Week-1, Lecture-5 Characterization of collection of particle-2

Shabina Khanam
Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering

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 Particle Size Distribution

Particle size distribution is presented in following formats:

X-axis Y-axis
Particle size Mass or Mass fraction
Cumulative mass fraction
Cumulative volume fraction
 Particle Size Distribution
Distribution can be reported either in terms of frequency (differential form) or by
cumulative (integral form).
To explain how we mathematically represent the distribution data, we will consider
table where we have shown particle size distribution.

Average Mass, gm m3
size, mm
davg1 m1 m4
davg2 m2
m2
davg3 m3 m1
davg4 m4
mn
. .
davgn mn davgn davg4 davg3 davg2 davg1
 Particle Size Distribution
To normalize the plot, one can divide the masses of each size by the total mass, to
obtain the mass fractions as shown in following figure:
 Particle Size Distribution
Finally if we add the mass fractions cumulatively we get the cumulative mass fraction
plot, shown below:

1=X1
X2
Average Mass
size, mm fraction X3
davg1 X1
davg2 X2
davg3 X3=X4+x3 X4
davg4 X4=x4 +x5
davg5 x5 x5
davg5 davg4 davg3 davg2 davg1
How particle size and shape is measured?
Particles are fed from the sample funnel into the
measurement area by a vibrating feeder. Sample
particles are dropped between a video camera and
synchronized strobe light by a vibrating feeder.
When the strobe flashes, the camera takes an
image of the particles. Images are displayed on a
video monitor or on the computer screen. The
picture is then analyzed by the software.
How particle size and shape is measured?

A digital image is made up of uniform size pixels.

By counting the number of pixels in each particle,
the size and shape of the particle can be
determined. Particles are measured for area,
perimeter, and min and max diameter. From these
measurements, shape factor and particle volume
are calculated. Thousands of particles can be
measured in each digital image and images can be
taken at up to 20 frames per second. Total sample
analysis time is generally 3 to 5 minutes.
Following is the results of screen analysis of pyrite Problem
having specific gravity as 5.
Mesh number Screen opening, µm Mass Retaining (g)
4 4760 0 Compute:
6 3353 30
8 2399 46 (a) specific surface area
10 2032 50
14 1405 78 (b) number of particles if all
20 842 87 particles are of spherical
25 708 70 shape
35 500 60
50 296 46 (c) quadratic mean diameter
70 211 35 (d) Sauter diameter
100 151 22
140 104 14
200 75 12

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 Solution
Mesh number Screen opening, µm Mass Retaining (g)
-4+6 -4760+3353 30
-6+8 -3353+2399 46
-8+10 -2399+2032 50 To calculate average
-10+14 -2032+1405 78 diameter first of all the
-14+20 -1405+842 87 data in the problem
-20+28 -842+708 70 table should be
-28+35 -708+500 60
-35+48
converted to -/+ format
-500+296 46
-48+65 -296+211 35 i.e. undersize/oversize
-65+100 -211+151 22
-100+150 -151+104 14
-150+200 -104+75 12

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 Specific surface area
To calculate the mass fraction:
Mesh number Screen Mass Mass Total mass = 550 g
opening, µm Retaining (g) fraction
-4+6 -4760+3353 30 0.0545 For 1st interval:
-6+8 -3353+2399 46 0.0836 Mass fraction for -4+6
-8+10 -2399+2032 50 0.0909 = 30/550 = 0.0545
-10+14 -2032+1405 78 0.1418
-14+20 -1405+842 87 0.1582
-20+28 -842+708 70 0.1273
-28+35 -708+500 60 6 f  ni xi 
-35+48 -500+296 46
0.1091
0.0836
Sm = ∑  
ρ i =1  d avg ,i 

-48+65 -296+211 35 0.0636
-65+100 -211+151 22 0.0400
-100+150 -151+104 14 0.0255
-150+200 -104+75 12 0.0218

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 Specific surface area
To calculate average size of particles, davg:
Mesh Screen opening, Mass davg , (m)
number µm fraction, x
-4+6 -4760+3353 0.0545 0.004057 For 1st interval:
-6+8 -3353+2399 0.0836 0.002876 davg,1 = (4760+3353)/2
-8+10 -2399+2032 0.0909 0.002216 = 4056.5 µm
-10+14 -2032+1405 0.1418 0.001719 = 0.004057 m
-14+20 -1405+842 0.1582 0.001124
-20+28 -842+708 0.1273 0.000775
-28+35 -708+500 0.1091 0.000604 6  ni xi 
f
-35+48 -500+296 0.0836 0.000398 Sm = ∑  
-48+65 -296+211 0.0636 0.000254 ρ i =1  d avg ,i 

-65+100 -211+151 0.0400 0.000181
-100+150 -151+104 0.0255 0.000128
-150+200 -104+75 0.0218 8.95E-05

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 Specific surface area
To calculate specific surface ratio, n:
Mesh Mass davg , (m) n 6 f ni xi 
number fraction, x Sm = ∑  
ρ i =1  d avg ,i 
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 5.2
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 4.7
-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 4.2
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 3.8
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 3.4
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 3
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.8
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 2.6
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 2.3
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 2.2
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.1
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 2

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 Specific surface area
To calculate ni xi/davg,i
Mesh Mass davg, (m) n ni xi 6 f ni xi 
number fraction, x Sm = ∑  
ρ i =1  d avg ,i 
d avg ,i
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 5.2 69.9215
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 4.7 136.6797 For 1st interval:
-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 4.2 172.3395 ni xi 5.2 × 0.0545
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 3.8 313.5927 = = 69.9215
69.9215
d avg ,i 0.004057
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 3.4 478.6989
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 3 492.6686
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.8 505.7194
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 2.6 546.3682
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 2.3 577.3713
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 2.2 486.1878
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.1 419.2513
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 2 487.5571

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 Specific surface area
To calculate specific surface area:
Mesh Mass n ni xi 6 f ni xi 
number fraction, x
d avg Sm = ∑  
ρ i =1  d avg ,i 
d avg ,i
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 5.2 69.9215
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 4.7 136.6797
-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 4.2 172.3395
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 3.8 313.5927 Density = 5000 kg/m3
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 3.4 478.6989
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 3 492.6686 Sm = (6/5000)*4686.356
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.8 505.7194 = 5.6236 m2/kg
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 2.6 546.3682
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 2.3 577.3713
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 2.2 486.1878
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.1 419.2513
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 2 487.5571
Total = 4686.356 m-1
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 Number of particles
Mesh Mass d avg 3
d avg Number of particles per kg:
number fraction, x ,i

N 1 f xi
∑
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 6.67505E-08
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 2.37885E-08 =
-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 1.08746E-08 M ρ × a i =1 d avg
3
,i
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 5.07515E-09 For 1st interval:
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 1.41814E-09
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 4.65484E-10 d3avg, 1 = 6.67505E-08
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.20349E-10
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 6.30448E-11
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 1.62905E-11
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 5.92974E-12
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.07267E-12
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 7.16917E-13

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 Number of particles
Mesh Mass d avg 3
d avg
xi Number of particles per kg:
3
number fraction, x ,i d avg ,i
N 1 f xi
∑
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 6.67505E-08 817154.4014
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 2.37885E-08 3515835.096 =
-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 1.08746E-08 8359726.165 M ρ × a i =1 d avg
3
,i
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 5.07515E-09 27943660.99 For 1st interval:
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 1.41814E-09 111541718.9
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 4.65484E-10 273419977.4 x1/d3avg, 1 = 0.0545/6.67505E-08
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.20349E-10 495082693.5 = 817154.4014
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 6.30448E-11 1326618123
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 1.62905E-11 3906352801
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 5.92974E-12 6745657188
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.07267E-12 12281029989
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 7.16917E-13 30433328273

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 If all particles are of spherical shape, a = π/6 Number of particles
Mesh Mass d avg 3
d avg
xi
Number of particles per kg:
3
number fraction, x ,i d avg ,i
N 1 f xi
∑
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 6.67505E-08 817154.4014
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 2.37885E-08 3515835.096 =
-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 1.08746E-08 8359726.165
M ρ × a i =1 d avg
3
,i
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 5.07515E-09 27943660.99
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 1.41814E-09 111541718.9 Density = 5000 kg/m3
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 4.65484E-10 273419977.4 N 1
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.20349E-10 495082693.5 = × 55613667141
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 6.30448E-11 1326618123
M 5000 × 0.5236
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 1.62905E-11 3906352801 = 21242806 particles/kg
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 5.92974E-12 6745657188
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.07267E-12 12281029989
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 7.16917E-13 30433328273
Total = 55613667141 m-3

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 Quadratic mean diameter
1/ 2
Mesh Mass xi xi  f x 
d avg 3  ∑ i 
number fraction, x d avg ,i d avg ,i
  i =1 d avg ,i 
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 817154.4014 13.44643 dq =  

-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 3515835.096 29.08079   f xi 
 ∑ d3

-8+10 0.0909 0.002216 8359726.165 41.03322 
  i =1 avg ,i 
-10+14 0.1418 0.001719 27943660.99 82.5244
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 111541718.9 140.7938 For 1st interval:
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 273419977.4 164.2229
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 495082693.5
x1/davg, 1 = 0.0545/0.004057
180.6141
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 1326618123 210.1416 = 13.44643
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 3906352801 251.031 dq=(1777.305/55613667141)0.5
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 6745657188 220.9945 = 0.000178768 m
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 12281029989 199.6435
= 178.768 µm
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 30433328273 243.7786
Total = 55613667141 1777.305

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 Sauter diameter
Mesh Mass n ni xi
d avg ,i
number fraction, x d avg ,i
6 1
-4+6 0.0545 0.004057 5.2 69.9215 d vs = =
-6+8 0.0836 0.002876 4.7 136.6797 ρ × Sm f  ni xi 
-8+10
-10+14
0.0909
0.1418
0.002216
0.001719
4.2
3.8
172.3395
313.5927
∑ 



i =1  d avg ,i 
-14+20 0.1582 0.001124 3.4 478.6989
-20+28 0.1273 0.000775 3 492.6686 dvs=1/4686.356
-28+35 0.1091 0.000604 2.8 505.7194 = 0.000213385 m
-35+48 0.0836 0.000398 2.6 546.3682 = 213.385 µm
-48+65 0.0636 0.000254 2.3 577.3713
-65+100 0.0400 0.000181 2.2 486.1878
-100+150 0.0255 0.000128 2.1 419.2513
-150+200 0.0218 8.95E-05 2 487.5571
Total = 4686.356 m-1

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 Summary of the Lecture
 Differential as well as cumulative particle size distribution
was discussed once the screen analysis was completed.
 Estimation of particle size and shape using measuring
instruments was described.
 Worked example was consider to find specific surface area,
number of particles, mean size and Sauter diameter of
mixture.

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Thank You!

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