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Ue Sapni dosp aBoyon ayy ayy yon uousno ynos1o amp yas aseyd UH St ‘soumisisox fewsonu! a doup a8ey/0%, (cq) sanz wy waoys moa 0 wesBo4p soswNd IML ‘ST aunty, y, IAs the internal resistance is due to the resistance of the inductor material, Me St ond measure the total voltage across the inductor (including the internal resis vi Saal besides Vand Vege. From the phasor diagram we can use the following relations (0 the values of the unknown inductor and internal resistance. Va _R Wee ro) yor y 12) "ERY: Mh wb (13) Ver IRR, _ RY, = Ve (14) Questions 8 What {5 Phaser CiagramT] x method used to discuss velodion loelween dEFered Gausosdad signals oF some Frequancy Tout Beer phases. = Sphase” 9b ¢ alae Sine wae 1S GeSWHSll ala Y (go Sad Ae Dx BWhy wwe dYOW Phosor Diagram wr the Copacitana Part pelow not above 27 & Bec Ve always log the source current. 9) Trek Gpactr/inductr % =o iol? gG eroctioh vn J ov 8 Y=Value — (prachole Ws 4] Odkod happen iF ar chonged the sapply Hrminols?) Nothing » the output current is AC (continously Changing cith |) Hime5) OeFinitions 3 kGpocitenas —7aKo lela charges on the Plaks to the vollop. WU! OP GHIA Gy Sac! #Tndatone e yalio beluen magne ic flux” Be to Curvend . / L- ub JNA) “Flex” gudlaall Rall Gu Swill ?) Number of tarns. Lo Oxpends on 8 CZ) angth ond aren of coil. D moderiod in-lptluten 90 # XE Renclanee of induclana "Vii + Gd) lall gs sgl GP Go Swill * Ke Renctand of capacttor - oo “MA > 7G) SU go 2251 BP Wo All 6) Cuhy the interned resislana, o& coil 15 large 27 Becaun ifs a calre having large Cenglh to form the turns 3 The Capacitor storey ~- _ _ _ Nein qneray The wduchr stores ~ ~ ___ * magnetic enemy Ouestic 1. What is an A.C. source? ween the A.C, current and voltage depend on the load of the 5 /]e Ll 3. Can we use a DC power supply in this experiment? Why? — i we use a DC power supply in this exp se = 4. How your reading change if you use a DC source? acitor and an inductor, will be the resultant vo he current and voltage constant with frequency? an inductor lags its current (why the current vol yy the voltage of a capacitor ds the volt current (why the curre ly why the voltage of an inductor leads its currentAnswers 8 ——S An Ac source a8 slectromotive force-with a voltage changing periodically with ine ~ y wit time. The phase between the resistive, capacitt Joad is resistive The vol ye voltage in the cir current and the voltage depen ive OF inductive. The current and sp a ae tage will be lagging the current when the load is a ee ha cuit will be leading the current when the load is nldhe > source to get the unknown values of apatites te The frequency of a DC supply is zero and hence X¢ = 6 and Xy a e voltage across the ideal capacitor = the entire v be Itage across the ideal inductor a 0. ibe tentireroliege Oring e the reading will change. In the capacitive part the capacitant et as open circuit, all the voltage drop of the source will drop on the capacitance and no current will pass, Vp = 0, Vo = Veource In the inauctive part the inductor will act a3 short circuit, Vp =-Vyource Vi = 0 The phase between the voltage: and current will dépend on ‘the total reactance X, - Xe. If the total reactance is inductive, the voltage will be leading the current and if the capacitive reactance is bigger than the inductive reactance then the voltage will be lagging the current. dependent since it depends and th inductance and therefore th source and the vo! When we use 3 DC soures ce will a The Phase between the voltage and current.is: frequent on X¢ or X, which are frequency dependent values A capacitor is an element that stores electrical energy 19 the electric field between its two charged sides, An inductor is an clement that stores magnetic energy in the ae upon passing electric current through. charge oF unlike Ne at one of the terminals ofa capacitor it promptly creates & sanite aaee ‘ aon the other terminal. This means that, by induction, a time Howeres die aaa through the capacitor with the same value of entry. possible nee oltage does not reach its maximum value before the maximum leads hae unt of charge accumulates on the capacitor. Therefore the current When a time vanyi associated with the eee throu innced Volts u i current interact with tl Sieg Fomine & created in the inductor. eoiiase ve ae the maximum value promp cutrent tags ishes when the current reaches the maxi igs in an inductor. gnetic field lines gh an inductor, the ma \d therefore an he loops of the inductor ant f This induced voltage prohibits the tly.. It is not before this induced imum value. Therefore the[24 Ge & 8 Ampere’s law ond Got-sorrt’s aw 3 —vOblective 8 sHury he voriolion of magne Flax density glang the axis of a long coil G& Coleulating the permenteitity of aie “Ae”. > Oefinition F mognelic. Per menbildy 2 ratio betwen wnagnelie Field & o esl to eurvent Qassing through i. Lo Tesla. Meler . Tm» —o unt s Lov or Se Wn or A —o Air germeabilily 3 Moz &Mx 67 = lasxies T%| Mops Fob O39 Gyo ws —WI IS © oc ee oer mac alli yal Saisie wee ae) = Tee mehr lode Ihe og supply JI da @) Ib D§s eee W M5 Jylo g vagoly I gb1 © BP SS Ge Sosy Loy ere Ng) AAP YS Js Maw lo err Jig # pall) coil tg omke Jide loom A Js seve JIdy © AIM fang TEPIS gpl oF my Tesomele II yo BI vip pw © bie MW ha a KEm) % &CmxT) ; “ —_— (mr @ 6 ‘s 2 pul a uv 9 u é = & — X Com)2 My ed) Geta g con Ios B wud Y N&%oo turns oz VX 18S —e 15x68 TVA La 1 am LS vend it from Ammele. Theoretical Background: Until 1820, the only known source of magnetic field was permanent magnets. Permanent magnets can be found in nature, for example, in the form of stone of magnetite (Fe304). In 1820, a Danish scientist, Hans Christian Oersted, accidentally found that when an electric current flows through a wire lying by a compass, the compass deflects. This discovery showed that electricity can be another source of magnetic field. Shortly after Oersted announced this amazing discovery, two French scientists, Biot and Savart, quantitatively described the relation between the magnetic field and the electric current. Also did another French scientist, Ampere, showing a different mathematical formula. The reverse phenomenon, i.e. generating electricity from magnetism, was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1830. In this experiment, the two formulae, Biot-Savart’s and Ampere’s, were used to determine the permeability of the core material, here air, of two types of loops. The i but only the material of the Permeability does not depend on the geometry of the loop a core. Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, exhibit much larger permeability than air. The larger the permeability, the stronger the magnetic field. ' : It was also found that magnetic flux lines are always close. They bays ei ee and end on the south pole of a magnet. Monopole magnets were not found p. a i i periment, ensures strong confinement of magnetic fs me one ee a stronger magnetic field when compared with a single loop coil. However, outside the long coil, the magnetic field lines diverge and spread over a large area which makes the magnetic flux density smaller. The coil can become stronger if the core is filled with a ferromagnetic material.Questions 2 1] Bo we ase an AC of OC sourat) OC sure UT} Colt F eve exchanged the ssova dyminals3] QB cath eR magntive leew tha OC _curret hand — diveetion. 3) Reosn & tm efor Q Due to eorth wnognelic Field and oth Lab Ras. 4} Ts © constant (ase coil 2 # TF the coil is vey Amg 8 Convard & He Rong is GOR 8 Maxim ot Cth and — Rereaks away from ant. 5) B cule th col — x Tdenlly = 200 ¥ Prochicoly = very Brall value. 6) Gany Bis max at onl? — eam the magic EN) Aines ove Povallel. 7] Does Mo chan i628 WS 1 No | 8] Does B ins vhnsid of & sae ry Wier 1) (WHI Sonor) beeause /V-furns 9) OxFine magnelic Feld 2 Magnelic Flux lms crossing unit Area. @B- xMonts £ & 8 Tela, or mt n of A. Swragnnic Flue” 8 Tm, Gurbar Questions: (very important ) 1- How does a long coil provide a strong, magnet? . _ 2- In parts A and B of this experiment, the source is adjusted to operate as a current source. Why? | 3+ Why is the reading of the Ammeter smaller than the expected reading? a 4- Why is the value of the magnetic flux density stronger in the core and why does it drop outside the long coil (solenoid)? . ; 5- What is the relation between the permeability of air and the other parameters of the coil? . ; . 6- The current used in the Biot-Savart’s law part is higher than that used in Ampere’s law part. Why? Ansuersg al area, A, which is the cross ie Mux density, B = d/dA is quired to determin B ws the postion of the probe in part A not By meas in part B. Therefore, the other parameters shesid on Keep a constant value, aes, . neter gives the at Hows through source: through whatever the resistan 1 current for am of the load is. In thi However, a practical current source has a Parallel to the load. This intemal resistance and this part then depends on the relation between the Toad resistance. An ideal current source has an infinite resistance (Rinerat = <2) phan mgt hs Meat = eng snbell ret pesto the bad ‘A practigal current source has (Riscermat ©) Bos acts . Pad. Ral Fiewal ‘And the current divides between Rjgag and Rinterat ? oad = fource X Riurnat (Bact * Riera 9 [jst like current division for two parallel resistor]. For a voltage source, the internal resistance comes in series with the load resistance. An ideal voltage source has a zero infernal resistance se the core, the Sux is dstobued vera smaller area > stronger Outside, 4 Insite is spread over a lage area > smaller B. fhe flux ie sree permeability of ait i a constant value for this matril 5 No wolive ofall other coil parameters. : imespective of ivr part, the mumbe of tums iS much smaller than that in 6- In Biot Sawn Tt Therefore, more cient i needed Yo get measirble magnetic “Ampere’s law pat field density. 8.13) Sep @ - Temperature Corfficient of Resistana 3 Objective 2 Qelrminadin of lemperadun — vefficint of a Cappy waive. —p Tamperodare Coefficient Co De vak of choe & resistona due to famprodare chonge. —» Units ot Bip Sasi Sogléall |S J. M0 —s Formula ¢ R = R Clear) fem LAR val ot oc Skps 8 Gore a) Gow y Caper wire Jb Pou Ibs © Raids gp oy os RN gud afi yGs gl Ubb avo I Py 9 PRE JI es! © Ball 3 Vybat gly yy os RI ged Seip PIS pw| @ See Rook Anat Goce Gb Giesinl, Jal 20 @) - -\ & o- TH 2 ye oy Bxlo® Te -18e os R lus A> sybo Q)Theoretical Background * An electric current is simply a flow of electrons in a certain direction. While moving, electrons get scattered due to the collisions with the ions of the conductor. These ions are hot at rest, but actually undergo a vibrational motion which resembles, in its simplest form, a simple harmonic motion. ; * This scattering of free electrons is the reason behind the electrical resistance property of a conductor. . . * Heating up an object means increasing the kinetic energy (K.E.) of its constituting atoms. Therefore, when temperature increases, the ions possess a stronger vibrational motion and hence the collisions between the flowing free eletrns a teva fans : et. become stronger, i. the seatering or the resistance DECOmeS SHEMET i airy ine en general, the relation between resistance and temperature 107 me align over a rather broad temperature range. We can write an anit ine relationis that is good enough for most engineering purposes; for a copper Questions 3 1} Gdhy on ase oil? To translor lest Fram cive to the har moneda T) Goal) oe replae oil by wl 1 Yes. 1- Explain the origin of electrical resistance property of a conductor. 2- Explain how the resistance increases when the temperature of a conductor increases. 3+ What is Ry in equation (1)? 4. Why does the y-intercept represent R, for the R ~ T relation in equation (1)? 5. Why does the x-intercept represent for the R ~ T relation in equation (1)? 6- What would you do to deduce the value of the resistance of the conductor in this experiment at T = —10°C ?ric current is simply a flow of electrons i in di F ctrons in a certain direction, Whi it electrons ned a to the collisions with the ions of the ne jons are not at rest, but actually undey ibrati i ; me jons are 1 go a vibrational motior i 7 smbleSs in its simplest form, a simple harmonic motion. mich ‘his scattering of free clectrons is the reason behind the electrical resistance property of a conductor. «eating up an object means increasing the kinetic energy (K.E.) of its constituting > oms. Therefore, when temperature increases, the ions possess a stronger | motion and hence the collisions between the flowing free electrons and vibrational mo! the vibrating ions become stronger, i.e. the scattering or the resistance becomes stronger. | 3, Ry isthe value of R when T = 0°C 4, Inequation (1), T is the independent variable and is plotted on the x-axis, while R is the dependent variable and is plotted on the y-axis. The y-intercept is found by when the x-variable (7' in this case) equals zero. When T = 0°C, R = Ra is then the y-intercept. 5, As explained in the previous answer, now let the y-variable (R in this case) equal zero. Then we get the x-intercept as T = —>. 6, One possibility is to extend the straight line to the point when T = —10°C and find the corresponding R. Another possibility is to find R, and a experimentally and then substitute for their values along with T = —10°C in equation (1) to find R.(4) &O @8 Oekrminction of Copactone moa RZ -Cireatt? + Sbjeclies + Mudy He charGing/ Oisclusing of o Capaciter. & Delerminetion of an anknewh Capactona. ¥ Capacitor 8 Oevice thot stoves ennay consisting F Lio Conductors Conroller plak / spheric / Cylindriced) charged in opposite direction cuith air or Orbdlric belwan glaks. + Tina Qinstont Time talon oy a Capacitor to chomge to 67% of max voll Or Time ban boy 0 Capacitor to Dische to B7% oF inl valu. Charging Discharging TE ao Capacitor is conuckd +o TE a Capacitor initelly charged a sour CE) thraigh oy & i> allawed te a vesshr CR) ¢ dechaige throlgh CRI ¢ ty ‘ Lf Rs A ey ==¢ p ht 4-08 mont of closing Ak t=08 mowart oF closing Wa witch 5 Ye switch 5, 4C acts a5 Shad circuit «C2 acts 03 a source a\ero Vasko ie a\Mere 5 Ve jie Qo QcrCE —pAtt- o— aol G C = FxXlo* Lox More adoout Tin, Constant 8 KC . Ys Charging & Re < = In 98 Vy, oy =O ke avplae § pis GN LG gBy> oY By Sb Guo Gill {.oer|* $2 WD DP Sl pall Tn discharging g rt: a te Ty. R sone xe = SeKohm Xo R > Ly 29 sill ow 5S Sl 239 dle pl SoKdhm 37 0 Questons 3 T] prove thed unt of Tis seed. yRo = HSB 2) TF Ancor Rs conmach) poral to Rodkw Arson Reguint “S- —® Tyhaning =OSJ) TF Another Ct comuch) povaltl to Cth 2 Anwar 8 O- 2c —T=2T a new G) Gdhy we mensttre Vernet ic Brause mensiring \ csill na) micro/nano ammelm Golick is wok supporkd by the Lol ornmehy - Vv SJoyhich curve has Cour TUN ahs 7 4 [mS CJ udhy we grph (nV vy y % So thal tha velnbon ig Ainear. F\unt of MV 8 anitloss. ons: nstant? time con ime relation differ in case of charging from the case of isch a Scharging aynat isthe - rent-t he curre pacitor? ych time must one wait to ensure that the capacitor is charged? J jow muc ; aan ta ster to have circuits with a large time constant or a small time constant? it be Rd 3 , a a DC power supply in this experiment? why do we usefor the voltage difference on the capacitor to reach 37% of its ng discharging, ot the time it takes to reach 63% of its final value "f athematically, it equals the multiplication of R and C of the RC “i fe quill Aa UA NARS cy %037 col) HAS Sem I pe gl 6 SOU cya jl He) shgn tlm heal 3 READ AAS cl pin Gaal op Said 9 ¢ cal relation is the same decaying function during charging and rent starts at a maximum value, and decreases exponentially till it nd of charging or discharging. The current in both = he tne = Ine" current-time g. The cut ng to the equation: sid hel as sil ll Sees sie Gall get ng gyal Aah Coa Ju Nay Cyn ate DLA pt 1 = [pe ‘Vee = Ie '/t 48a tile & tl {Almost zero time because the charging circuit in this experiment has no resistance séecthan the source internal resistance which is very small. pice hg penal AAR Xa Gal) sb La gtd Ley tl Aa pall ad Gaal @ a OY phen la 8 applications: some applications need small time constants and 411 depends on th hers need large time constants. eons 4 ye cola Cl lind Cg cy Ay Zlall plastid af yall all @ ph gle dl ag aa gj $Using an AC source results in continuous charging and discharging of the capacitor. Therefore, atthe discharging process, the initial voltage of the capacitor, Vg, becomes pendent on the moment when the switch S is released. As stated in the experiment Procedure, it is desired to start the discharging steps starting from the same initial ‘oltge each time which will be very hard to achieve using an AC sourre, Using a DC fever supply, on the other hand, enables charging the capacitor to the same ‘ximum voltage each time. hes (AC) IS < Nd gals Sai slau agai Aad OF &- y 5. 5 call ji Asal lo aed (Vy) oo net Fs tas (Sill 53 pa JS shan! agall ual 0+ sill Sls BAN 8 un yas eg pad Sali Gye (DC) CH oe