1 Notions On Sets Combinatorics

Basic Notions on Sets
Prof. Remalyn Q. Casem

email: rcasem@dmmmsu.edu.ph
Theory of Probability 1-1

TOPICS
Sample space and events

Set and event operations
1-2
Theory of Probability
Sample Space and Events
Experiment a procedure that generates

observable outcomes
Outcome any possible observation of an

i experiment. element
Sample space mutually exclusive, collectively

S or Ω exhaustive set of all possible
outcomes. universal set
 finite/discrete
 infinite/continuous
1-3
mutually exclusive
Example of two mutually exclusive events:

One die is rolled. Event A is rolling a 1 or 2.
Event B is rolling a 4 or 5.
Example of two non-mutually exclusive events:
One die is rolled. Event A is rolling
a 1 or 2. Event B is rolling a 2 or 3.
1-4
collectively exhaustive
Example of collectively exhaustive events:

One die is rolled. Event A is rolling a
number less than 5. Event B is rolling a
number greater than 3. Any roll of a die will
satisfy either A or B (in fact, a roll of 4
satisfies both).
1-5
mutually exclusive collectively exhaustive
Example of events that are mutually

exclusive and collectively exhaustive:
You buy a stock today. The event A is that
the price of the stock goes up tomorrow.
The event B is the price of the stock goes
down tomorrow. Event C is the price of
the stock does not change.
1-6
Event set of all outcomes (sample points)

E satisfying some property that
characterizes that event. set
 simple
 compound
 independent
 dependent
1-7
Sample Space and Events Example 1
Experiment Roll a normal six-sided die once
Outcomes Each outcome is a number i = 1, … , 6

i
Sample space 6 distinct numbers: S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
S or Ω
Events E1 = set of all odd outcomes

E E2 = set of all outcomes greater than 2
E3 = set of all outcomes that are the
square of an integer
1-8
Experiment 2 rolls of a four-sided die, record

both numbers
Outcomes Pairs of numbers {1,2,3,4} x {1,2,3,4}
i
Sample space 16 distinct pairs if order matters;
S or Ω 10 distinct pairs if order doesn’t matter
Events E1 = set of all outcomes with

E a sum equal to 4
E2 = set of all outcomes with
an odd sum
1-9
Experiment 2 rolls of a four-sided die, record

the sum
Outcomes Sum of the two numbers, a number from
i 2 and 8
Sample space {2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
S or Ω
Events E1 = set of all even numbers

E {2, 4, 6, 8}
E2 = set of numbers > 5
{6, 7, 8}
1-10
Venn Diagrams: Flipping Three Coins
(a)True / False
All three Venn diagrams are the sample
space of the outcomes of flipping a coin
three times: {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,
THT, TTH, TTT}. TRUE
1-11
(b) Event A could be described as: flipping a head

no times / exactly two times
at least once / at most two times
at least once
1-12
(c) Event B could be described as: flipping a head

at most two times
1-13
(d) Event C could be described as: flipping a tail

at least once
1-14
(d) Event D could be described as: flipping a head

exactly two times
1-15
Set Operations
Union = {x/ x in A or x in B}
Intersection = {x/ x in A and x in B}
Sometimes A B is written as A+B

A∩B is written as AB
1-16
Set Operations
Complement = {x/ x in S and x not in A}
Difference = {x in A and x not in B}

= (A – B = A ∩ Bc)
1-17
Set Operations
(1) (A B)c = Ac ∩ Bc De Morgan’s Theorems
NOT in (A or B) = (NOT in A) AND (NOT in B)
(2) (A ∩ B)c = Ac Bc
1-18
Event Operations
Let E1 = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
E2 = {e, f, g, h}
E3 = {i}
S = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
(a) E2c = {a, b, c, d, i, j}

(b) E1 E2 = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
(c) (E1 E2)E3 = Ø
(d) (E1 E2 )c = {i, j}
1-19
Combinatorics
Prof. Remalyn Q. Casem

email: rcasem@dmmmsu.edu.ph
Theory of Probability 1-20

TOPICS
Fundamental Counting Principle

Tree Diagrams
Permutations
Circular Permutations
Combinations
Partitions
1-21
A small community consists of 10 women,

each of whom has 3 children. If one woman
and one of her children are to be chosen as
mother and child of the year, how many
different choices are possible?
1-22
A college planning committee consists of 3

freshmen, 4 sophomores, 5 juniors, and 2
seniors. A subcommittee of 4, consisting of 1
person from each class, is to be chosen. How
many different subcommittees are possible?
1-23
How many different 7-place license plates

are possible if the first 3 places are to be
occupied by letters and the final 4 by
numbers?
1-24
How many different 7-place license plates

are possible if the first 3 places are to be
occupied by letters and the final 4 by
numbers if repetition among letters or
numbers were prohibited?
1-25
Tree Diagrams
Determine all the possible outcomes when a
coin is tossed three times.
1-26
Addition Counting Principle
Let A and B be two events whose sample spaces contain no common
outcomes (i.e. they cannot happen at the same time). Then if event A can
happen in a ways and event B can happen in b ways, the number of ways in
which either A or B can happen is a + b.
The addition principle of counting can be extended to three or more events.
When you roll two dice, how many ways is it

possible to roll a sum of 6 or a sum of 7?
1-27
Addition or Multiplication?
Use the multiplication principle when order is implied—that is, when one
event happens and then another event.
Use the addition principle when one event or another event can happen, but
not at the same time.
How many 5-character codes are possible if the first

two characters are letters and the other characters are
numbers or vice versa, if repetition among letters or
numbers were prohibited?
1-28
Permutations
How many different ordered arrangements of
the letters a, b,and c are possible?
abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba
Each arrangement is known as a permutation.
The different permutations of the n objects are
1-29
Permutations
1. How many different batting

orders are possible for a baseball
team consisting of 9 players?
1-30
Permutations
2. A class in probability theory consists of

6 men and 4 women. An examination is
given, and the students are ranked
according to their performance.
Assume that no two students obtain
the same score.
(a) How many different rankings are
possible?
1-31
Permutations
2. A class in probability theory consists of

6 men and 4 women. An examination is
given, and the students are ranked
according to their performance.
Assume that no two students obtain
the same score.
(b) If the men are ranked just
among themselves and the women
just among them selves, how many
different rankings are possible?
1-32
Permutations
3. Ms. Jones has 10 books that she is

going to put on her bookshelf. Of
these, 4 are mathematics books, 3 are
chemistry books, 2 are history books,
and 1 is a language book. Ms. Jones
wants to arrange her books so that all
the books dealing with the same
subject are together on the shelf. How
many different arrangements are
possible?
1-33
Permutations
1-34
Permutations
We shall now determine the number of
permutations of a set of n objects when
certain of the objects are the same from
each other. To set this situation straight in
our minds, consider the following example.
1-35
Permutations
How many different letter arrangements can be
formed from the letters PEPPER?
Hence, there are 6!/(3! 2!) = 60 possible letter

arrangements of the letters PEPPER.
1-36
Permutations
We shall now determine the number of
permutations of a set of n objects when
certain of the objects are the same from
each other. To set this situation straight in
our minds, consider the following example.
different permutations of n objects,

of which n1 are alike, n2 are alike,
... , nr are alike.
1-37
Permutations
A chess tournament has 10 competitors, of
which 4 are Russian, 3 are from the United
States, 2 are from Great Britain, and 1 is
from Brazil. If the tournament result lists
just the nationalities of the players in the
order in which they placed, how many
outcomes are possible?
How many different signals, each consisting

of 9 flags hung in a line, can be made from a
set of 4 white flags, 3 red flags, and 2 blue
flags if all flags of the same color are
identical?
1-38
Combinations
To determine the number of different groups
of r objects that could be formed from a
total of n objects
A committee of 3 is to be formed from a

group of 20 people. How many different
committees are possible?
1-39
Combinations
From a group of 5 women and 7 men, how

many different committees consisting of 2
women and 3 men can be formed?
What if 2 of the men are feuding and refuse

to serve on the committee together?
1-40
EXERCISES
1-41
EXERCISES
1-42
EXERCISES
1-43
EXERCISES
1-44
EXERCISES
1-45
EXERCISES
1-46
EXERCISES
1-47
Solutions
1-48
EXERCISES
1-49
Solutions
1-50
EXERCISES
1-51
1-52
Solutions
1-53
EXERCISES
From a group of 3 freshmen, 4 sophomores, 4 juniors,

and 3 seniors, a committee of size 4 is randomly selected.
Find the probability that the committee will consist of
(a) 1 from each class

(b) 2 sophomores and 2 juniors
(c) only sophomores or juniors
1-54
EXERCISES
1-55
EXERCISES
1-56
EXERCISES
1-57
EXERCISES
1-58
EXERCISES
1-59
EXERCISES
1-60
End of Presentation
1-61

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1 Notions On Sets Combinatorics

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Basic Notions on Sets

Prof. Remalyn Q. Casem

Theory of Probability 1-1

Sample space and events

Experiment a procedure that generates

Outcome any possible observation of an

Sample space mutually exclusive, collectively

Example of two mutually exclusive events:

Example of collectively exhaustive events:

mutually exclusive collectively exhaustive

Example of events that are mutually

Event set of all outcomes (sample points)

Experiment Roll a normal six-sided die once

Outcomes Each outcome is a number i = 1, … , 6

Events E1 = set of all odd outcomes

Experiment 2 rolls of a four-sided die, record

Events E1 = set of all outcomes with

Experiment 2 rolls of a four-sided die, record

Events E1 = set of all even numbers

(b) Event A could be described as: flipping a head

(c) Event B could be described as: flipping a head

(d) Event C could be described as: flipping a tail

(d) Event D could be described as: flipping a head

Intersection = {x/ x in A and x in B}

Sometimes A B is written as A+B

Difference = {x in A and x not in B}

(a) E2c = {a, b, c, d, i, j}

Prof. Remalyn Q. Casem

Theory of Probability 1-20

Fundamental Counting Principle

A small community consists of 10 women,

A college planning committee consists of 3

How many different 7-place license plates

How many different 7-place license plates

The addition principle of counting can be extended to three or more events.

When you roll two dice, how many ways is it

How many 5-character codes are possible if the first

Each arrangement is known as a permutation.

The different permutations of the n objects are

1. How many different batting

2. A class in probability theory consists of

2. A class in probability theory consists of

3. Ms. Jones has 10 books that she is

Hence, there are 6!/(3! 2!) = 60 possible letter

different permutations of n objects,

How many different signals, each consisting

A committee of 3 is to be formed from a

From a group of 5 women and 7 men, how

What if 2 of the men are feuding and refuse

From a group of 3 freshmen, 4 sophomores, 4 juniors,

(a) 1 from each class

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