil and
rock formations (Geological Conditions)
4. Past and recent tectonic activity
(Seismicity)
5. Vegetation
6. Human activities
 Rainfall – Storm Rainfall

• The magnitude of the absolute amount of annual

rainfall is not always related to the occurrence
rate of landslides
• Because the landslide occurrence related to
difference factors such as lithology-geology,
topography, vegetation, human interfere,
amount of rainfall vs duration of the event
 The relationship between landslides in the cliffs in
Omigawamachi-Chiba Prefecture and the rainfall amount
(The time when the Typhoon No. 25 hit in September 1971)

Hourly rainfall amount

Accumulated rainfall amount

(in Choshi)
occurrence of landslides
Omigawa-machi

The number of

in cliffs
 Accumulated rainfall amount
Landslides in
cliffs

（S 42）1967
Hourly rainfall
Landslides amount
in cliffs Accumulated
rainfall amount

Number of occurrence Hourly rainfall amount

the time at which landslides in the cliffs occurred
The relationship between the rainfall amount in Kobe city and
 The Rainfall Amount in Ichinomiya

The landslide occurred

in Nukiyama

8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th

September 1976

Fig. 5.1.4 The Status of the Rainfall in Ichinomiya-machi in Hyogo Prefecture

 Groundwater Level and Landslide
Movement
• Many reports presented about the correlation between
rainfall and the groundwater level in the landslide site,
and the relationship between the groundwater and
landslide displacement.
• Watari describes that there is a close relationship
between the water level of ponds and landslide
movement in Takizaka landslide (Fukushima Pref.)
• Taniguchi performed an soil mechanic analysis on the
groundwater level and the landslide movement velocity
in Kamiya landslide (Niigata Pref.).
The relationship between the daily rainfall amount and
displacement velocity in Mt. Chausu)
The relationship between pore water pressure at the sliding
surface or groundwater level and the velocity of landslide
Landslide due to construction works

• Recently, there are increasing cases of landslides in

mountainous areas, caused by large-scale cuttings and fillings
associated with construction of roads, tunnels, or large-scale
land developments.
• These landslides jeopardize execution of the project that has
caused the landslide, or oblige the project to be greatly
modified, or seriously damage, or threaten the safety of
houses and important facilities in the surroundings.
• Most of these landslides could have been avoided if a detailed
study had been done and appropriate preventive measures
based on the results of the detailed study had been taken
Road cutting

Human-induced landslide
Tunnel Drilling beneath
Sliding Surface Subsidence

Deformed sliding surface

Loosened zone

Case of A): Occurrence of

loosening and subsidence

Sliding surface with reduced

stability
Loosened zone

Case of B): Loosening

Potential sliding surface

Transited sliding surface

Case of C): Transition of sliding surface, tunnel drilling too

 Loosening by Tunnel Drilling and Occurrence of Landslide

Sliding cliff

Landslide mass
Subsidence

Block

Sliding surface

Tunnel

Fig.5.2.9 Loosening by Tunnel Drilling and Occurrence of Landslide

 Reservoir induced landslides

• The countermeasures of landslides around dam

reservoirs have been carried out to date, especially
after the occurrence of landslide at the Vaiont Dam in
Italy 1963 that resulted in 2,600 deaths
• The reservoir-induced landslides include those
occurring with the rise of reservoir level and those
occurring with rapid drawdown of the reservoir level
(Yoshimatsu, 1981).
Dam (Reservoir) construction Human-induced
landslide
 Landslide at A dam reservoir

 Location : A dam, A1 area, Shikoku Island, Japan.

 Geological feature:

 Weathered slate and schalstein (Mesozoic & Paleozoic)

 Fracture-zone type landslide

 Site investigation:
1. Tiltmeter
2. Piezometers installed in the boreholes
 Reservoir level, tiltmeter fluctuation and rainfall
at A dam area
fluctuation (sec)
50
Tiltmeter

0
-50
-100 Typhoon Typhoon
Cracks found No. 13 No. 19
Reservoir level (m)

210
200 1 m/day 0.5 m/day
190 1 m/day
180
170
50
160 40
30
150 20
10

4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1

Time
Precipitation (mm)
 FS change by the rising of reservoir level

Safety
Safety factor
factor
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
230 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 c= 0 kN/m2 ; =34.25o
2 c= 5 kN/m2 ; =32.15o
220
c=11 kN/m2 ; =29.50o
(m)(m)

3
a

4 c=15 kN/m2 ; =27.65o

210
c=20 kN/m2 ; =25.26o
level

V 5
Reservoir level

IV 6 c=25 kN/m2 ; =22.77o

200 7 c=30 kN/m2 ; =20.19o
III
Reservoir

8 c=62.54 kN/m2 ; =0o

190 Sliding
mass
180 II I Low level
II Limiting level
170 I
Bedrock III Normal level
IV Failure level
160
V Surcharge level
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
 Landslide at E dam reservoir
c - tan
80 7
70

Cohesion, c (kN/m )
2
180 7 60
Actual slip surface 6
3 45 50 6
160 1 2 54
Reservoir level (m)

40 3
2
140 30
t=18 kN/m3 20
1

120 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70

tan 
100 1 c=20 kN/m2
; =33.69o
2 c=30 kN/m2 ; =31.93o FS vs c
80 3 c=40 kN/m2 ; =30.10o 1.00
34 5 6
4 c=42.1 kN/m2 ; =29.71o
5 c=45 kN/m2 ; =29.16o 0.99

Safety Factor
60 2
sub=8 kN/m3 6 c=50 kN/m2 ; =28.20o
7 c=80 kN/m2 ; =22.05o 0.98
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0.97

1 7
Distance (m) 0.96
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Cohesion, c (kN/m2)
 Earthquake induced landslides
Chi-chi Earthquake (1999)

• The Chi-chi Earthquake (Sept 21st, 1999), the biggest quake

on Taiwan in this century, has a Richter scale magnitude of
7.6. The peak ground acceleration greater than 1g was
recorded. Nearly 2400 people were dead and more than
10,000 were injured. Total damage 9,200 million USD.
• Across the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan, at least 7000
landslides hit an area of several thousand square kilometers.
There were 16 places where individual landslide area
exceeds 10 ha. There were two gigantic landslides of an order
of magnitude of 108 m3, at Tsaoling and Chiufengershan.
 E-W

1000
800
600
A cceleration(gal)

400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0 20 40 60 80
Tim e(Second)

 Earthquake magnitude = 7.6 R or 7.3 R (BMG Taiwan)

 Epicenter depth = 7.5 km
 The maximum acceleration of earthquake motion = 989gal(s)
(near Sun Moon Lake of a 魚池 basin, EW ingredient
 Maximum speed, the shake is observed for a long time very
greatly with about 40 seconds,
Prof. Mori (DPRI-Kyoto Univ):
車籠埔 (Che-lum) Fault moved in
the direction of north and south in
about 25 seconds as a mechanism
of this earthquake covering the full
length of about 60 km
Damage of 石岡 Dam on September 21st 1999
Damage in mountain slope
Tsaoling Landslide
 Induced by 1999 Chi-
chi Earthquake,
Taiwan
 Volume: 1.4 x 108 m3
 Affected area: 698 ha
 Total length: 4 km
 Source area:
Length: 1.5 km
Width: 2 km
Depth: < 200 m
 Destruction of 5
houses, resulting in 29
deaths
Chiufengershan Landslide
 Induced by 1999 Chi-
chi Earthquake
 Volume : 3 x 107 m3
 Affected area : 180 ha
 Total length : 1.2 km
 Width: 1.1 km
 Average depth:
30~50m
 Destruction of 21
houses, resulting in 41
deaths.
 The landslide blocked
the river along 1 km,
and 2 small lakes
have been formed at
the upstream.
 気象庁：平成16年
(2004年)新潟県中越地
震についての報道発表
資料（2004年10月23
日 19時10分発表）

Chuetsu Earthquake, Niigata Pref, Japan(M=6.8)

Landslides induced by the Chuetsu Earthquake, Japan
Landslide dam caused by
the Chetsu Earthquake
梶金地すべり

ランドスライドダム
を形成した地すべり
 Bantul Earthquake (2006)
 More than 150 events of landslides occurred with various
dimension and mechanism in response to Bantul
earthquake May 27, 2006
 Aims:
• Addresses factors controlling the occurrence and
mechanism of landslide
• Potential impact to the safety of surrounding
environment (empirical analysis)

 Most of the landslide susceptible areas were formed by

steep volcanic rocks such as interbeded tuff sandstone –
pumice breccia and andesitic breccia.