Dedication

This thesis is dedicated to my parents.

vii
 Acknowledgements

Primarily and foremost, all praise for ALLAH Almighty, The most Beneficent and
Merciful; Who created us; Who gave me the ability and strength to complete my work
successfully. He blessed us with “The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)”,
The last messenger of ALLAH, the most perfect and famed; whose life is a source of
knowledge for us.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Umair Shahzad and Dr.
Hameed Ashraf(University of Okara, Pakistan) for being my supervisors. I found Dr.
Muhammad Umair Shahzad devoted, generous and helpful for his heartfelt guidance and
cooperation. A very special thanks to Dr. Hameed Ashraf for his valuable suggestions
and guidance. I always found him rich in new ideas. He is no doubt the master of this field
of study. Thank you so much for such an amazing experience.
Most importantly, I pay deepest gratitude to University Of Okara, Pakistan. I am highly
obliged to the honorable Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, as Head of the Department of
Mathematics for providing the best possible facilities and ideal atmosphere for the studies.
I can not finish without expressing my feelings for my father Sabir Ali and whole family,
who suffered a lot due to my involvement in MS work. I would also like to express my
deep gratitude to my brothers and sisters.
I would also like to express special thanks to my beloved husband Mr. Samiullah and my
loving daughter Umm Abeeha.
I also express my regards to all my school and college teachers who motivated me to do
well in my studies.

Sadia Sabir

viii
 Table of Contents

1 Preliminaries 1
1.1 Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Fluid Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.4 Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.5 Classification of a Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.6 Ideal Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.7 Viscous Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.8 Non Newtonian Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Types of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Steady and unsteady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Compressible and Incompressible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Laminar Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Turbulent Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.5 Immiscible Fluid Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.6 Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Basic Governing Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Continuity Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Balance of Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Energy Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Non dimenesionalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Dimensionless Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Brikman Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Boundary Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

ix
 1.6.1 Dirichlet Boundary Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.2 No Slip Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.3 Free Surface Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.4 Jeffrey fluid model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Heat transfer analysis of n-layer horizontal Newtonian thin film flow 10

2.1 Problem Formulation and Mathematical Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.1 Boundary Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Non-dimensionlization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Solution of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

x
LIST OF TABLES

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 1 Geometry of problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

xii
xiii
 Notations

Symbol Interpretation
A0 , A1 , B0 , B1 , D0 , D1 , E0 , E1 Adomian polynomials
A Cross sectional area
Ā1 First, Rivlin-Ericksen tensors
β Variable viscosity parameter
Br Brickman number
C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 , C6 , C7 , C8 , C9 , C10 ,
C11 , C12 , C13 , C14 , C15 , C16 , C17 , C18 Constants of integration
D
Dt Material time derivative
D Symmetric part of the velocity gradient
η Dynamic viscosity
e Slip parameter
F Applied force
h Uniform thickness
L Gradient velocity
λ1 Relaxation time
µ0 Fluid viscosity
∇ Gradient operator
φ Ratio of viscosities
P Pressure
Q Dimensionless volume flow rate
ρ Constant density of the fluid
S Extra stress tensor
Sxx , Syy , Szz Normal stresses
Sxy , Sxz , Syx , Syz , Szx , Szy Shear stresses
σ Viscoelastic behaviour of the fluid
St Stokes number
xiv
t Any instant of time
T Reference temperature
(u, v, w) Components of velocity vector in x, y and z directions
respectively
U, Constant velocity
U Constant velocity
vd Drainage velocity
vl Lifting velocity
V Velocity vector
W Skew symmetric part of the velocity gradient
We Weissenberg number
x0 Stationary point

xv
 Abstract

In this M. Phil thesis, a theoretical analysis of the temperature dependent stationary points
of the Newtonian and Johnson-Segalman fluid films on a vertical heated belt with a free
surface is presented. Modelling of the problems yielded coupled systems of nonlinear
ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These resulting coupled systems of nonlinear
ODEs have been analyzed by using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Series
form expressions for important flow variables such as velocity, temperature, shear stress,
volume flow rate are obtained. Condition is discussed and attained for the temperature
dependent stationary points. Through numerical computation, in MATHEMATICA the
positions of temperature dependent stationary points are attained. The physical behaviour
of the emerging parameters: Stocks number St , Brickman number Br, variable viscosity
parameter β, Weissenberg number We and effective viscosity φ is observed on velocity,
temperature and positions of temperature dependent stationary points. It is delineated that
positions of stationary points relocate towards the heated belt surface by the increment
of St , Br, β, and φ. On the other hand, relocate away from the heated belt surface by
the increment of We and e. The analogy between the temperature dependent viscosity
Newtonian fluid and temperature dependent viscosity Johnson Segalman fluid is also
provided.

xvi
 Preface

The phenomenon of lifting and drainage of the fluid film on a vertically upwards moving
heated belt is of fundamental importance because of its widespread applications. The
objective of this thesis is to theoretically provide the analysis of temperature dependent
stationary points of the Newtonian and Johnson-Segalman fluid films on a vertical heated
belt. This belt moves upward with constant velocity. The upwards motion of the heated belt
and gravity are the driving mechanism. The flow of thin film takes place in the presence
of free surface. Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is used to analyse the resulting
coupled systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODEs). Velocity, temperature
and temperature dependent stationary points are the flow variables that are used to analyze
the current problems. The outcomes of this analysis represented a basic development in the
investigation of this essential field. Short resume of the current thesis is given as follows:
In chapter 1, some basic definitions and concepts related to fluid mechanics used in this
thesis, governing equations and, the basic concept of the ADM are presented.
Chapter 2 concerns with the analysis of temperature dependent stationary points of
the Newtonian fluid film on a vertical heated belt. The resulting coupled system of
nonlinear ODEs is solved using the ADM. The series form analytic expressions for the
flow variables: velocity, temperature, volume flow rate and shear stress are calculated.
Discussion is made and condition of the temperature dependent Newtonian stationary
points is attained. Numerical computation in MATHEMATICA provides the positions of
temperature dependent Newtonian stationary points. The impacts of variable viscosity
parameter, Stokes number and Brickman number on velocity and temperature through
graphs while positions of temperature dependent Newtonian stationary points through
tables are discussed.
Chapter 3 accords with the analysis of temperature dependent stationary points of the
Johnson Segalman fluid film on a vertical heated belt. The resulting coupled system of
nonlinear ODEs is solved using the ADM. Series form analytic expressions for the flow

xvii
variables: velocity, temperature, volume flow rate and shear stress are obtained. Condition
of temperature dependent Johnson Segalman stationary points is attained and discussed.
Through numerical computation in MATHEMATICA positions of temperature dependent
Johnson Segalman stationary points are obtained. On velocity and temperature the
impacts of variable viscosity parameter, Stokes number, Brickman number, slip parameter,
effective viscosity and Weissenberg number are discussed through graphs. On the other
hand, the impacts of aforesaid parameters on positions of the temperature dependent
Johnson Segalman stationary points are discussed through tables.

xviii
 Chapter1

Preliminaries

The present chapter includes some basic concepts related to fluid mechanics that are used
in this thesis, governing equations of motion.

1.1 Basic Definitions

1.1.1 Flow

Flow pertains to how water moves through a stream. As always with air, the word ”flow”
can also imply to move. The term ”flow” denotes action that resembles a stream. Flow can
be used in a variety of additional ways as a verb and a noun. Something moves like water
in a stream when it flows.

1.1.2 Fluid

A fluid or gas that easily responds to pressure by the outside and has no definite shape.

1.1.3 Fluid Mechanics

The area of physics known as fluid mechanics is focused on the forces acting on and
inside fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas). It is largely accepted that Archimedes’ work
On Floating Bodies, which is perceived as the first significant work on fluid mechanics,
is where the study of fluid mechanics first began. Archimedes investigated fluid statics
and buoyancy and developed his famous law, now known as the Archimedes’ principle.
The Navier-Stokes equations were further simple mathematical supported by Claude-
Louis Navier and George Gabriel Stokes, boundary layers were studied by Ludwig Prandtl

1
and Theodore von Karman,and the understanding of fluid viscosity and turbulence was
advanced by a number of scientists which include Osborne Reynolds, Andrey Kolmogorov,
and Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.

1.1.4 Stresses

An object deforms when the deforming force is applied to it. An opposing force will be
created inside the object in in order to restore it to its original size and shape. Thus, ”The
restoring force per unit area of the material” is the definition of stress. It has a tensor value.
represented by the Greek letter. measured in N/m2 or Pascal. Mathematically

F
S= , (1.1)
A

where S is the shear stress, F is the applied force and A is the cross sectional area of the
surface.

1.1.5 Classification of a Fluid

Fluids are classified into four types depending on their flow

1.1.6 Ideal Fluid

A fluid is any incompressible substance that loses viscosity. Simply put, this means that
an ideal liquid is a nonviscous liquid with no measurable forces acting on the layers of
the liquids that are moving relative to one another. Also after pressing down, the liquid’s
density does occur.

1.1.7 Viscous Fluid

viscosity is the power of a fluid (liquid or gas) to resist changing its shape or allowing near
parts to move in relation to one another. Viscosity is a sign of flow resistance. The fluidity,
a metric measuring the ease of flow, is the reciprocal of viscosity. For instance, molasses
is more viscous than water.

2
Newtonian Fluid

Fluids that obey Newton’s law of viscosity are known as Newtonian fluids. For such fluids,
there exists a linear relationship between shear rate and applied shear stress. The viscosity
of such fluids remains constant at any given temperature and pressure. Water, milk, silicon
oil, kerosene oil, etc., are examples of Newtonian fluids.The extra stress tensor od an
incompressible Newtonian fluid is given by,

(k)
S(k) = µ(k) A1 , k = 1, 2, 3, .....n (1.2)

(k)
where µ(k) is the fluid viscosity of fluid. The first Rivlin-Erickson tensor A1 is defined as

(k)
A1 = L(k) + (L(k) )T , (1.3)

in which
∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k)
 

 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

(k) (k)
 ∂v(k) ∂v(k) ∂v(k) 
L = gradV =  . (1.4)

 ∂x ∂y ∂z 

 ∂w(k) ∂w(k) ∂w(k) 
∂x ∂y ∂z
where in the subscript and superscript k = 1, 2, 3, .....n represents layers od fluid for
example k = 1 represents the fluid layer adjacent to moving horizontal plate called layer-
1 ,k = represents the fluid layer adjacent to layer-1 and called layer-2 and so on k = n
represents the fluid layer adjacent to fluid-air interface ,called nth layer.In Eq. (1.4), V
is the velocity vector, u, v and w are the components of velocity vector in the x, y and z
directions respectively.

1.1.8 Non Newtonian Fluid

Fluids that do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity are known as non-Newtonian fluids.
Rubber, soap, plastic, synovial fluid, synthetic fiber, mud, greases, lubricating oils, etc.,
are examples of non-Newtonian fluids. These fluids are further classified into time-
independent fluid, time-dependent fluid, and viscoelastic fluids. Time independent fluids
are the fluids whose viscosity does not depend on time rather depends on shear stress.

3
Time-dependent fluids are those whose viscosity not only depends on applied shear stress
but also depends on the time of deformation. Viscoelastic fluids are those that possess a
certain degree of elasticity and memory in addition to shear thinning and shear thickening
characteristics.

1.2 Types of flow

1.2.1 Steady and unsteady Flow

Steady Flow: A steady flow is one in which the quantity moving through any portion per
second remains consistent. The ideal case is described in this way. Only laminar flow
exhibits true steady flow. In turbulent flow, the velocity is constantly shifting. Unsteady
Flow:Unsteady flow is a flow in which the amount of liquid flowing per second varies.
Unsteady flow is a momentary occurrence. With time, the flow can moderate or cease
entirely.

1.2.2 Compressible and Incompressible

Compress Flow: The branch of fluid mechanics known as compressible flow deals with
fluids whose density considerably changes in response to a change in pressure. If the
flow’s Mach number is more than 0.3 before considerable compressibility develops,
the consequences of compressibility are often regarded as significant. Incompressible
Flow:the swiftly moving stream of water coming from a garden hose line. which, when
held vertically up, tends to expand out like a fountain, but when held vertically down, tends
to narrow down. The fluid’s consistent volume flow rate is the cause.

1.2.3 Laminar Flow

Laminar flow is a type of flow that occurs when fluid particles follow clean courses in
layers, passing each other without much or any mixing between them. Adjacent layers
tend to glide past one another like playing cards at low velocities since the fluid tends to
move without lateral mixing.

4
1.2.4 Turbulent Flow

We learned the definition of turbulent flow in the introductory section, and we now know
that turbulent water or fluid turbulence is an erratic fluctuation or mixing of two or more
liquids. The way the fluid is moving in this case causes continual changes in the amount
and direction of the liquid’s speed at every place. Therefore, these variations are caused by
the fluid’s rough motion at each place, which is why the water is said to as turbulent.

1.2.5 Immiscible Fluid Flow

The simultaneous flow of two or more immiscible fluids in the porous medium is known as
aqueous immiscible flow, also known as immiscible displacement. Since the two fluids are
immiscible, there is a distinct fluid-fluid interface that separates them since the interfacial
tension between them is not zero.

1.2.6 Heat Transfer

The generation, storage, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) across
physical systems is the subject of the thermal engineering field known as heat transfer.
Different processes of heat transfer are categories, including thermal conduction, thermal
convection, thermal radiation, and energy transfer through phase changes.

1.3 Basic Governing Equation

1.3.1 Continuity Equation

The equation that govern the n-layer immiscible Newtonian fluid film on a horizontally
moving plate due to surface tension gradient are given by,

∂ρ(k)
+ ∇ · (ρ(k) V(k) ), k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (1.5)
∂t¯

5
in which ρ(k) is the density of the fluid. When fluid is incompressible then the density of
the fluid ρ(k) becomes constant for which

∂ρ(k)
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (1.6)
∂t¯

in view of which Eq. (1.5) takes the form

∇ · V(k) = 0.k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (1.7)

1.3.2 Balance of Momentum

Law of conservation of momentum in differential form which describes the flow of

incompressible fluid is as follows

DV(K)
ρ(k) = −∇p + ∇ · S̃(k) + ρ(k) f, k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (1.8)
Dt

where f is the body force per unit mass and p is the pressure. Balance of momentum (1.8)
in component form is given as follows:

X-Component
!
∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂p ∂ (k) ∂ (k) ∂ (k)
ρ(k) + u(k) + v(k) + w(k) =− + Sxx + Sxy + Sxz +ρ(k) fx , k = 1, 2, 3, .
∂t¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z
(1.9)

Y-Component
!
∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂p ∂ (k) ∂ (k) ∂ (k)
ρ(k) + u(k) + v(k) + w(k) =− + Syx + Syy + Syz +ρ(k) fy k = 1, 2, 3, ..
∂t¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
(1.10)

Z-Component
!
∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂p ∂ (k) ∂ (k) ∂ (k)
ρ(k) + u(k) +V (k) + w(k) =− + Szx + Szy + Szz +ρ(k) fz k = 1, 2, 3, .
∂t¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
(1.11)

6
1.3.3 Energy Equation

The energy equation is

(k)
(k) DT
ρ(k)C f = χ(k) ∇2 T (k) + tr(S(ℸ) · ∇V(ℸ) ), k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (1.12)
Dt

where ρ(k) represents the constant density of the fluids, V (k) represent the velocity vector ,
(k)
C f is the specific heat constant, χ(k) is the thermal conductivity and T (k) is the temperature
and D
Dt is material time derivative while S(k) extra stress tensor of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid.

1.3.4 Non dimenesionalization

The removal of units from a equation that involves physical quantities by defining the
reference scale/charactristic scale.In terms of the geometry and flow parameters is called
non diensionalization.

1.4 Dimensionless Numbers

In fluid mechanics, dimensionless numbers are those that are useful to determine the flow
characteristics of a fluid flow. Inertia force always exists if there is any mass in motion.
Dividing this inertia force with other force like viscous force, gravity force, surface tension,
elastic force, or pressure force gives us the dimensionless numbers.

1.5 Brikman Number

The Brinkman number (Br), which is frequently employed in the processing of polymers, is
a dimensionless quantity relating to heat conduction from a wall to a moving viscous fluid.
It is named after the Dutch mathematician and physicist Henri Brinkman.It is the ratio of
heat transferred by molecular conduction to heat produced by viscous dissipation. i.e., the
proportion of viscous heating to outside heating. The higher the value, the slower the heat
created by viscous dissipation will transfer, and as a result, the greater the temperature

7
increase. Mathematically, it is defined as

µ1 c2
Br = k
χ (T f − To )

1.6 Boundary Condition

Physical problem upon mathematical modeling yields differential (ordinary/partial) equa-

tions accompanied by boundary conditions. Boundary conditions are necessary conditions
for the proper solution of a differential equation. The number of boundary conditions
depends upon the order of the differential equation. In this thesis, mathematical modeling
yields a second-order ordinary differential equation. Therefore, two boundary conditions:
no slip boundary and free surface boundary conditions, are required for the proper solution.

1.6.1 Dirichlet Boundary Condition

A boundary condition that satisfies the unknown function.This condition specifies the value
that the unknown function needs to take on along the boundary of the domain.Dirichlet
boundary condition may also be referred to as a fixed boundary condition.

1.6.2 No Slip Condition

During flow, when fluid comes in direct contact with the moving solid object, then it sticks
to the surface of a object with no velocity relative to the surface at this contact. This
condition of not slipping over a object is termed as no slip condition.

1.6.3 Free Surface Condition

At the fluid-air interface when some non-isothermal gas exerts zero shear stress, then this
condition at the interface is known as free surface condition.

1.6.4 Jeffrey fluid model

The Jeffrey fluid is a non-Newtonian fluid model that has drawn the attention of numerous
researchers because it is thought to be a more accurate representation of physiological

8
fluids. The Newtonian fluid model can be thought of as a specific case of the Jeffrey
fluid model, which makes it a substantial generalization of the former. Numerous
scholars have investigated Jeffrey fluid flows in various scenarios. Jeffrey fluid model
is the straightforward linear non-Newtonian fluid model. It has achieved significant
awareness because of abundant applications in industry technology and biosciences.The
non-Newtonian fluid’s ability to relax under stress can be described using the Jeffrey fluid
model. The Jeffrey fluid model may accurately define this class of non-Newtonian fluids
because they exhibit the property of time scale memory, also known as the relaxation time.
For an incompressible Jeffrey fluid model the extra stress tensor is determined as

(k)
" #
µ(k) (k) DA1
S(k) = (k)
A1 + λ2 , (1.13)
1 + λ1 Dt

where λ1 is the rate of relaxation time to the retardation time , λ2 is the retardation time
D
and Dt is the material time derivative. If we set λ1 = λ2 = 0 we recover the extra stress
tensor for Newtonian fluid.

9
 Chapter2

Heat transfer analysis of n-layer horizontal Newtonian

thin film flow

This chapter deals with the analysis of temperature of n-layer the immiscible Newtonian
thin film on horizontal plate.This plate moves horizontal with constant velocity.Analytic
expressions for some useful flow variables like velocity and temperature for n-layer are
obtained.Condition of.Impacts of the emerging flow control parameters on velocity and
temperature through graphs are discussed.

2.1 Problem Formulation and Mathematical Modelling

We take into consideration the steady,parallel and laminar flow of n-layer immiscible
and incompressible Newtonian fluid film on a horizontal plate that moves with constant
velocity U to left.We choose an xy-coordinate system in the schematic description of
problem (see Fig-1).In this diagram ,x − axis is taken along the horizontal moving plate
while y − axis upright to the plate, n-layer immiscible Newtonian fluid film is bounded
below by moving plate and bounded above by the fluid-air interface.On fluid-air interface a
gradient σ́ = ddxσ́ is applied.This shear stress results due to some non-isothermal gas.Sirface
tension S(x) increases from left to right.It is assumed that plate is completely wet by fluid,
there is no applied pressure drawing the flow and fluid flow is only due to motion of
plate and surface tension gradient.The velocity vector V (k) and extra stress tensor S(k) that
describe this type of flow are

h i
(k) (k)
V = U (x), 0, 0 , (2.1)

10
Accordingly, the extra stress depends upon ‘x’ i.e.,

S(k) = S(y), (2.2)

Also temperature is,

T (k) = T (k) (y), (2.3)

Figure 2.1: 1 Geometry of problem.

Eq.(??) in view of Eq.(2.1) can be written as,

∂ū(k)
 
 0 ∂ȳ 0 
L(k) = gradV(k) = 
 
0  , k = 1, 2, 3, .....n (2.4)

 0 0
 
0 0 0

Using Eq.(??) into Eq. (??) and Eq. (??) , we have

(k)
S(k) = µ(k) A1 , k = 1, 2, 3, .....n (2.5)

(k)
A1 = L(k) + (L(k) )T , k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (2.6)

11
Where
L(k) = gradL(k)

Using Eq.(2.4) into Eq.(2.6) we get

∂u(k)
 
 o 0 
 ∂y 
(k) (k)
A1 =  ∂u k = 1, 2, 3, ....n (2.7)
 
 ∂y 0 0 

 
0 0 0

Using Eq.(??) into Eq.(2.4) we get

∂u(k)
 
 
(k) (k) (k)
S Sxy Sxz  0 0 
 xx   ∂y 
 (k) (k) (k) (k)  ∂u(k)
=µ  , (2.8)
 
 Syx Syy Syz 0 0 
   ∂y 
(k) (k) (k)  
Szx Szy Szz
0 0 0

which gives
(k)
(k) (k) (k) ∂u
Sxy = Syx =µ , (2.9)
∂y
(k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (k)
Sxx = Sxz = Syy = Syz = Szx = Szy = Szz = 0. (2.10)

Balance of momentum Eq.(1.12) in component form is given as follows:

X-Component
!
(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂p ∂ (k) ∂ (k) ∂ (k)
ρ + u(k) + v(k) + w(k) =− + S̃xx + S̃xy + S̃xz
∂t¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

+ρ(k) fx , k = 1, 2, 3, .....n

for horizontal flow fx = gx = 0 so After simplification we get

∂p ∂ (k)
= S̃xy . (2.11)
∂x ∂y

12
Y-Component
!
∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂u(k) ∂p ∂ (k) ∂ (k) ∂ (k)
ρ(k) + u(k) + v(k) + w(k) =− + S̃yx + S̃yy + S̃yz +(−ρ(k) fy ), k = 1, 2
∂t¯ ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z

after simplification we get

∂p
= −ρ(k) gy , (2.12)
∂y

Z-Component

0 = 0, Indenticallysatis f ied

integrating Eq.(2.12) between the interface of n-layer Newtonian fluid film and non
isothermal gas at y = h (Where Pair is the reference pressure) and an arbitrary location
y (where P is the pressure), we get

Z Z
(k)
d p = −ρ gy dy + f (x)

P = Pair + ρ(k) gy (h − y) + f (x), (2.13)

in which f (x) is an arbitrary function to be determined by making use of the boundary

condition P(h) = Pair , we get
f (x) = 0, (2.14)

putting Eq.(2.14) into Eq.(2.13) we get,

P = Pair + ρ(k) gy (h − y), (2.15)

∂p
which suggests that P ̸= P(x). Then using ∂x = 0 into Eq.(2.11) we get,

d (k)
Sxy = 0, (2.16)
dy

2.1.1 Boundary Condition

The boundary conditions with the flow are,

T (1) (0) = T0 , (2.17)

13
 U (1) (0) = −U, (2.18)

T(k−1) (hk−1 ) = T (k) (hk−1 ), (2.19)

U(k−1) (hk−1 ) = U (k) (hk−1 ), k = 2, 3, .....n (2.20)

k−1 k
Sxy (hk−1 ) = Sxy (hk−1 ), k = 2, 3, ....n (2.21)

k
Sxy (h) = σ́, (2.22)
k−1 (h k (h
k−1 dT k−1 ) k dT k−1 )
χ =χ , (2.23)
dy dy

T (k) (h) = T f , (2.24)

2.1.2 Non-dimensionlization
µ1
Charateristic length scale = ρ1U
Charateristic velocity scale = U
µ1U
Charateristic shear stress scale = µ1
ρ1 U
Charateristic surface tension scale = µ1U
Utilizing aforesaid characteristic scales ,we introduce the following dimensionless param-
eters: µ1
∗ x ∗ y (k)∗ u(k) (k)∗ (k) ρ1U
x = µ1 , y = µ1 , u = , Sxy = Sxy ,
ρ1U ρ1U U µ1U

σ
∗ (k)∗ T (k) − To
σ = U, T = ,
µ1 T f − T0
or,
µ1 µ1 ∗ (k) (k)∗ µ1U
x = x∗ , y = y∗ , u(k) = u(k) U, Sxy = Sxy µ1 ,
ρ1U rho1U ρ1U
∗
σ = σ∗ µ1U, T (k) = T (k) (T f − To ) + T0 , (2.25)

Using Eq.(2.25) into Eq.(2.9) and Eq.(2.16) we get,

(k) (k) ∂u(k)

Sxy = Syx = µ(k) , (2.26)
∂y

and
d (k)
Sxy = 0, (2.27)
dy

14
Using Eq.(2.25) into Eq.(2.17-2.24) we get,

T (1) (0) = 0, (2.28)

U (1) (0) = −U, (2.29)

T(k−1) (hk−1 ) = T (k) (hk−1 ), (2.30)

U(k−1) (hk−1 ) = U (k) (hk−1 ), k = 2, 3, .....n (2.31)

k−1 k
Sxy (hk−1 ) = Sxy (hk−1 ), k = 2, 3, ....n (2.32)

k
Sxy (h) = C, (2.33)
µ1
ρ1 U
where C = σ́ µ1U is the inverse capillary number.

dT k−1 (hk−1 ) dT k (hk−1 )

=χ , (2.34)
dy dy

Where ,
χ(k)
χ= .
χ(k−1)

T (k) (h) = 1, (2.35)

After simplification Eq.(1.12) can be written as

d 2 T (k) 1 (k) du(k)

= − Sxy , (2.36)
dy2 χ(k) dy

using Eq.(2.25) into Eq.(2.26) we get,

d 2 T (k) du(k)
= −Br , (2.37)
dy2 dy

µ1U 2
where Br = (k)
χ (T f −T0 )
is Brickman number.
Thus we have ,
(k) du(k)
Sxy = µ(k) , (2.38)
dy
d (k)
Sxy = 0, (2.39)
dy

15
 d 2 T (k) du(k)
= −Br , (2.40)
dy2 dy
subject to:
At y = 0

U1 (0) = −1, (2.41)

T1 (0) = 0, (2.42)

At y = hk−1 , k = 2, 3, .....n

T(k−1) (hk−1 ) = T (k) (hk−1 ), (2.43)

U(k−1) (hk−1 ) = U (k) (hk−1 ), k = 2, 3, .....n (2.44)

k−1 k
Sxy (hk−1 ) = Sxy (hk−1 ), k = 2, 3, ....n (2.45)

dT k−1 (hk−1 ) dT k (hk−1 )

=χ , (2.46)
dy dy
At y = h

k
Sxy (h) = C (2.47)

T k (h) = 1 (2.48)

Layer 1
set k = 1 into Eq.(2.38),Eq.(2.39) and Eq.(2.40) we have,

(1) du(1)
Sxy = µ(1) , (2.49)
dy

d (1)
Sxy = 0, (2.50)
dy

d 2 T (1) du(1)
= −Br , (2.51)
dy2 dy
subject to
At y = 0

16
 U1 (0) = −1, (2.52)

T1 (0) = 0, (2.53)

set k = 2 into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46) we have

At y = h1
T(1) (h1 ) = T (2) (h1 ), (2.54)

U(1) (h1 ) = U (2) (h1 ), (2.55)

1 2
Sxy (h1 ) = Sxy (h1 ), (2.56)

dT 1 (h1 ) dT 2 (h1 )
=χ , (2.57)
dy dy
Layer 2
set k = 2 into Eq.(2.38),Eq.(2.39) and Eq.(2.40) we have,

(2) du(2)
Sxy = µ(2) , (2.58)
dy

d (2)
Sxy = 0, (2.59)
dy

d 2 T (2) du(2)
= −Br , (2.60)
dy2 dy
subject to
At y = h1
T(1) (h1 ) = T (2) (h1 ), (2.61)

U(1) (h1 ) = U (2) (h1 ), (2.62)

1 2
Sxy (h1 ) = Sxy (h1 ), (2.63)

dT 1 (h1 ) dT 2 (h1 )
=χ , (2.64)
dy dy
set k = 3 into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46) we have
At y = h2
T(2) (h2 ) = T (3) (h2 ), (2.65)

17
 U(2) (h2 ) = U (3) (h2 ), (2.66)

2 3
Sxy (h2 ) = Sxy (h2 ), (2.67)

dT 2 (h2 ) dT 3 (h2 )
=χ , (2.68)
dy dy
Layer 3
set k = 3 into Eq.(2.38),Eq.(2.39) and Eq.(2.40) we have,

(3) du(3)
Sxy = µ(3) , (2.69)
dy

d (3)
Sxy = 0, (2.70)
dy

d 2 T (3) du(3)
= −Br , (2.71)
dy2 dy
subject to
At y = h2
T(2) (h2 ) = T (3) (h2 ), (2.72)

U(2) (h2 ) = U (3) (h2 ), (2.73)

2 3
Sxy (h2 ) = Sxy (h2 ), (2.74)

dT 2 (h2 ) dT 3 (h2 )
=χ , (2.75)
dy dy
set k = 4 into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46) we have
At y = h3
T(3) (h3 ) = T (4) (h4 ), (2.76)

U(3) (h3 ) = U (4) (h3 ), (2.77)

3 4
Sxy (h3 ) = Sxy (h3 ), (2.78)

dT 3 (h3 ) dT 4 (h3 )
=χ , (2.79)
dy dy

18
Layer n-1
set k = n − 1 into Eq.(2.38),Eq.(2.39) and Eq.(2.40) we have,

(n−1) du(n−1)
Sxy = µ(n−1) , (2.80)
dy

d (n−1)
Sxy = 0, (2.81)
dy

d 2 T (n−1) du(n−1)
= −Br , (2.82)
dy2 dy
subject to
At y = hn−2 set k = n − 2 we get into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46)

T(n−2) (hn−2 ) = T (n−1) (hn−2 ), (2.83)

U(n−2) (hn−2 ) = U (n−1) (hn−2 ), (2.84)

n−2 n−1
Sxy (hn−2 ) = Sxy (hn−2 ), (2.85)

dT n−2 (hn−2 ) dT n−1 (hn−2 )

=χ , (2.86)
dy dy
set k = n − 1 into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46) we have
At y = hn−1
T(n−1) (hn−1 ) = T (n) (hn−1 ), (2.87)

U(n−1) (hn−1 ) = U (n) (hn−1 ), (2.88)

n−1 n
Sxy (hn−1 ) = Sxy (hn−1 ), (2.89)

dT n−1 (hn−1 ) dT n (hn−1 )

=χ , (2.90)
dy dy
Layer n
set k = n into Eq.(2.38),Eq.(2.39) and Eq.(2.40) we have,

(n) du(n)
Sxy = µ(n) , (2.91)
dy

d (n)
Sxy = 0, (2.92)
dy

19
 d 2 T (n) du(n)
= −Br , (2.93)
dy2 dy
subject to
At y = hn−1 set k = n − 1 we get into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46)

T(n−1) (hn−1 ) = T (n) (hn−1 ), (2.94)

U(n−1) (hn−1 ) = U (n) (hn−1 ), (2.95)

n−1 n
Sxy (hn−1 ) = Sxy (hn−1 ), (2.96)

dT n−1 (hn−1 ) dT n (hn−1 )

=χ , (2.97)
dy dy
set k = n into Eq.(2.42)-Eq.(2.46) we have
At y = hn = h
T(n) (h) = 1, (2.98)

(n)
Sxy (h) = C, (2.99)

2.1.3 Solution of the Problem

Layer 1
integrating Eq.(2.50) w.r.t. ′ y′ , we get

T(n) (h) = 1, (2.100)

(1)
Sxy (y) = C1 , (2.101)

using Eq.(2.49) into Eq.(2.101) we get

du(1) C1
= (1) , (2.102)
dy µ

again integrating w.r.t. ′ y′ gives

1
u(1) (y) = C1 y +C2 , (2.103)
µ(1)

20
using boundary condition Eq.(2.52) into Eq.(2.103) we get

C2 = −1, (2.104)

using Eq.(2.104) into Eq.(2.103) we get,

1
u(1) (y) = C1 y − 1, (2.105)
µ(1)

using Eq.(2.49) into Eq.(2.56) we get

du(1) (h1 )
=
dy

21