Word Classes g7

ENGLISH LANGUAGE – GRADE SEVEN
SECOND TRIMESTER, ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022
Word Classes – SB pages 78 & 79

➢ Words can be divided into classes according to the way in
which they are used. The four main word classes can be
represented in a diagram like this:
nouns
words
verbs
adverbs adjective
Nouns
A noun is the name of something: a thing or a person or a
place, or even a feeling or a state of mind. Nouns have some
typical noun endings.
-age ⇝ beverage, courage, pilgrimage
-ation, -tion, -sion, -ion ⇝ explanation, education, invasion
-er, -or ⇝ painter, actor, motivator
-ity ⇝ reality, immunity, eternity
-ment ⇝ experiment, department, entertainment
-ness ⇝ brightness, happiness, sadness
-ist ⇝ neurologist, biologist, guitarist
-ing ⇝ building, saving, writing
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Others suffixes that can be used:

-dom -ance -ee -ess -atte
-ism -ship
NOUNS
CONCRETE
o Common Nouns
ABSTRACT
o Proper Nouns
COLLECTIVE
o Countable Nouns
o Uncountable Nouns SINGULAR
o Compound Nouns
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Common Nouns
A common noun is a general name for a person, place or idea.
Example: theatre – cat – dog – man – woman – dinner – country – day – week
– century
Proper Nouns
A proper noun is the name of a specific person, place or idea.
Example: Levenberg Hold – Dammam – Phoenicians – Ramadan – Frozen II –
Saturday
Only proper nouns need to be capitalized.
Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun is the name which refers to people and to things that exist
physically. We can visualize concrete nouns.
Example: scissors – stone – poetry – mirror – tea
⇒ you can SEE
⇒ you can TOUCH
⇒ you can TASTE
⇒ you can SMELL
⇒ you can HEAR
➢ branches (touch)
➢ rubbish bin (smell)
➢ drill (hear)
➢ smoke from a chimney (sight)
Abstract Nouns
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An abstract noun is the name that is usually an idea or concept with no clear
visual image.
Example: strength – honor –horror – wisdom – terror – joy – failure – success –
slavery – wealth – beauty – luxury – patience – mercy – pleasure – anger –
bravery – intelligence – liberty – luck
↝ … ideas
↝ … thoughts
↝ … feelings
↝ … emotions
↝ … concepts
∫∞∫ Think of an image for hope. These abstract nouns can be only described &
imagined. These abstract nouns often have symbols to show the
meaning.
love → poison →
Collective Nouns
An abstract noun is the name that is usually an idea or concept with no clear
visual image.
Example: crew – cast –audience – class – committee – family – government –
herd – crowd – team
Plural & Singular Nouns
- Singular boy, girl - Singular echo, hero, piano - Singular box, church
- Rule add (s) - Rule add (s) to few (o) endings - Rule add (es) to (s),
(sh), (ch), (x), (z)
endings
- Plural boys, girls - Plural echoes, heroes, pianos - Plural boys, girls
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_________________________________________________________________
- Singular melody, fly - Singular monkey, - Singular thief, half
day
- Rule change (y) to (i) - Rule if a vowel - Rule change (f) to (v),
& add (es) to (y) comes before the (y), add (es) to most
endings add (s)
- Plural melodies, flies - Plural monkeys, - Plural thieves, halves
days
__________________________________________________________________
- Singular roof, cuff - Singular fish, deer - Singular goose, mouse
- Rule add (s) to few (f) - Rule same spelling - Rule irregular plural
endings forms
- Plural roofs, cuffs - Plural fish, deer - Plural geese, mice
Adjectives
A noun by itself does not offer much information. If a man
wanted to buy a shirt in a store, he would need to narrow
down what he was looking for by using descriptive words like
thin or silky. These words are known as adjectives.
Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns and tell you more
about them. They might tell you what things look, sound or
feel like.
Adjectives have some typical adjective endings.
-able, -ible ⇝ acceptable, suitable, credible
-al ⇝ accidental, seasonal, political
-ful ⇝ careful, faithful, beautiful
-ic ⇝ Islamic, romantic, dramatic
-ish ⇝ childish, foolish, roguish
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-ive ⇝ active, comprehensive, affirmative

-less ⇝ careless, hopeless, harmless
-ous ⇝ dangerous, famous, furious
-y ⇝ tasty, moody, hungry
-ed ⇝ kind-hearted, cooked, frenzied
Verbs
A verb is the most important word in a sentence; without it,
the sentence would not make sense. Verbs describe what a
person or thing is doing or being.
Verbs also have some typical verb endings
-ate ⇝ translate, demonstrate, locate, assassinate
-en ⇝ strengthen, madden, happen
-ify ⇝ magnify, purify, beautify
-ic, ize⇝ maximize, summarize, popularize
❖ We can classify them into main verb and

auxiliary verbs.
Main verbs are also called ‘full’ or

lexical’ verbs because they are verbs
which contain meaning – you can look them up in a dictionary
and find a definition. Example: I play football every Monday.
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Auxiliary verbs are linking

like verb to be, verb to do and
verb to have.
Some examples of auxiliary verbs:
❖ Am
❖ Are
❖ Is
❖ Was
❖ Were
❖ Being
❖ Can
❖ Could
❖ Do
❖ Did
❖ Does
❖ Doing
❖ Have
❖ May
❖ Might
❖ Must
❖ Shall
❖ Should
❖ Will
❖ Would
Examples:
• They must get there on time.
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Every verb has following forms: base, present, past, infinitive,

present participle and past participle.
Verb Forms
Base Present Past Infinitive Present P Past P

Form Form Form Form Form Form
Look Look(s) Looked To look Looking Looked
Take Take(s) Took To take Taking Taken
Eat Eat(s) Ate To eat Eating Eaten
be Is, am, are Was, were To be being Been
Adverbs
They are words that describe a verb or adjective or another
adverb. In other words, an adverb modifies a verb or another
adverb.
Examples:
• That idea is simply ridiculous.
• She sings nicely.
• She did it really well.
⇶ There are five types of adverbs. They are manner, place,
time, frequency and degree.
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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
100% Always I always brush my teeth at night.

90% Usually I usually walk to work.
80% Normally – Generally I normally get good marks.
70% Often – Frequently I often read in bed at night.
50% Sometimes I sometimes sing in the shower.
30% Occasionally I occasionally go to bed late.
10% Seldom I seldom add salt to my food.
5% Hardly ever – Rarely I hardly ever get angry.
0% Never Vegetarians never eat meat.
ONLY APPROXIAMTE NUMBERS
Use adverbs of frequency to say how often you do something.

Adverbs of frequency are often used with the present simple
because they indicate repeated or routine activities.
ADVERBS OF TIME
Use adverbs of time to answer the question if “WHEN”? It tells
when an action happens.
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Lists of important time adverbs:

1. Since
2. Soon
3. Then
4. Today
5. Tomorrow
6. Yesterday
7. Tonight
8. Weekly
9. Annually
10. Yearly
11. Finally
12. Recently
13. Later
14. Eventually
15. Before
ADVERBS OF PLACE
Use adverbs of place to answer the question if “WHERE”? It
describes where something happens.
⇢ About, anywhere, backwards, down, elsewhere, in, near, on,
over, towards, underground, along, under, above, away,
behind, downstairs, far, indoors, nearby, out, upstairs, overseas,
somewhere, there, up, abroad, back, east, here, inside, off,
outside, next door, right, left, below
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ADVERBS OF MANNER
Use adverbs of manner to tell us how something happens. They
are usually placed after the main verb or after the object. It
simply answers the question “HOW”?
REMEMBER!
Adverbs of manner ends with -ly.
Example: happily, apparently, awfully
A very important tip!!!

✓ There are exceptions that don’t end with -ly.
✓ They are:
1- Fast
2- Hard
3- Early
4- Late
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Some words that end in ly are not adverbs. Some adjectives

end in ly too.
But what is the difference between hard and

hardly?
Hard can be an adjective. If something is hard, it is
not easy to do. Hard can also be an adverb. For
example, if you work hard, you work with a lot of effort.
(manner) Hardly is an adverb. It has a totally different
meaning from hard. You use hardly to modify a statement
when you want to emphasize that only a small amount or
detail makes it true, and it is best to consider the opposite as
true. For example, if someone hardly speaks, they do not
speak much. If something is hardly surprising, it is not very
surprising.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree help us to express ‘how much’ (or to what
extent) we do something. They can either intensify the
meaning (I am extremely hungry) or make it weaker (I’m
fairly certain I locked the door). Common adverbs of degree
include: very, slightly, quite, totally, fairly, absolutely and
extremely.
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Word Classes g7

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE – GRADE SEVEN

SECOND TRIMESTER, ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

Word Classes – SB pages 78 & 79

Others suffixes that can be used:

o Uncountable Nouns SINGULAR

Plural & Singular Nouns

-ive ⇝ active, comprehensive, affirmative

❖ We can classify them into main verb and

Main verbs are also called ‘full’ or

Auxiliary verbs are linking

Every verb has following forms: base, present, past, infinitive,

Base Present Past Infinitive Present P Past P

100% Always I always brush my teeth at night.

ONLY APPROXIAMTE NUMBERS

Use adverbs of frequency to say how often you do something.

Lists of important time adverbs:

A very important tip!!!

Some words that end in ly are not adverbs. Some adjectives

But what is the difference between hard and

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