Principles of Inheritance & Variation - Part I

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Genetic Material

CYTOSINE C CYTOSINE C
NH2 NH2
G C
N N G
C G O O
C
Sugar-phosphate
N
H
N
H Sugar-phosphate
GUANINE G GUANINE G helix
double helix O O
C G NH NH C
N N
NH2 NH2

G C N
N
N
N G
H H

Base pair T A ADENINE A Nucleobases ADENINE A A Nucleobases

H2N H2N
N N
A T N N U
N N
N N
H H

THYMINE T URACIL U G
G C
O O
C
H3C
C G NH NH

O O
RNA
DNA N
H
N
H RIBONUCLEIC ACID
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

 Most common genetic material, except  Single-stranded genetic material

in some viruses
 Found in some viruses
 Double stranded genetic material
 Nucleotides create chain via       types depending on function:
phosphodiester bonds & nitrogen bases form mRNA (messenger RNA)
hydrogen bonds tRNA (transfer RNA)
 DNA replicates by forming RNA intermediates rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

                                   
  
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Two Identical Chromatids
One is exact copy of the other
and each contains one DNA
molecule
p arm
Short arm structure
Centromere
Constricted point of the
chromosome
q arm
                       Long arm structure
            
                 DNA molecule
Long string like DNA molecule
formed into compact structures
by proteins called histones.
Genetic Inheritance
Laws of Inheritance

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Proposed
Father of
Modern Genetics
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Gregor Johann Mendel

 Principles of Inheritance & Variation - Part II
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A monk who went to University of
 A Plants are easy to grow & maintain
 Plants
Vienna to study science & Mathematics  Several visibly distinct & contrasting
 1856 – 1863: Conducted experiments characters
on pea plant (Pisum sativum)  Annual plant
 Studied the pattern of inheritance  Naturally self-pollinating but can be
Gregor Johann Mendel
 Proposed laws of inheritance (1822 - 1884) cross-pollinated

Seven Contrasting Characters of Pea Plant Studied by Mendel

Flower Plant Seed Seed Pod Pod Flower
Colour Height Colour Shape Colour Shape Position

Dominant
Traits

Purple Tall Yellow Round Green Inflated Axial

(full)

Recessive
Traits
White Short Green Wrinkled Yellow Constricted Terminal
(flat)

Mendel’s Experiment
 Cross-pollinated 2 pure lines for contrasting characteristics to obtain
F1 generation
Pea plant  Self-pollinated F1 generation that gave rise to the F2 generation
(Pisum sativum)
Results Conclusion
F1 generation F2 generation  Genes exist as alleles that pass from parents to offspring
 Homozygous: 2 same alleles
 Heterozygous: Different alleles
 Dominant gene: TT (capital alphabet); Recessive gene: tt (small
alphabet)
 Phenotype: Physical appearance
Tall Short Short
 Genotype: Genetic makeup
All tall plants 1 3
 50% chance of either allele to fuse with other parent to form zygote

Laws of Inheritance
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In heterozygous condition, the During gamete formation, two

Two alleles do not mix when they
dominant allele gets expressed. genes segregate independently
come together in hybrid pair &
F1 generation express dominant of each other as well as of the
are independent of each other.
alleles. other trait

X Parents

X
TT tt
Parents RRYY rryy
Parental (P) x
generation
TT tt
F1 generation RrYy

Tt
F1 generation
RY Ry rY ry

Gametes
F1 generation

Tt
TT Tt Tt tt
 Principles of Inheritance & Variation - Part III
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Linkage & recombination are the phenomena which describe the inheritance of genes

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 Two or more linked genes are always inherited together in the same combination for over two
generations
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Morgan’s Experiment
Parental phenotypes
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( )wm
wm
white eyes
minature wings,o
+ wild type  ( w m
+ +
)                    
F1 phenotypes         ‚          
wild type o
+
white eyes ƒ      
              
F2 phenotypes minature wings, 
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white eyes white eyes wild type eyes   ƒ   ƒ      ƒ 
wild type
minature wings wild type wings minature wings
o
+ 359  391 o
+ 439  352 o
+ 218  237 o
+ 235  210  ‰            ‡     
Total: 750 Total: 791 Total: 455 Total: 455
Total Parental Total recombinant  ˆ   ƒ         
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Phenotypes: 1,541 Phenotypes: 900
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Total progeny: 1,541 + 900 = 2,441
Percent recombinants: 900/ 2,441X 100 = 36.9 ”       
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Crossing over
Homologous
chromosomes Chromosomes
aligned crossover
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A A a a A a
       B B b b B b
C C c c
  ƒ     C c

                  ƒ Recombinant
chromosomes
      ƒ   ‡  
         
      ƒ A A a a
B B b b
     ƒ  “    ƒ
C C c c

Non-recombinant
chromosomes

Sex Determination: System that decides the sexual characteristics of an organism

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Female: XY Male: XX

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Female: ZW Male: ZZ    ƒ     ƒ    ‚    †ƒ    ƒ  „ ƒ   ­

Mutation & Chromosomal Disorders: Major drawbacks of genetic inheritance

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