14 [a1View finteriorcone (6) Diagram ofanchorage ‘sembly Ficus 1201 reyssint’s Barly Anchorage Device trims: 3268) engineers - including Magnet in Begum, Guyon in France Leonhardtin Germany and Mikhlovein Rus ‘ia: contin to develop prestressing technologies, the fons of prestressing activity continue tobe it bridge construction and special structures. Early developers paid lite attention to opportunites of ost tensioning techniques in builing construction, Pos-Tonsoned Bullings: It was not unt the ft 960s andthe ntoducon of sla constr ton the tat plnerng einer eine he appletin of prestessng to elminat car andre ae terns in thin ft ab in uldings. While rei sd to these innovator forthe nedction St pressing te pip design instrament for {dng as pt forerdby TY Ln 1963) throu the concept of ad ann Tn ts baste form ad balancing allows the eninert ew the tect post tnsoing a etn nthe design Analodapedtosabeacesign comin ate. finer coud wel understand and handle (Pe 120 Jy'mhs economy made possible hy pom ensonin 2nd he Smplctyoftnd balancing allowed paneer ingenjinwrs an contactors to de the roth ostenoningconsovcson he US Basic load balancing is described in detall in Soe tion 48.48, Simpy itis based on the premise that salve and bending effects exerted on a member from arestessing cin be decoupled and analyzed Separtely, followed by superpestion ofthe effects fof each. Further the prestessing force is assumed. ‘onstan over the fall Tength ofa tendon ronal, the levaton ofthe member centroid with respect tthe Tine of aton of precompression Force remains un chang alonga member's length Post-Tensioned Buildings Refer to Fig. 120-1. Part (a) of the figure shows a remit of uniform thickness subjected an ap- plied dead load [1} and posttensianed witha co {Unuus tendon, In Part (0) of the figure the tendon is assumed to have been removed from the mem her and replaced with an equivalent load (2). The ‘suivant lad i equal to the free the tendon was tering upon the member, when it was in place n or (the net fe load (1) mins oad (2) is Feud load used i combination wii Ueionel tnethods for design of the member Note that the Concentrated forces resulting from discontinuities inthe tendon [see load (2) are transferred directly to the supports and donot affect the member. The Avil load P shown in part (B) of the figure results ina uniform compressive stress (precompression) ‘hich ie added to the effects of ending to complete the stress analysis Amajr drawback in simple lad balancing outlined STbove was its limitation to slabs of uniform thie. hess. Real floor systems often feature members of {ferent thickness, and can nce changesin eleva tion beam and slab construction, another geomet Fie features that violate the base premise of constant o. nate ooTeReeest (orga secure” — ~~ 3 4 ; =a (mene wth tian FIGURE 1.2¢-1 Simple Load Balancing Viewing the PostTensioning as a Reduction in Dead Load (P80) Introduetion| FIGURE 1.2¢-2 View ofa Design Strip with Non ‘Uniform Geometry 129} eccentricity of line of precompression with respect toa member’ centroidal axe, Figure 12C2 illus teatesa desig strip from a Moor slab, where changes inthe centroal ars ofthe member along its length Invaldat the applleation of simple load balancing Extended load balancing. introduced by Aslam [alam 1990] and detailed in Chapter 4, generale Ines the application of "oad balancing” to practical Mor systems. Briefly, extended load Balancing cov fers the analysis of prestressing members where the distance between theline of precompression id the members centrodal ais is not constant. In effet, the extended load balanelng among other features accounts for changes in thickness ofa post-tensioned member Refer to Fig, 1.2C-3. Part (a) ilustrates a poste sioned member of non-uniform thickness. In Patt (@) the tendon is assumed to be removed and re Placed with equivalent loads that consist of dstib- ‘ted uplift frees due tothe parabolic tendon pro file and concentrated axial loadsa the ends ofthe tendons. Lack f alignment of the axial forces results in adltional ending of the beam In art (0 ino er to maintain the premise of decoupling of axial And bending effects, a moment i Introduced a the ‘change in member geometry (step in the member). Tn part (the vertical forees trom tendon geometry (Gand the moment() introduced atthe change in member geometry (2) result n reaction atthe Sup ports (3) Note thatthe concentrated loads result- moment due tothe change in geometry affect the member reactions at supports (3). The concept and procedure is explained n greater detail in Chapter 4 15 D. Early Design Tools, Detailing and Field Pro- cedures: The introduction of personal computers in 1980s led tothe developmen of first-generation software chat mimicked the prevalin longhand el ulation having been based on isolated treatment of fesign strips” as outlined In Chapter 3. Widespread availability and ease of use of such analysis and de ‘Sign software, such as PTdatat and ADAPT, led toan accelerated growth of posttensioned tulding ‘The computational know-how and tools were rein Force by the introduction of practical mono-strand hardware for stressing and anchoring single strand tendons~a necessity forthe tin slab constuction advanced by Edward K, Rice, founder of Aas Pre Sressing Corp. Other important factors inthe adop tion and wide use of post-tensoning are develop- ment of extruded plasticcoated tendons, zation ofthe PostTensioning Insitute (PTH) pioneered by etn Prsiss | (2) Otigalstucture servocl ae (8) Tendon moved « io (€) Moment de to change n geomet ) Copeeeaea t (6) Hypersatic indeterminate) eacbons FIGURE 1.2C- lustration of Extended Load ‘landing Sata Dat Icoponte, Huntington each CA 1 ADAPET ww ape com