i-SPiKE 2021

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION & SYMPOSIUM

E-PROCEEDINGS
https://ispike2021.uitm.edu.my/
e-ISBN 978-967-2948-20-9
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Published by : Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kedah,

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Kedah,
Malaysia.

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PREFACE

International Exhibition & Symposium on Productivity, Innovation,

Knowledge, Education & Design (i-SPiKe 2021) was a platform to inspire and
cultivate innovative ideas from various fields of study for academicians,
researchers, industries, junior and young inventors to showcase their
innovative ideas. The development of novel ideas from the perspectives of
innovation, invention, and design on interdisciplinarity promotes network and
collaboration in line with the theme “Leading an Artificial Innovation in
Knowledge, Education, and Design”.

International Exhibition & Symposium on Productivity, Innovation,

Knowledge, Education & Design (i-SPiKe 2021) attracted about 153
participants from national public universities across Malaysia. I would like to
thank all participants in taking this opportunity to showcase their innovative
ideas. Nonetheless, the success of this event is reflected of high level of papers
of the inventions received. My gratitude and appreciation also goes to the
members and committees of International Exhibition & Symposium on
Productivity, Innovation, Knowledge, Education & Design (i-SPiKe 2021) in
making this virtual event successful by putting a bundle of efforts herein.

I sincerely hope that International Exhibition & Symposium on Productivity,

Innovation, Knowledge, Education & Design (i-SPiKe 2021) will put forward
new ideas and keep on promoting collaborative inventions among scholars
which may bring change for future with the advent of information era.
Appearance of new inventions may make a great progress and improve the
development of the whole society.

PROFESSOR DR. HJ. MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH HJ. HEMDI

Rector
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah
08400 Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia.

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PREFACE

Alhamdulillah, my utmost gratitude to Allah SWT as with His blessings and

mercy, the International Exhibition & Symposium on Productivity,
Innovation, Knowledge, Education, and Design (I-SPIKE 2021) can be
successfully held. I want to thank the Rector of UiTM Kedah Branch, Deputy
Rectors, and esteemed members of the management for their support and
encouragement in making i-SPIKE 2021 a success. I would also like to extend
my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Junaida Ismail, the Chairperson of i-SPiKE 2021
for her dedication and commitment in accomplishing this program. My
humble gratitude also goes to i-SPiKE 2021 Committee Members and Team,
for their continuous hard work and effort.

Innovation and research efforts are essential in educational organizations.

These efforts are significant in fostering an innovative and creative culture.
Not only that, innovation is also the foundation of quality education. This
includes not only academic staffs, but also school students, teachers, and
educational practitioners. The Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy
Studies of UiTM Kedah as the organizer of i-SPiKE 2021 is very proud to
share this avenue with academics, students, teachers, and industry
practitioners. It is hoped that this program succeeds in cultivating the spirit of
creating and innovating brilliant ideas and useful products for the future.
Whether in a pandemic or endemic era, we are still able to pursue scholarly
activities effectively. Thanks and congratulations to all involved.

Thank you.

DR AZLYN AHMAD ZAWAWI

Head
Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah
08400 Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia.

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PREFACE

Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah, by whose grace and blessings made it

posssible to conduct our first online exhibition symposium. It is our great
pleasure to have you here virtually with us in the International Exhibition and
Symposium on Productivity, Innovation, Knowledge & Education (i-SpiKE
2021), with the theme “Leading An Artificial Innovation in Knowledge,
Education, and Design”. i-SPiKE 2021 organised by the Faculty of
Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP), UiTM Kedah Branch is
inline with the objectives of IR4.0. i-SPiKE 2021 aims to encourage
participants to participate in the Junior Inventor category (from schools) or the
Young Inventor category (academicians from local or foreign universities).

i-SpiKE 2021 is a good platform for the industries, academicians, and students
of local and foreign countries from different backgrounds to highlight
innovation, invention, and design in their respective fields such as
management and education. It is our hope that this exhibition will be a catalyst
for all participants to present their best ideas to bring inspiring changes or
introduce some innovations and inventions in their daily tasks or activities.

In total we received 154 projects and they are judged by professional juries
from various backgrounds such as industries and academicians. On behalf of
the conference organiser, I thank you for your participation and hoped that you
had enjoyed the moments when your innovation became a reality. Special
thanks to all the commitee members of the i-SpiKe 2021, I owed all of you so
much and I want you to know that this is the best team ever!!! Last but not
least, to all participants, we hope to see you in our next exhibition.

Thank you.

DR JUNAIDA ISMAIL
Chairperson
International Exhibition & Symposium On Productivity, Innovation,
Knowledge, Education & Design (i-SPiKE 2021)

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 RTGreennmFUND: SEJAUHMANAKAH KEBERKESANANNYA
DALAM PENGURUSAN DANA RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU BANDAR

Nabilaa Mohamed
Fakulti Sains Pentadbiran dan Pengajian Polisi, Universiti Teknologi MARA
nabilaamohamed@gmail.com

Thenmolli Vadeveloo
Fakulti Sains Pentadbiran dan Pengajian Polisi, Universiti Teknologi MARA
thenm020@uitm.edu.my

Zarina Mohd Zain

Fakulti Sains Pentadbiran dan Pengajian Polisi, Universiti Teknologi MARA
zarina752@uitm.edu.my

Roni Ekha Putera

Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Politik, Universitas Andalas
roniekhaputera@soc.unand.ac.id

ABSTRAK
Kekangan kewangan pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT) dalam pelaksanaan ruang terbuka hijau bandar
(RTHB) di Malaysia dan Indonesia sering mempengaruhi prestasi bandar hijau. Ketidakupayaan dalam
mempelbagaikan sumber pembiayaan, pengamalan sistem kewangan tradisional dan kebergantungan
pembiayaan dari kerajaan pusat menjadi penyebab utama kepada kekangan kewangan yang sering
dihadapi oleh PBT dalam perancangan dan pembangunan pengurusan bandar. Oleh itu, kajian ini
mencadangkan untuk mengenal pasti sumber pembiayaan inovatif yang sesuai digunakan untuk
menyokong dan memperkuatkan kemampanan projek-projek RTHB supaya sesebuah negara dapat
mencapai prestasi bandar hijau yang cemerlang. Hasil daripada analisis kandungan beberapa pemboleh
ubah (dana inovatif dan tiga tonggak kemampanan) telah dikenal pasti dan dicadangkan dalam
pembinaan kerangka sistem pengurusan dana RTHB yang dipanggil RTGreennmFUND. Walau
bagaimanapun kajian lanjutan perlu dilaksanakan untuk menguji kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan
pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah tersebut supaya ia sesuai diamalkan dalam konteks kedua-dua negara
dan seterusnya dapat meningkatkan sistem pengurusan kualiti dana RTHB PBT di Malaysia dan
Indonesia.

Kata kunci: bandar hijau, kemampanan, pembiayaan, pihak berkuasa tempatan, ruang terbuka hijau bandar

PENGENALAN

Pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT) memainkan peranan penting dalam mempelbagaikan sumber
kewangan mereka. Ini bertujuan pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT) dapat membiayai projek-
projek yang dilaksanakan secara konsisten tanpa masalah kewangan untuk pembangunan
bandar hijau terutama melalui pelaksanaan projek RTHB (Gambetta et al., 2019; Mell, 2018).
Selain itu, untuk mencapai pembangunan bandar mampan, mereka juga perlu memastikan
sumber kewangan tersebut menyokong tiga tonggak kemampanan iaitu mampu memberi
impak positif kepada kemampanan ekonomi, sosial dan alam sekitar. Malangnya, negara-
negara membangun masih tidak mampu mempelbagaikan sumber kewangan mereka untuk

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membiayai pembangunan bandar mampan (Houda and Lamia, 2016; Mohd and Kaushal,
2018). Malah, sistem pengurusan kewangan mereka masih tidak memberi impak yang positif
terhadap kemampanan terutamanya kemampanan ekonomi (Houda and Lamia, 2016). Oleh itu,
kerangka sistem pengurusan dana harus dicadangkan supaya dapat membiayai projek-projek
RTHB kearah pembangunan bandar mampan secara konsisten.

SOROTAN LITERATUR

Menurut Zhan et al. (2018), kejayaan projek-projek pembangunan ke arah bandar hijau di
China dipengaruhi oleh keupayaan mereka mempelbagaikan sumber pembiayaan. China telah
mempelbagaikan sumbernya melalui dua cara iaitu dengan melaksanakan pengeluaran bon di
pasaran modal antarabangsa dan pelaksanaan 'metro plus property model' (model metro plus
hartanah) di peringkat tempatan (Zhan et al., 2018). Selain itu, PBT China tidak mengamalkan
sistem kewangan tradisional. Sebaliknya mengamalkan sistem kewangan inovatif dengan tidak
bergantung kepada pinjaman bank, bon korporat dan perkongsian awam-swasta termasuk tidak
mengharapkan bantuan kewangan daripada kerajaan pusat (Gambetta et al., 2019; Lee, 2020;
Zhan et al., 2018; Ziolo et al., 2021). Ini menunjukkan sistem pengurusan dana bagi projek
pembangunan bandar hijau di China mencapai tahap cemerlang kerana keupayaan mereka
berinovatif dalam mempelbagaikan sumber pembiayaan dan telah dibuktikan dengan
pencapaian China sebagai salah satu bandar paling hijau di antara negara Asia (Brilhante and
Klaas, 2018).

BAHAN DAN METODOLOGI

Bahan literatur menjadi sumber rujukan utama. Kriteria pemilihan literatur ditentukan
berdasarkan kata kunci RTHB termasuk pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah yang mempengaruhi
proses pelaksanaan projek RTHB seperti kewangan, sumber pembiayaan dan kewangan yang
mampan. Pencarian literatur telah dijalankan melalui beberapa pangkalan data terpilih iaitu
SCOPUS, Science Direct, Web of Science, Sage Publications, Emerald Publishing dan Google
Scholar. Maklumat literatur kemudiaannya dianalisis secara konseptual dengan sokongan
analisis kandungan selepas ditapis melalui protokal ‘systematic literature review’ (SLR).

HASIL DAN PERBINCANGAN

Berdasarkan kajian-kajian lepas, satu kerangka sistem pengurusan dana RTHB yang
dinamakan RTGreennmFUND berjaya dibina (rujuk Rajah 1). Ia mempunyai dua komponen
teras iaitu komponen dana inovatif dan komponen kemampanan sebagai satu sistem tadbir urus
bandar hijau melalui pelaksanaan projek-projek RTHB. Komponen-komponen yang dibina
adalah berdasarkan pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah yang dijumpai dalam sorotan literatur.

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 Rajah 1. Kerangka Sistem Pengurusan Dana RTHB: RTGreennmFUND

Komponen dana inovatif merujuk kepada kepelbagaian sumber pembiayaan projek RTHB
yang digunakan oleh PBT supaya dapat menghasilkan RTHB yang produktif (Dobbs et al.,
2019; Richards and Thompson, 2019; Takyi and Seidel, 2017; Zhan et al., 2018). Melalui
adopsi sumber pembiayaan projek pembangunan bandar hijau di China, sumber dana inovatif
dicadangkan untuk amalan PBT di Malaysia dan Indonesia adalah pelaksanaan pengeluaran
bon di pasaran modal antarabangsa dan pelaksanaan 'metro plus property model' (model metro
plus hartanah) di peringkat tempatan. Manakala, untuk komponen kemampanan, ia
menunjukkan impak dana innovatif keatas tiga tonggak kemampanan bandar iaitu ekonomi,
sosial dan alam sekitar kerana impak tersebut adalah pemacu kearah pembangunan bandar
hijau supaya dapat mencapai matlamat pembangunan mampan (SDG) (Gambetta et al., 2019;
Houda and Lamia, 2016; Lee, 2020; Ziolo et al., 2021). Komponen kemampanan ini juga
membantu urus tadbir PBT untuk mencapai SDG dan sekaligus menuju kearah pencapaian
yang lebih komprehensif dan cekap.

KESIMPULAN

Melalui soroton literature, pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah telah dikenal pasti dan digunakan
untuk membina sebuah kerangka sistem pengurusan dana RTHB iaitu dinamakan
RTGreennmFUND yang merangkumi dua komponen teras iaitu komponen dana inovatif dan
komponen kemampanan. Ia dibina kerana ketiadaan pengurusan kepelbagaian dana untuk
pelaksanaan RTHB oleh PBT di Malaysia dan Indonesia.
Oleh itu, dengan menggunakan kerangka tersebut ia dapat meningkatkan kualiti tadbir urus
RTHB PBT dalam mencapai SDG secara lebih efektif melalui pelaksanaan pengeluaran bon di
pasaran modal antarabangsa dan pelaksanaan 'metro plus property model' (model metro plus
hartanah) di peringkat tempatan. Walau bagaimanapun kajian lanjutan perlu dilaksanakan
untuk menguji kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan pemboleh ubah tersebut supaya ia sesuai
diamalkan dalam konteks kedua-dua negara dan seterusnya dapat meningkatkan sistem
pengurusan kualiti dana RTHB PBT di Malaysia dan Indonesia.

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RUJUKAN

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https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062031

Dobbs, C., Escobedo, F. J., Clerici, N., de la Barrera, F., Eleuterio, A. A., MacGregor-Fors, I.,
Reyes-Paecke, S., Vásquez, A., Zea Camaño, J. D., & Hernández, H. J. (2019). Urban
ecosystem Services in Latin America: mismatch between global concepts and regional
realities? Urban Ecosystems, 22(1), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0805-
3

Gambetta, N., Azadian, P., Hourcade, V., & Reyes, M. E. (2019). The financing framework
for sustainable development in emerging economies: The case of Uruguay. Sustainability
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Houda, B., & Lamia, M. J. (2016). Interaction between Financial Development and Sustainable
Development, Evidence from Developing Countries: A Panel Data Study. International
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Lee, J. W. (2020). Green finance and sustainable development goals: The case of China.
Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(7), 577–586.
https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no7.577

Mell, I. (2018). Financing the future of green infrastructure planning: alternatives and
opportunities in the UK. Landscape Research, 43(6), 751–768.
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Mohd, S., & Kaushal, V. K. (2018). Green Finance: A Step towards Sustainable Development.
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