Student ID number:

1376735

Please copy and paste your entire notebook page (all questions, tables, data, answers, etc.)
below: (EXCEPT for the very top line that lists your lab partner!!)

Data Collection:
 
Table 1 (from protocol Part II...)
Anions 
NaCl  NaI Na2SO4 Na2CO3 Na2S NaOH 
Cations 
NH4NO3 cloudy  clear  clear cloudy
NR   clear white
  white  yellow brown brown 
AgNO3   opaque cloudy clear
 NR  NR  NR
  white  white  white 
Ba(NO3)2    cloudy
NR   NR  NR NR   NR
             white
Ca(NO3)2           NR   NR NR  NR  NR   NR
Mg(NO3)2         NR  NR   NR  NR  NR  NR
KNO3
 NR NR   NR NR  NR   NR
 
Al(NO3)3
NR   NR NR   NR NR   NR
 
clear  clear
Ni(NO3)2
NR  NR  NR  cloudy NR  cloudy
 
colorless  colorless
Zn(NO3)2 NR   NR  NR NR  NR   NR
Rules:
1. All Sodium compounds in the column are soluble
2. All Potassium compounds in the row are soluble
3. All Aluminum compounds in the row are soluble
4. All Zinc compounds in the row are soluble
5. All Barium compounds in the row are soluble besides the exception of Sodium Carbonate) 

Table 2 (from protocol Part III...)

Anions
NaCl  NaI Na2SO4 Na2CO3 Na2S NaOH  NaBr
Cations
Sr(NO3)2
Predicted NR  NR   NR  NR  NR  NR  NR
 
Sr(NO3)2  opaque cloudy
NR   NR NR  NR   NR
  white white 
Cu(NO3)2 NR   NR NR   cloudy  NR   NR 
Predicted blue
 
opaque
Cu(NO3)2  clear light clear dark
 NR light  NR NR   NR
  blue blue 
brown 
Fe(NO3)3  cloudy  opaque clear light clear light clear light  clear dark
Predicted  NR
  yellow yellow yellow  yellow  yellow  yellow
Fe(NO3)3 cloudy light clear dark clear light clear dark clear light  clear light
 NR
  yellow  orange  yellow  yellow  yellow  orange
 
 
Part III continued
NaBr
predictions ( NaBr
Anions
what outcome (what actually ha
Cations
you think will ppened...)
happen...)
NH4NO3
 NR NR 
 
AgNO3  
 cloudy white  opaque white
 
Ba(NO3)
2   NR   NR
            
Ca(NO3)  NR  NR
2               

Mg(NO3
 NR  NR
)2              
KNO3
 NR  NR
 
Al(NO3)3
 NR  NR
 
Ni(NO3)2
 NR  clear light blue
 
Zn(NO3)2  NR  NR
 
 
Answers to "Thought questions": (from Protocol page...)
1.  I could determine if a solution mixture was insoluble by observing whether or not it combines
with water. When a mixture is placed in water, if it doesn't dissolve but instead clumps up or
forms a pile (for example, oil in water), this indicates that the mixture is insoluble (doesn't mix
with water).
2.  By looking at how well a component blends with a solvent; you may tell if it is partially
soluble or insoluble. A partially soluble product can still mix with a solvent rather effectively,
but not to the point where it entirely dissolves; there will still be some visible part floating
around. If a substance is insoluble, it won't mix with a solvent at all and will be obvious that it
hasn't.
3.  If there was no visible reaction, it is assumed that the mixed solutions were soluble. This is
due to the fact that when solutions are soluble, they completely dissolve without causing a
reaction, but if an insoluble or partially soluble solution was combined with a soluble one, they
would collide and cause a reaction.
4.   Examining ions' solubility can have an impact on whether or not they combine to produce an
insoluble salt. This is due to the fact that two soluble salts must react in order to generate an
insoluble salt, and the presence of one partly or insoluble salt may interfere with the reaction.
 
Error Analysis: 
Make notes in your lab notebook concerning changes made to the original instructions, mistakes,
and potential/real errors.  These need not be in complete sentences, but should be neat and make
sense to anyone who reads them.
 There were no changes or mistakes made during this experiment
 
Data Analysis Questions:
1) Write balanced molecular, complete ionic and net ionic equations for each of the
seven mixtures (regardless of whether or not a reaction was observed) involving silver nitrate
(AgNO3) in this experiment, showing charges and states for each substance.  (The molecular
reactions have been started for you below.)  If no reaction was observed, all ions should appear
as spectator ions, resulting in no net ionic reaction.   These should be completed in your
notebook before leaving lab.
     a) __AgNO3(aq) + __ NaCl(aq) →

     b) __AgNO3(aq) +  __NaI(aq) →

 
     c) __AgNO3(aq) +   __Na2SO4(aq) →
 
     d) __AgNO3(aq) +  __Na2CO3(aq) →
 
     e) __AgNO3(aq) +  __Na2S(aq) →
 
     f) __AgNO3(aq) +  __NaOH(aq) →
 
     g) __AgNO3(aq) +  __NaBr(aq) →

 
2) Discuss any discrepancies between your predictions for Part III and what you actually
observed.
Overall, there weren't many discrepancies between my predictions and part III, which suggests
that the cations and anions are soluble because they dissolved rather well. The reaction of Nickel
Nitrate with Sodium Bromide resulted in a compound that was bright blue in color, which was
really the only difference I observed.
 
 
Discussion Questions:
1. Restate the overall purpose of this experiment (in the past tense).  Note - Make sure you
include both of the two most important objectives.
In order to determine the solubility that exists in these salts and their groups, the Solubility of
Ionic Solids lab will investigate the results of combining the cations and anions of various
inorganic salts. The ions are stabilized by the water molecules hydrating them, which breaks the
ionic bonds and produces a new chemical that will be classified as either soluble or insoluble.
 
2. a) Summarize the solubility rules you were able to create based on your observations. Discuss
any deviations from the solubility rules in chapter 4 of your text.   If some of your results were
unclear, explain how you determined the solubility of those compounds. 
-Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, and Rb+ salts in Group I elements are soluble. The few exceptions to this
rule are uncommon. Ammonium ion salts, such as NH4+, are similarly soluble.
-Nearly all nitrate ions (NO3-) are soluble.
-Salts with the ion Cl, Br, or I are often soluble. Ag+, Pb2+, and (Hg2)2+ halide salts are
significant exceptions to this trend. PbBr2, Hg2Cl2, and AgCl are hence insoluble.
-Silver salts are generally insoluble with the exception of AgNO3 and Ag(C2H3O2).
-Salts of sulfur are soluble. This rule has some notable exceptions, such as CaSO4, BaSO4,
PbSO4, Ag2SO4, and SrSO4.
-The majority of transition metal sulfides, such as CdS, FeS, ZnS, and Ag2S, are incredibly
insoluble. Sulfides of lead, antimony, bismuth, and arsenic are also insoluble.

If any 2 "aq" soluble compounds are mixed, it'll give you an insoluble product, but if a soluble
and insoluble salt are mixed it'll result with no reactions.

 
 
b) Using the general rules listed above, please describe the implications of those rules.  
For example, explain which single salt could be added to the water treatment process to ensure
that none of the poisons (Cu2+ and Ba2+) stayed dissolved (meaning it would cause them to
precipitate out)?  Although several salts will precipitate both substances, only one would be safe
to add to the environment.  You may have to research some of the possible substances online to
determine which is safe and which is not. Explain why those that will remove the poisons but
cannot be used are unsafe to the environment. 
BaSO4 salt will be added to help the toxin precipitate out. This is because the poison and sulfate
will combine to form a thick, white precipitate. Sulfate is also safe, so it won't harm the
environment, making BaSO4 the best and/ or safest option out of the rest. One that can remove
the poison but is extremely toxic is Lead Sulfate as its extremely harmful to the environment and
one's health.

3. Please state any limitations to the solubility rules you developed.  For example, are there any
salts that the rules would not apply to?  Or, if you think they are comprehensive and do cover
everything, please explain why.
All Group 1 metals (Alkali Metals: Na^+, K^+, etc.), Ammonium ions (NH4^+), Nitrates,
Acetates, Chlorates, and Perchlorate (NO3^-, C2H3O2^-, CIO3^-, and CIO4^-) are all soluble.
These elements oxides are soluble in water and dissolve easily.
All barium compounds in the row are soluble besides the exception of Sodium Carbonate
All Ammonium Nitrate compounds in the row are insoluble except for Sodium Sulfate 
All Zinc Nitrate compounds in the row are soluble

Conclusion: 
Please state your overall conclusions for this experiment in paragraph form (6-8 sentences).  In
your response, be sure to restate the purpose of this experiment and specifically how the results
you collected either help support (or not) that purpose.  Also, be sure to state whether you think
these results, and the rules you generated from them, could apply to other real-world scenarios. 
The main purpose for this experiment was to observe the mix of solutions and identify whether a
mixture was either soluble or insoluble when mixed with water. The way we'd figure this out is
by observing the reactions that'll happen when the solutions are mixed with the solvent. Once
mixed, if there is so reaction that indicates that it's soluble, but if it doesn't dissolve and instead
precipitates and changes (example, oil), this means the solution is insoluble. Since we mixed
many solutions and watched the reactions to distinguish an insoluble from a soluble chemical,
the "Solubility of Ionic Solids" supported that purpose. The results and rules generated through
this experiment could be applied to the real world as it helps identify solutes that can precipitate
dangerous substances and aren't harmful to the environment and one's own self.
 
Jeremy Burkett-Dec 23, 2019, 12:23 PM EST