PAPER

ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(PAST PERFECT TENSE & PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE)

Compiled by the group 4 :

 ANDI DWI PAJRIANI

 ALDIANSA

 RIFKI MANDALA PUTRA

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN SAINS MUHAMMADIYAH KOLAKA

UTARA

2022/2023
 PAST PERFECT TENSE &
PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

A. PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. Definition Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is the change in verb form to state that there was an
event or action that had been completed at some point in the past, before
any other action (in the past as well) occurred. Well, usually, this
moment of "other action" can be told specifically. Actions that have been
completed in the past can happen repeatedly or only once. In addition,
you can also use this tenses to tell about an event that has happened in the
past and finished in the past. 

a. Verbal past perfect tense Past

Perfect Tense verbal sentences also have positive sentence forms,
negative sentences, and question sentences.

The formula of the Past Perfect Tense verbal sentence is :

(+) S+had+Past Participle (Verb3).
(-) S+had+not+Past Participle(verb3)
(?) Had+S+Past Participle(verb3)

Here's an example of a past perfect tense verbal sentence based on

the formula above :
(+)  I had eaten cookies before lunch
(-) I had not eaten cookies before lunch.
(?) Had I eaten cookies before lunch?

b. Nominal past perfect tense

This nominal sentence also has 3 forms, namely positive sentences,
negative sentences, and question sentences. As opposed to verbal
sentences, these nominal sentences contain nouns. Remember yes,
there must be a noun.

The nominal formula of past perfect tense is:

(+) S+had been+O.
(-) S+ had not been+O.
(?) had+S+been+O.

Here's an example of a nominal past perfect tense sentence based on

the formula above:
 (+) I had been a doctor in this hospital before I moved to Bandung.
(-) I had not been a doctor in this hospital before I moved to Bandung
(?) Had I been doctor in this hospital before I moved to Bandung? 

Important notes! Some important things that you must remember from the
past perfect tense, including the following:
 Unlike the present perfect tense which uses two auxiliary verbs for
two types of subjects, for this tense, auxiliary "had" can be used in
both singular and plural subjects.
 Thus, the aux "had" applies to subjects I, you, and other plural
subjects, such as; plural pronoun (they, we), plural noun (boys, men),
and compound subject with the hyphen "and" (you and I, Masha and
David).
 Likewise with the singular subject, which is a third-person pronoun or
commonly known as the third-person singular noun such as the
mention of the person's name (Grace, Cerci, etc.) still uses the aux
"had" without any change.
 The verb used in past perfect tense is a third form verb, or often
referred to as past participle. Past participles are formed by adding –
ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne to the base form of the regular verb.
 In the base form irregular verb, the past participle form is also
irregular.

2. Time signal is past perfect tense

Like other tenses, past perfect also has a time description that can be
used as a complement. Here are some of the time signals that are
characteristic of past perfect tense.

Keterangan
Artinya
Waktu

Before Sebelum

After Sesudah

When Ketika

Until Himgga
 Just Baru saja

As soon as Secepatnya

By the time Pada saat itu

3. Functions and Uses of Past Perfect Tense and Its Example Sentences

Like other tenses,past perfect tense has various functions that we can
use to have conversations with other people in various situations.

a) Declaring an action or actions that are complete

Past perfect tense can serve to express past actions that have
finished happening before other past moments occur. In this
condition, you can insert subordinate conjuctions such as before
and after :
 After (simple past tense + after + past perfect tense)
 Before, by the time, when (past perfect tense + before / by the
time / when + simple past tense)

Examples of the whole sentence are :

 He came last night after the cake had run out. (She came last
night after the cake was finished.)
 I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up. (I
had breakfast when he picked up.)

b) Shows how often an action is scheduled

Past perfect can also be used to show the intensity of a moment
that occurs in the lamp period. A frequently used time description
is Adverb of frequency (Twice/two times/three
times/everyday/every two days/etc., + before + simple past tense)

Consider in the following example:

 I had read the book two times before I watched the movie
 She had learned twice before the test.

c) Express an expectation
That is, to show if there are situations or conditions that should
have happened in the past. If it is used for decorating, then in the
formula there are several additions,namely : 
 If + past perfect tense + would/should/could/might + have +
past participle (verb 3).

Here's an example sentence :

 Vincen would have helped you if you asked for it. 

That is, because in the past you did not ask Vincen for help, so
Vincen did not help. In fact, if you used to ask Vincent for help,
he would help you.

d) Serves to create reported speech and reported text

Reported speech is a sentence used to state a news story orally or
in writing that we have never heard before, with the note that this
news is conveyed to us by someone else.
The verbs that can be used are: said, told, asked, thought,
wondered. For more details, see this example:
 The boss had said it would be a long meeting. 
 My friends told that her mom had changed to be a better
woman. 

e) To indicate that an action occurred before a certain time in the

past 
Well, in this function, you can declare an event that happened in
the past before a certain (specific) time. An example is as follows:
 Rina had established her company before 2008.
 I had fallen asleep before eight o'clock.

f) Shows dissatisfaction with the past Have you ever experienced an

event in the past
But it turns out that the incident gives the impression of being
dissatisfied with yourself? If so, then you can try to make the
sentence using the past perfect tense. What if it is applied in
sentences?
 The boy wished he had asked another question. 
 We wished we had purchased the winning ticket. 

g) Used with add-ons (+ just)

Past perfect tense can also be used with the word "just". If just
combined with the formula of the past perfect tense, it will
confirm that there was an event in the past that happened a few
moments earlier. Examples of application in sentences :
 He had just put the dog on the leash when we got there.
 The bus had just left when we got to the stop. 

B. PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

1. Definition of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past perfect continuous tense is tenses or verb forms to express an action

(with a certain duration of time) or an event that has started and is taking
place in the past, but is no longer happening today. 
In essence, past perfect continuous tense is used to narrate an event or
action that began in the past, occurred in the past, and also finished in a
period of time in the past.

Formula Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The past perfect continuous tense formula is formed with the auxiliary
verb "had", followed by "been", then the present participle. Hayo, do you
still remember what a present participle is? For more details, you can see
the formula in the image below!

The Formula past perfect continous Tense :

(+)  S+had+been+verb1-ing/present participle+complement

(-) S+had+not+been+ver--ing/present participle
(?) ad+S+been+verb1-ing/present participle.

Example :

(+) I had been watching TV all day

(-) I had not been watching TV all day
(?) had I been watching TV all day

Notes!

As usual, you need to pay attention to some explanations related to the past
perfect continuous tense formula to make it easier to understand, okay?
 Present participle is also known as verb-ing.
 In general, progressive forms or verb-ing in the past perfect
continuous tense only occur in actions with dynamic verbs or action
verbs. These dynamic verbs are "the opposite" of stative verbs The
past perfect continuous tense.
 formula is an amalgamation of three kinds of tenses, namely simple
past tense, present perfect tense, and present continuous tense.

2. Time Signal in Past Perfect Continuous Tense

There are several time signals that are characteristic of the past perfect
continuous tense. Well, this time signal is usually used to create a past
 perfect continuous tense sentence that tells more than one event/action that
took place in the past. Here's a description of the timing: 

Keterangan
Artinya
Waktu

When Ketika

After Sesudah

Before Sebelum

For Selama

3. Functions and Uses of the Past Perfect continous Tense and Its Example

Sentences Like other tenses, Past Perfect Continuous Tense also has
several functions and uses that you can apply in everyday conversations.

a) Declaring an action or event that occurred continuously in the past

Example sentences:
 We had been working in education non-government organization. 
 I had been studying in English Academy online course.

b) Narrates actions that have occurred and are taking place in the past until
a certain point in time in the past as well (referencing long actions)

Example: 
When my mom came, her friends had been chatting for two hours.

The above sentence certainly tells the past events. The point is, by the
time Mom came, the friends of the mother had been chatting for two
hours. The chatting activity started before Mom came, then continued
after Mom came, which was all done in the past.

c) Notifying the period of an action or event

 This period means to describe an action or event that took place in the
past specifically.

Example:
 They were annoyed since they had been waiting for the instructor
for three hours at the gym.
 By the time the lecture came, the students had been presenting the
materials twenty minutes.

d) Declaring an event that lasted for some time in the past

Example sentences:
 She had been living in California for ten years. 
 He had been traveling to Europe for five years. 

e) Stating an action that was carried out and took place in the past

Example sentences:
 I had been going to the cinema with my best friends.
 They had been riding from Malang to Bandung for fifteen hours. 

f) Indirect speech

In this function, what can be formed with past perfect continuous

tense is an indirect sentence of the present continuous tense.

Example sentences:
 Direct speech: He was writing the article.
 Indirect speech: He said that he had been writing the article.