COMPUTER HISTORY

Date Development Name Description

3000BC-500BC Abacus
1642 Calculating Machine Blaise Pascal, a French religious philosopher and mathematician, builds
the first practical mechanical calculating machine.
1673 Multiplication Machine is invented by Leibnitz
1830 Analytical Engine is designed by Charles Babbage
1890 The U.S. Census Bureau adopts the Hollerith Punch Card, Tabulating
Machine and Sorter to compile results of the 1890 census, reducing an
almost 10-year process to 2 ½ years, saving the government a whopping
$5 million. Inventor Herman Hollerith, a Census Bureau statistician,
forms the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896. The TMC eventually
evolved into IBM.
1939 The first semi-electronic digital computing device is constructed by John
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Atanassoff.
COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
Date Development Name Description
1941 German inventor Konrad Zuse produces the Z3 for use in aircraft and
missile design but the German government misses the boat and does
not support him.
1943 English mathematician Alan Turing begins operation of his secret
computer for the British military. It was used by cryptographers to break
secret German military codes. It was the first vacuum tube computer
but its existence was not made public until decades later.
Thomas Harold Flowers built the first digital and programmable
computer called the Colossus
1946 ENIAC-First generation (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)
electronic computers 30 tons, 8 ft high, 30 ft long
Used thousands tubes & valves
1951 Univac I-First (Universal Automatic Computer), using a Teletype keyboard and printer
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generation electronic for user interaction, and became the first commercially available
computers computer. It could handle both numerical and alphabetic data.
FIRST GENERATION ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
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COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
Date Development Name Description
1954-59 2nd Generation Transistor invented by William Shockley at Bell Labs
Computers National Bureau of Standards (NBS) introduced its Standards Eastern
Automatic Computer (SEAC)
The first magnetic disk drive designed by Jacob Rabinow
IBM introduced the 702 business computer in 1955
Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000, designed
by Harry Huskey of NBS in 1956
1959-71 3rd Generation Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit (IC)
Computers in Feb. 1959
IBM announced the System/360 all-purpose computer, using 8-bit
character word length (a "byte") in 1964
DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8, in 1968
Development began on ARPAnet, funded by the DOD in 1969
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COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)
Date Development Name Description
1971--? 4th Generation Large Scale Integration (LSI) and VLSI
Computers Intel inc introduced the 4-bit 4004, a VLSI of 2300 components in 1971
IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the
"Winchester" in 1973
In 1980, IBM signed a contract with the Microsoft Co. of Bill Gates and
Paul Allen and Steve Ballmer to supply an operating system for IBM's
new PC model. Microsoft paid $25,000 to Seattle Computer for the
rights to QDOS that became Microsoft DOS, and Microsoft began its
climb to become the dominant computer company in the world.
Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer 1984.
? 5th Generation
Computers

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 COMPUTER HISTORY (CONT.)

G1 G2 G3 G4

Vacuum Transistor IC Better IC

Tube technology 26/90

Key inventions of generations Quiz 1

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 The microprocessor revolution began with a bold and innovative approach in logic design pioneered by Intel
engineer Ted Hoff.
 In 1969, Intel was primarily in the business of designing semiconductor memory.
 it introduced a 64-hit bipolar RAM chip that year.

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 Intel coined the term “microprocessor” and in 1971 released the first 4-bit microprocessor as the 4004.
 It was designed with LSI technology;
 It had 2,300 transistors, 640 bytes of memory-addressing capacity, and a 108 kHz clock. Thus, the microprocessor revolution
began with this tiny chip.
 Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel Corporation, predicted that the number of transistors per integrated circuit
would double every 18 months;
 this came to he known as “Moore’s Law.”
 Just twenty-five years since the invention of the 4004, we have processors that are designed with 15 million transistors, that
can address one terabyte (1 X 1012) of memory, and that can operate at 400 MHz to I.5 GHz frequency (see Table 1.1).

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

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MOORE’S LAW

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TERMS

Term Decimal Name Binary

K (kilo) 103 Thousand 210
M (mega) 106 Million 220
G (giga) 109 Billion 230
T (tera) 1012 Trillion 240
P (peta) 1015 Quadrillion 250

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INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS
(A FIRST COURSE IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE)
WEEK 1
OUTLINE

 Number systems & operations (But, Let’s do it first!)

 To and from base 10
 Addition
 Subtraction (made easy)
 Multiplication
 A basic overview of computer architecture
 The Von Neumann Architecture
 The Harvard architecture
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

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NUMBER SYSTEMS & OPERATIONS
WE LIVE IN A BASE 10 WORLD

 Why base 10?

 Could have been base 5 or base 20.
 In base 10 we have 10 symbols
 0123456789
 In any number base system you have n symbols
 Base 2 - 0 1
 Base 8 - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Base 16 - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

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OTHER NUMBER BASES

 Number system base

 Base 10
 § § § § § § § § § § § § §
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
 Base 2
 § § § § § § § § § §
 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010

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BASE 5 AND BASE 8

 Base 10
 § § § § § § § § § § § § §
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

 Base 5 (would have digits 0 to 4)

 § § § § § § § § § § § § §
 0 1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 20 21 22 23

 Base 8 (octal)
 § § § § § § § § § § § § §
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 37/90
TO AND FROM BASE

 Base 10 to binary (base 2)

 Number in Base 10  Divide by 2 19/2 = 9 r 1

 1910 = ?  9/2 = 4 r 1

 Procedure (Integer division)  4/2 = 2 r 0

 (In general for any number base you divide by the  2/2 = 1 r 0
number system base and use the remainders)  1/ 2 = 0 r 1
 So the binary of 1910 is 1 0 0 1 1
 More examples?

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ANOTHER

 How about 13910 = ? Number Div 2 Remainder

 Again divine by 2 each time 139 69 1
69 34 1
34 17 0
17 8 1
8 4 0
4 2 0
2 1 0
 So have 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 1
 More Examples?

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BASE 2 TO BASE 10

 In first example have 1 0 0 1 1

 In binary the digits have the following weight
 Value10 = a4 * 24 + a3 * 23 + a2 * 22 + a1 * 21 + a0 * 20
 Value10 = a4 * 16 + a3 * 8 + a2 * 4 + a1 * 2 + a0 * 1
 So here 10011 =?
 10011 = 1 * 16 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 4 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 1
 = 19

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