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CHIN.PHYS.LETT. Vol. 19, No. 7 (2002) 908

Darboux Transformation Method for Solving the Sine-Gordon Equation in a

Laboratory Reference 

CAI Hao( ), SHI Jing(), TIAN De-Cheng( 
), HUANG Nian-Ning()
Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072

(Received 5 January 2002)

The sine-Gordon equation is solved in a laboratory reference using the method of Darboux transformation. Using

the Liouville theorem, explicit expressions of the single soliton solution and the breather solution are derived

from the Darboux matrix in the case of a null spectral parameter.

PACS: 05. 45. Yv, 02. 30. f, 74. 50. +r

The sine-Gordon equation in the light-cone ref- under the boundary condition cos  ! 1 as x ! 1,
erence was found to pertain to the Ablowitz, Kaup, we present the Lax equations
Newell and Segur (AKNS) system, now called the ZS-
AKNS system[1] since the rst of its Lax pair depends @x F ( ) = L( )F ( ); @t F ( ) = M ( )F ( ); (2)
linearly on the spectral parameter. One can solve
it by inverse scattering transform or by the method where
of Darboux transformation. Its soliton solutions and 1 1 1
breather solutions have been found easily.[1;2] How- L( ) = i 
4 3
2
U + i V;
4
ever, for physical applications, for example in con- 1 1 1
structing its Hamiltonian formalism or in treating the M ( ) = i 4 3 + 2 U + i 4 V; (3)
sine-Gordon equation with corrections by perturba-
tion theory,[3 5] it is necessary to consider the equa- and
tion in a laboratory reference.[6] The Darboux trans-  
cos  sin 
formation method is greatly eective in dealing with V =
sin  cos 
= cos 3 + sin 1 ;
nonlinear equations, but the sine-Gordon equation in (4)
1
a laboratory reference is hard to solve since the rst of U = i (x t )2 :
its Lax pair depends on the inverse of the spectral pa- 2
rameter. To overcome the diÆculties due to this char- In the case of x ! 1, we have
acteristic, a particular form of the Lax pair is found
from the usual one by using some gauge transfor-
mations. A special form of the Gelfand{Marchenko{ L0 = i
1
 ;
2 3
M0 = i 21 3 ; (5)
Levitan equation of inverse scattering transform is de-
rived by a laborious procedure, and the results ob- where
tained are not straightforward.[6]
In this Letter, a method of Darboux trans-  = 12 (  1 );  = 21 ( +  1 ):
formation[7] is proposed to obtain the Jost function.
By using the Liouville theorem, it is shown that the The free Jost solution of Eq. (3) is
Darboux matrix in the case of a null spectral param-  
eter is proportional to F0 ( ) = e i 12 (x t)3 = f00( ) 0
f0 1 ( ) ; (6)
0
cos
 sin  1 f0 ( ) = e i 12 (x t):
B
@ 2 2 CA:
sin
 cos
 This corresponds to the zero-soliton solution of the
2 2 sine-Gordon equation. Then we can construct the Jost
From this we nally obtain desired solutions. The solution F1 ( ) related to the one-soliton solution by a
procedure is very simple, and the results obtained are Darboux matrix D1 ( ) such that
simple and systematic.
In the laboratory reference (x; t), the sine-Gordon F1 ( ) = D1 ( )F0 ( ); (7)
equation takes the form where D1 ( ) is a 2  2 matrix, and is assumed to have
xx tt sin  = 0: (1) one pole in the complex  -plane. From
We drop x and t, unless unnecessary. To solve Eq.(1) @xF1 ( ) = L1 ( )F1 ( ) (8)
 Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 10071057.
c 2002 Chinese Physical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd

No. 7 CAI Hao et al. 909

we obtain where b1 is a constant.

By recursive properties we have
@x D1 ( ) = L1( )D1 ( ) D1 ( )L0( ); (9)
Fn ( ) = Dn ( )Fn 1 ( ) = Gn ( )F0( ); (20)
where L1( ) is L( ) related to the one-soliton case.
Similarly, we have where
@t D1 ( ) = M1 ( )D1 ( ) D1 ( )M0 ( ); (10) Gn ( ) = Dn ( )Dn 1 ( )


D2 ( )D1( ): (21)
where M1 ( ) is M ( ) related to the one-soliton case. Then we have Fn 1 ( ) = Fny (), that is
We can construct
F1 1 ( ) = F0 1( )Gn 1( );
Fn ( ) = Dn ( )Fn 1 ( ); (11)
Gn 1 ( ) = D1 1 ( )D2 1( )


Dn 1 1 ( )Dn 1 ( );
related to the n-soliton case step-by-step. (22)
The Darboux matrix D1 ( ) is assumed to have one
pole 1 and then to have the further form of and
Dn 1 ( ) = Dny (); Gn 1 ( ) = Gyn (): (23)
D1 ( ) = I +  1  A1 ; (12) The matrices Dn ( ) can be determined recursively.
1 We now see from Eq. (20)
where A is of a matrix independent of  . Because of  
L( ) = Ly(); M ( ) = M y (); (13) f@xFn ( )g Fn 1 ( ) = Gnx ( )Gn 1( ) i 41 1
 
where the dagger and the overbar denote Hermitian
Gn ( )3Gn 1 ( ): (24)
and complex conjugate, respectively. We have
The rst term on the right-hand side is regular, while
F y() = F 1 ( ); (14) the second term has a pole at j j ! 0 and j j ! 1.
In the limit of j j ! 0, Gn ( ) ! Gn (0), and then
and then
f@xFn ( )g Fn 1 ( ) = i 41 Gn (0)3 Gn 1(0) + O(1);
D1 1 ( ) = D1y () = I +  1  Ay1 : (15)
1 as j j ! 0: (25)
From D1 ( )D1 1 ( ) = D1 ( )D1y () = I , the left-hand In the limit of j j ! 1, it is seen
side is regular and its residue at  = 1 vanishes
 
 
1
A1 I +   A1 = 0: y (16)
Gn ( ) = I + 1 Q(x; t) + O j1j2 ; (26)
1
This shows that A1 is degenerate and we can write where Q = limj j!1 Gn ( ) waiting to be determined
A1 = (Æ1 1 )T (1 1 ). Substituting this into Eq. (16), from the Liouville theorem, and hence we have
Æ1 and 1 can be expressed in terms of 1 and 1 , and  
then 1 1 1
f@x Fn ( )g Fn ( )= i 4 3 i 4 [Q(x; t); 3 ]+O j1j :
 1 1  1 
 (27)
A1 = j j2 + j j2  (1 1 ): (17) Therefore
1 1 1
The next step is to determine 1 and 1 . Sub- f@xFn ( )g Fn 1 ( ) 
stituting Eqs. (6) and (7) into Eq. (8), and taking the 1 1 1
limit  ! 1 , we obtain i 3 i [Q(x; t); 3 ] + i Gn (0)3 Gn 1 (0)
4 4 4
@x A1 F0 ( ) = L1 (1)A1 F0 (1): (18) (28)

Owing to the degeneracy of A1 , the second factor on is analytical in the whole complex  -plane including
the right-hand side, (1 1 )F0 (1 ) must appear on the  = 0; 1, and tends to zero in the limit of j j ! 1.
left-hand side in its original form, and hence it is in- By the Liouville theorem, it is equal to 0.
dependent of x. Similarly, the second Lax equation 1
shows that it is also independent of t. From Eq. (18), f@xFn ( )g Fn 1 ( ) = i 14 3
i [Q(x; t); 3 ]
4
it is easily found that 1
+ i Gn (0)3 Gn 1 (0):
(1 1 ) = (b1 1)F0 1 (1 ): (19) 4 (29)
910 CAI Hao et al. Vol. 19

Similarly, from the second Lax equation and with the Substituting this into Eq. (33), we obtain
same procedure, we obtain
1
Ln ( ) = i  i 1 (
4 3 4 t
x)2 + i 41 e i2 3 ; (40)
f@t Fn ( )g Fn 1 ( ) = i 41 3 + i 41 [Q(x; t); 3 ]
1 which is just the expression in Eqs. (3) and (4). Simi-
+ i Gn (0)3 Gn 1 (0): larly, we obtain the desired expression of M ( ). This
4 (30) means that Fn (x; t;  ) is the solution of the Lax pair
These two equations give of equations.
From Eq. (18) we have
f@t Fn ( )g Fn 1 ( ) f@xFn ( )g Fn 1 ( )  1
1 det D1 ( ) =
= i [Q(x; t); 3 ]; (31)  1
2
and a similar formula for Dn ( ), then
and in the limit of j j ! 0
Yn  
f@t Gn (0)g Gn 1 (0) f@xGn (0)g Gn 1 (0) det Gn ( ) = j; (41)
1 j=1   j
= i [Q(x; t); 3 ]: (32)
2 and
Substituting this into Eqs. (29) and (30), compared to n 
Y n
X
Eq. (2), we obtain det Gn (0) = j = e i2
n ;
n = #j (42)
1 j=1 j j=1
Ln ( ) = i 41 3
2 nt
G (0)Gn 1(0) Gnx (0)Gn 1(0)
where #j = arg j . From Eq. (35), we nd either
1
+ i Gn (0)3 Gn 1 (0); (33) j = j ;
4 (43)
and a similar expression for M ( ). which means that j is located on the imaginary axis
Since the Lax pair has the following properties and corresponds to the soliton solution, or

L( ) = L( ); M ( ) = M ( ); (34) k = l ; (44)

we have which means k and l are located in a pair symmetri-

cally about the imaginary axis and correspond to the
Fn ( ) = Fn ( ); Gn ( ) = Gn ( ): (35) breather solution.
In the one-soliton case, only the relative values of
The last equation yields the two terms in Eq. (19) are meaningful. Hence we
can write
Gn (0) = Gn (0): (36)
Noting Eq. (23), we obtain that Gn (0) is a real ma- 1 = 1 1 = e 21 ; 1 = 21 f001 (x x1 ) 001 tg ; (45)
trix and its determinant is ( 1)n . Hence what we can
write is in general where 001 = 100 + 1=100 , 001 = 100 1=100 since  is pure
imaginary, and x1 is a real constant. The 12-element
0
cos
 sin  1 of Eq. (37) is
Gn (0) = ( 1)n B 2 2 C
@   A sin
 =2 1
= sech(21 ): (46)
sin cos (37) 2 e 2 1 + e 21
2 2
=e in i 
2 2;
Thus, the one-soliton solution is
Gyn (0) = e i2 3 :
 = 2 arcsin sech1 : (47)
It is easily found that
  Since
Gn (0)3 Gyn (0) = cos  sin 
= e i2 3 ; tan
= cos(=2) 1
;
sin  cos  4 sin(=2)
(38) we also obtain
f@xGn (0)gGyn (0) = 1
i x 2 ; tan
 = e 21 ;  = 4 arctan e 21 ; (48)
2 4
f@t Gn (0)gGyn (0) = i 12 t 2 : (39) the usual expression of the one-soliton solution.
No. 7 CAI Hao et al. 911

For n = 2, by partial fraction we can write 001 = 1 2 +1  2 : (54)

G2 ( ) = I +  1  B1 +  1  B2 : (49)
1 2
From G2 ( )G2 1 ( ) = I , setting  = 1 and  = 2 , we
obtain
 
Bj I +  1  B1y +  1  B2y = 0;
j 1 j 2
where j = 1 or 2. In the case 1 = 2 , (1 = 1 +i1 ,
2 = 1 + i1 ), two j locate in a pair symmetri-
cally about the imaginary axis which corresponds to
the breather solution and we have
sin
 = [G2 (0)]12 :
2
By a similar procedure we obtain the breather solu-
tion b of the sine-Gordon equation in a laboratory
reference
1 1
Here the primes 0 and 00 denote the real and imaginary
parts of the quantities, respectively, and x1 and 1 are
the real constants.
As is well known, the method of Darboux
transform[7;8] cannot yet obtain the ideal results of
(50) the sine-Gordon equation in a laboratory reference.
By using the Liouville theorem, in this Letter we give
the solutions clearly, and supply a gap in the utiliza-
tion of the Darboux transform method.
We thank YANG Bai-Feng, MEI Jun, SUN Jie-
Bing, LIU Wei-Hua and WU Mu for their valuable
(51)
suggestions.
References
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b = 2 arcsin 2 (1 =2 1 ) cosh(2 1 ) sin(21) ; (52)
2
(1 =1 ) cosh (21 ) + sin2 (21 )
where
1 = 21 f001 (x x1 ) 001 tg ;
1 = 12 f01 x 01 t + 1g ;
01 = 1 2 +1  2 ;
1 1
1 = 1 + 2 +1  2 ;
0 [8] Gu C H, Hu H S and Zhou Z X 1999 Darboux Trans-
1 1
1 = 1 + 2 +1  2 ;
1967 Phys. Rev. Lett. 19 1095
[2] Zakharov V E and Shabat A B 1972 Sov. Phys. JETP 34
62
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