Emergency Procedures

Situation Safe Response

Burns Flush with cold water until the burning sensation
subsides

Cuts If bleeding is severe, apply pressure or a

compress directly to the cut and medical
attention. If cut is minor, allow to bleed briefly
and wash with soap and water.
Electric Shock Provide fresh air. Adjust the person’s position so
that the head is lower than the rest of the body. If
breathing stops, use artificial resuscitation.

Eye Injury Flush eye immediately with running water.

Remove contact lenses. Do not allow the eye to
be rubbed.

Fainting See electric shock.

Fire Turn off all gas outlets and disconnect all circuits.
Use a fire blanket or fire extinguisher to smother
the fire. Caution: Do not cut off a person’s air
supply. Never aim fire extinguisher at a person’s
face.

Self-Protection

1. Wear laboratory gowns, goggles or glasses, proper shoes and gloves if needed to protect
yourself from accidentally spilled corrosive liquids and broken glasses.
2. Always keep a neat appearance. Ladies should tie their hair to prevent possible hazards.
3. Always wash your hands and arms before the laboratory activities to avoid contamination of
substances and also to avoid toxic or otherwise dangerous chemicals that nay inadvertently
transferred to the mouth.
4. Never taste, smell or touch a chemical solution unless specifically directed to do so.
5. Whenever your skin comes in contact with chemicals, wash it quickly and thoroughly with soap
and water.
6. For fire burns, place the affected area under running water for several minutes and apply
burning ointment or Vaseline petroleum jelly after washing the affected area.
7. In case of accident or injury, even if it is minor, notify your instructor at once.
Laboratory Rules

1. Do not work in the laboratory alone. The laboratory instructor must be present.
2. Unauthorized experiments, including the variations of those in the laboratory manual, are
forbidden.
3. Immediately clean up all chemical spills, paper scraps and glasswares.
4. No smoking, drinking, eating or chewing in the laboratory at any time because chemicals may
possibly enter the mouth and lungs.
5. Be aware of your neighbor’s activities. You may be a victim of their mistakes. Advise them of
improper techniques or unsafe practices. If necessary, tell the instructor.

Working in Laboratory

1. It is expected that you read carefully the entire experiment before coming to the laboratory.
2. Maintain a wholesome business like attitude. Horseplay or other careless acts are prohibited.
3. Fire is a special hazard in the laboratory since some chemicals are flammable. Know the location
of the extinguishers, first aid cabinet and learn how to use them.
4. When working with volatile or fuming chemicals, keep the laboratory well ventilated.
5. Never add water to concentrated acid solutions. The heat may cause spattering. Always
remember, add the heavier concentrated solution to the lighter dilute solution.
6. Never pour excess reagent c=back into the reagent bottles. To do so it may result to the
contamination of the reagent.

Emergency Measures

1. Small fire such as in beaker or flasks – first, turn off the gas, and then attempt to smother the
fire with an asbestos pad or a moistened towel. If this fails use the fire extinguisher for this
purpose.
2. Phosphorous or Sodium Fire – smoothen it by throwing sand on it.
3. For Cuts – first wash thoroughly with water and then apply 70% ethyl alcohol or isopropyl or
tincture of iodine. Bandage with sterile gauge. Do not use iodine in subsequent dressings as
burns will result.
4. Acid in the eye – wash thoroughly with running water. Then by means of an eye cup, bathe with
a 2% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO_3) solution. Dry with sterile gauge and put several drops of
olive oil into the eye.
5. Akali in Eye – wash thoroughly with running water. Then both eyes should be wasted with a
saturated solution of boric acid. Dry with sterile gauge and drop olive oil into the ye. NEVER USE
A STRONG ACID OR BASE TO NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER ON YOUR CLOTHING OR BODY.
6. ACID Burns – wash first with running water and then with saturated sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO_3) solution. Cover for about ten (10) minutes with solid sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO_3). Wash off with dry sterile gauze and apply Carron oil. (An equal misture of lime
water and linseed oil).
 The mechanical properties of a material are those which affect the mechanical strength and
ability of a material to be molded in suitable shape.

What is Material?

Whatever thing presents in the world, is material. Either Physical or Non-physical. As a body,
mobile, laptop, home, It is all material.

What is Engineering Material?

Material that is used as raw material for any part of construction or manufacturing is an organized
way of engineering application is known as an engineering material.
Material science: Science in which new material is discovered Or by using science in the present
material, how can we effectively use it, it is called material science.

Classification of Materials:

1. Metal: Ferrous and Non-ferrous.

2. Non-Metal: Thermoplastic, Thermosets, and Elastomers.
3. Ceramics: Glasses, Crystalline ceramics.
4. Composites: Metal Metrix, and Ceramic Matrix.
5. Polymer.
Properties of Materials:

 Mechanical properties of Material

 Electrical properties of Material
 Physical and Chemical properties of Material.
The Mechanical properties of a material affect how they behave as it loaded.

The Mechanical properties of a material are those which affect the mechanical strength and
ability of a material to be molded in a suitable shape

Strength

It is the property of a material which opposes the deformation or breakdown of material

in presence of external forces or load. Materials which we finalize for our engineering products,
must have suitable mechanical strength to be capable to work under different mechanical forces
or loads.

Toughness
 It is the ability of a material to absorb the energy and gets plastically deformed without
fracturing. Its numerical value is determined by the amount of energy per unit volume. Its unit
is Joule/ m3. Value of toughness of a material can be determined by stress-strain characteristics
of a material. For good toughness, materials should have good strength as well as ductility.

For example: brittle materials, having good strength but limited ductility are not tough
enough. Conversely, materials having good ductility but low strength are also not tough
enough. Therefore, to be tough, a material should be capable to withstand both high stress and
strain.

Hardness

It is the ability of a material to resist to permanent shape change due to external stress.
There are various measure of hardness – Scratch Hardness, Indentation Hardness and Rebound
Hardness.

1. Scratch Hardness
Scratch Hardness is the ability of materials to the oppose the scratches to outer
surface layer due to external force.
2. Indentation Hardness
It is the ability of materials to oppose the dent due to punch of external hard and
sharp objects.
3. Rebound Hardness
Rebound hardness is also called as dynamic hardness. It is determined by the
height of “bounce” of a diamond tipped hammer dropped from a fixed height on
the material
Hardenability

It is the ability of a material to attain the hardness by heat treatment processing.

It is determined by the depth up to which the material becomes hard.
The SI unit of hardenability is meter (similar to length).
Hardenability of material is inversely proportional to the weld-ability of material.

Brittleness

Brittleness of a material indicates that how easily it gets fractured when it is subjected to
a force or load. When a brittle material is subjected to a stress it observes very less energy and
gets fractures without significant strain. Brittleness is converse to ductility of material.
Brittleness of material is temperature dependent. Some metals which are ductile at normal
temperature become brittle at low temperature.

Malleability

Malleability is a property of solid materials which indicates that how easily a material
gets deformed under compressive stress. Malleability is often categorized by the ability of
material to be formed in the form of a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. This mechanical
property is an aspect of plasticity of material. Malleability of material is temperature dependent.
With rise in temperature, the malleability of material increases.

Ductility

Ductility is a property of a solid material which indicates that how easily a material gets
deformed under tensile stress. Ductility is often categorized by the ability of material to get
stretched into a wire by pulling or drawing. This mechanical property is also an aspect of
plasticity of material and is temperature dependent. With rise in temperature, the ductility of
material increases.

Creep and Slip

Creep is the property of a material which indicates the tendency of material to move
slowly and deform permanently under the influence of external mechanical stress. It results due
to long time exposure to large external mechanical stress with in limit of yielding. Creep is more
severe in material that are subjected to heat for long time. Slip in material is a plane with high
density of atoms.

Resilience

Resilience is the ability of material to absorb the energy when it is deformed elastically
by applying stress and release the energy when stress is removed. Proof resilience is defined as
the maximum energy that can be absorbed without permanent deformation. The modulus of
resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without
permanent deformation. It can be determined by integrating the stress-strain cure from zero to
elastic limit. Its unit is joule/m3.

Fatigue

Fatigue is the weakening of material caused by the repeated loading of the material.
When a material is subjected to cyclic loading, and loading greater than certain threshold value
but much below the strength of material (ultimate tensile strength limit or yield stress limit),
microscopic cracks begin to form at grain boundaries and interfaces. Eventually the crack
reaches to a critical size. This crack propagates suddenly and the structure gets fractured. The
shape of structure affects the fatigue very much. Square holes and sharp corners lead to
elevated stresses where the fatigue crack initiates.

Elasticity:
Such property of material from which if we pull it and leave it, then it will come back in its
shape again, it is called Elasticity. This property is useful for materials used in tools and
machines.
E.g. steel is more elastic than rubber.
Plasticity:
Such a property of material from which if we pull but it cannot regain its original position when
leaving it, then it is called plasticity.
Eg: This property of the material is compulsory for forgings, in stamping images on coins and
ornamental work.
Ductility:

Such property of a material that we can pull and make it into long wire form, we call it Ductility. A
ductile material needs to both strong and plastic. e.g. The ductile material used in mild steel, copper,
aluminum, nickel, zinc, tin, and lead.

Malleability:

If we beat any metal that causes it to spread and form into a sheet form, So we call this property
Malleability. A malleable material needs to be plastic but it is not essential to be strong.

E.g. Malleable material is used in engineering practice is lead, soft steel., wrought iron, copper, and
aluminum.

Hardness:

Suppose there is a metal and we have to scratch it, The harder the scratch is, the harder our material
will be considered.

Suppose we have a material called iron and on the other side is silver aluminum So if we impact on both,
the highest impact will be on aluminum because it is a weak metal and its hardness is less.

But if we talk about iron, It will be more difficult to scratch on the sheet of iron if we compare it with
aluminum, so hardness will be more of iron.
So a hard material that we cannot easily scratch, is equally hard.

The hardness of a metal is determined by various of tests :

Brinell hardness test

Rockwell hardness test

Vickers hardness test (also called Diamond Pyramid ) test, and

Shore stereoscope

Toughness

Material that if we bend or twist, how much energy can absorb before it breaks is called Toughness.
The toughness of the material has been decreased when it is heated. So Toughness is properties that
provide information about the capacity to absorb maximum energy. In this, we suddenly impact and
check how much energy is absorbed at that time.

The toughness of metal is determined by Impact testing machine.

Impact testing has done by two types:

IZOD Testing

Charpy Testing

Brittleness

Suppose we have a material and we impact it and it should be broken, without deform is called
Brittleness.
Or
If we pull such a material, it breaks instead of pulling it, we call it Brittleness. e.g. Cast iron is a brittle
material.

Tenacity

Such material on which we apply pressure, bend, and pull, but do not break it in that condition is called
Tenacity.

Fatigue

When a material loads more than a specific load, then there is a chance of failure But in fatigue, Any
material fails even at low load if we apply a repetitive load. This failure is known as fatigue.

Fatigue value is many times less than that stress, in which a material has to fail in actual. The factor of
fatigue on materials: Less strength, life, and Durabil

E.g. Fatigue property is used for observing In designing shafts, connecting rod, springs, gears, etc.

Causes of fatigue in the material:

1. Dynamic forces
2. Repetitive load/stress

Fatigue Resistance

In spite of repetitive loads on a material, it is not broken then it is its fatigue property. E.g. Road

Impact Resistance:

Let’s say we took the material and hit it with a hammer, So the more he can bear the injury of that
hammer without breaking, as much his impact resistance will be high.

Machineability

Such a material that is easy to work on, such as cutting, using a tool, and machining, we call it
machinability. E.g. Brass can be easily machined than steel.
Strength

If we put a load on metal, it is without changing its shape or if it is able to bear it without breaking it
then it is called its strength. So the ability or capacity of a material to withstand or support a load
without fracture is called its strength.

Strain Energy

If we put a load in a body or material, then the body is elastic up to a particular limit in the stress-strain
curve, so the energy that the body stores up to that elastic limit is called Strain energy.

Resilience

Such material in which the strain energy is stored in the body till the elastic limit only, is called as the
resilience. so it is the property of a material to absorb energy and to resist shock and impact loads. This
property is essential for spring materials.

Proof Resilience

How much maximum strain energy stored in material up to the elastic limit is called proof resilience.

Modulus of Resilience

If we divide the proof resilience from the volume of body, then it will come out with the Modulus of
Resilience.

Creep

When we put the material under constant load, for a long time, at high temperature, then the
deformation that happens inside it, is called Creep.
It is also known as cold flow. Creep is used for examine in designing internal combustion engines,
boilers, and turbines.

Rupture

Rupture meaning is a break or burst suddenly. Stress rupture testing is similar to creep testing except
that the stresses are higher than those used in creep testing.

E.g. pipe or container

Modulus of Toughness

Modulus of toughness is defined as the ability of a material to absorb energy in plastic deformation or
fracture point.
Products Metal/ Engineering Properties
Polymer Material
Pedestrian tractor v-belt Metal Cast Iron and Cast Hardness, Elasticity,
pulley Steel Ductility, Toughness and
Brittleness
Copper wire Metal Copper Malleability and Ductility
Tractors rubber tire Polymer Rubber tree and Elasticity and Resilience
Synthetic rubber

Piston Metal Aluminum Alloy Machineability and Ductility

or or Hardness, Brittleness and
Cast Iron Ductility
Electrical PVC conduit Polymer Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticity and Toughness
Engineers’ hardhat Polymer Polyethylene Plasticity and Toughness
Rotary tiller blade Metal Steel Hardness, Toughness,
Strength, Plasticity and
Malleability
Shure Ice bags Polymer Polyethylene Plasticity and Toughness
Combine harvester roller Metal Alloy Steel Strength, Ductility and
chain Toughness

Tractors coolant reservoir Polymer Polyethylene Plasticity and Toughness