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In the country's largest city of São Paulo, crowds chanted that Mr Bolsonaro
must go to prison.
About 1,500 people have been held over Sunday's riots in the capital Brasília.
They came a week after President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was sworn in after
October's election that divided Brazil.
Mr Bolsonaro, 67, has not admitted defeat in the tightly-fought election, and
flew to the US before the handover on 1 January. On Monday, he was admitted
to hospital in Florida with abdominal pain.
Marina Rodrigues Carmona fears that similar rioting could happen again
The turnout at São Paulo's demonstration was impressive, the BBC's Katy
Watson reports from the city. A part of Paulista Avenue, Brazil's most famous
street, was blocked off as crowds filled the area, singing, dancing and chanting
for justice.
Many came dressed in red, the colours of Lula's Workers' Party; others waved
placards saying "No amnesty for the coup mongers" and called for those
responsible to be punished. There were also chants of "Prison for Bolsonaro".
"I don't agree with what happened in Brasília - it was a nightmare. I don't agree
with those who believe that with democracy you can use your power to
destroy democracy," Gabriel, who only gave his first name, told the BBC.
"I want to show to the world and our country that even though there are
thousands of people who believe the elections weren't valid, here in Brazil, we
have a gigantic number of people who believe we can trust our government,
we can trust in our democracy," he said.
REUTERS
A pro-democracy march in Porto Alegre in southern Brazil, around 1,200 miles (1931km) from the capital
Brasilia, where the riots happened
There was, however, a huge police presence. At times, the atmosphere has felt
tense. People are still processing what happened in Brasilia and nerves haven't
yet calmed for many, our correspondent says.
Meanwhile, Brasília Governor Ibaneis Rocha has been removed from his post
for 90 days by the Supreme Court.
Justice Minister Alexandre de Moraes accused him of failing to prevent the riot
and of being "painfully silent" in the face of the attack.
Video shared by the Brazilian outlet O Globo showed some officers laughing
and taking photos together as demonstrators occupied the congressional
campus in the background.
Bolsonaro supporters created camps in cities across Brazil, some of them
outside the military barracks. That is because his most ardent supporters want
the military to intervene and make good elections that they say were stolen.
Some protesters are not just angry that Mr Bolsonaro lost the election - they
want President Lula to return to prison.
Lula spent 18 months in jail after being found guilty of corruption in 2017. His
convictions were later annulled, after initially being sentenced to more than
nine years.
Heads of state around the world have also denounced the violence.
3:51
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