PART A

Curriculum is defined as a document contain teaching and learning plans with psychomotor,
effective and cognitive objectives for a given subject. According to Inlow (1966) the curriculum
is a comprehensive effort designed specifically by the school to guide the achievement of the
specified lessons. In order to get the most effective results from the lessons that teachers are
determined to use, they have to use the latest trend curriculum which is emergent curriculum.

Emergent curriculum is a philosophy of teaching and way of planning curriculum that focuses on

being responsive to children's interests to create meaningful learning experiences. It can be
practiced at any grade level. This philosophy prioritizes active participation, relationship
building, flexible and adaptable methods, inquiry, and play-based learning. Curriculum is child-
initiated, collaborative and responsive to the children's needs. Proponents of this style of teaching
advocate that knowledge of the children is the key to success in your program (Cassidy, Mims,
Rucker, & Boone, 2003; Crowther, 2005).

To plan an emergent curriculum requires observation, documentation, creative brainstorming,

flexibility and patience. Rather than starting with a lesson plan which requires a “hook” to get
the children interested, emergent curriculum starts with the observation of the children for insight
into their interests. Additionally, content is influenced by values held for the children's learning
by the school, community, family and culture (MachLachlan, 2013). The classroom typically
consists of learning centers that expand and facilitate children's learning (Crowther, 2005) and
encourage independent learning skills (MachLachlan, 2013).

According to the E-books of Emergent Curriculum in the Primary Classroom: Interpreting The
Reggio Emilia Approach in School by Carol Anne Wien. Emergent curriculum is inspired by
The Reggio Emilia approach, this book focus on teachers to emergent curriculum through their
study of the Reggio Emilia approach .The Reggio Emilia approach is neither a model to copy nor
a program to implement : “Reggio Schools are in Reggio Emilia “ ( Gambetti &
Gandini,2006).What Reggio Emelia as a region has created in its preschool for early childhood
education is specific to the cultural context language, history ,goegraphy, political and economic
life of the place and its people.
In Reggio Emilia-inspired school, teachers place a great emphasis on using materials and
activities that provoke investigation and group learning. Reggio Emilia school create
environments that inspire and support creative thinking and invention.

This book proposes that emergent curriculum bring teacher and student together collaborative
creative process of learning. Emergent curriculum is building relationship which we encounter
as we participate with children in learning process knowing the world. Emergent curriculum
arises naturally from adult interactions with children and situations that allow for "moments that
can be taught." It connects learning with experience, and with previous learning. This curriculum
is usually implemented after ideas or interests emerge from the children's group.

According to a source www.niu.edu in the emergent curriculum, both adults and children have
the initiative in making decisions. This given an impact on curriculum decisions and direction,
which means that, sometimes the curriculum is also negotiated between children's interests and
what adults know and needed for children's education and development. The idea for an
emergent curriculum stems from responding to interests, questions and concerns generated in a
particular environment, by a certain group of people, at a certain time (Cassady, 1993). Emergent
curriculum appears to have never been built on the interests of children alone. But teachers and
parents also have an interest that is worth bringing into the curriculum. The values and concerns
of all the adults involved help foster a classroom culture.

Viewed from the above understanding, it refers more to the characteristics of the emergent
curriculum itself. Which is emergent curriculum is formed on the basis of ideas and interests that
arise from children.It based on the responding to parents' concerns about what is happening in
the environment and the teacher's decision as the direction of the implementation of the
curriculum. Emergent curriculum occurs naturally from the interaction of children, teachers and
parents. When children have a very large curiosity, then that is where the child step at the
beginning of learning phase.
There are few components of emergent curriculum. The first is the curriculum objective.
Curriculum objectives should develop children's potential and integrate them physically,
emotionally, spiritually, intellectually and socially through safe learning environment ,
creative ,enjoyable and meaningful activities. This is to develop skills, encourage self confidence
and build positive self-esteem in children so that they can succeed in the current environment
and be prepared to address the challenges and responsibilities of the school.

Curriculum objectives must be physical, emotional, intellectual and social. From the physical
aspect, teacher is planning activities that ensure the pupils have a healthy body. For example,
teachers can carry out movement activities in the classroom. From the emotional aspect , teacher
determines the objective to have a sense of identity, self-confidence and a positive concept of
standing. Teachers plan activities that allow students to express their feeling and unlock their
talents, nurturing the potential of themselves. When teachers conduct activities based on the
interests and talents of their students, this encourage the student to show their self confident in
the activities. From an intellectual aspect ,the objective is to ensure good coping skills,
communication skills and problem solving skills.

The introduction of learning is very important in the teaching process in classroom itself . The
introduction of learning must be present in interesting ways or method to attract students'
attention to the topic or subject that the teacher wants to discuss in the classroom. There are
many interesting ways to attract students in introducing a topics. One of the method or ways that
can be practice by teacher through using of a visual objects, information technology to display
pictures, videos and etc. For example, teachers want to discuss about the environment, teachers
can show pictures of plants and other natures subject.

The next component is curriculum evaluation. Teachers evaluate specific content, organization,
and method of delivering of the subject or topics. Teachers is the one who determine whether the
curriculum is designed, and implemented to deliver the expected results. In addition, in the
teaching and learning process the teacher determines whether the pupil achieves the teaching
objective. Teachers assess students based on their interests, talents, levels and abilities directly
and indirectly. Teachers also assess students outside of the classroom. For example, teachers
provide homework in Frog Vle, students complete the homework and submit to the teachers.
Teachers will evaluate the homework through online from the computers. Students are showing
their interested in doing homework in computers.

The emergent curriculum can be implemented in schools while educating students through
hands-on activities. The emergent curriculum does not necessarily depend on tests or
examinations alone. The emergent curriculum emphasizes practical activities. Practical activities
are for students to experience teaching and learning with their own experience. For example, in
teaching and learning, teachers educates students about patterns and shapes. Teachers showed
some pictures of patterns and shapes to the students. Students can also see a rough picture of
shape and pattern. Teachers also finds it difficult to identify students' level of understanding by
presenting a rough picture of form and pattern. But with the emergent curriculum teachers
represents a rough picture and also engages in practical activities of producing shapes and
patterns. Teachers can provide materials such as patterns, clay, liquid colors, white papers and
materials.Through this activity, teachers can learn the challenges of understanding students. In
addition, teachers as an educator also acts as a mentor that guide the students in their hands-on
activities.

Furthermore, emergent curriculum can be implemented in schools while educating students

through the use of Information and Communication of Technologies ,ICT. Information
technology is one of the method that was been used in abroad for emergent curriculum .Through
the emergent curriculum emphasize the use of ICT in all pupils during teaching and learning. For
example, a teacher planning a teaching process using ICT. During teaching and learning process
a teacher can create real life situations in the classroom. When teachers teach about human life
abroad, teachers can bring community through the use of ICT in the classroom.

The emergent curriculum can also be implemented in schools while educating students through
their self access activities. Self-access defining a learning process by yourself .In addition,
emergent curriculum can be implemented in schools through play based learning and teaching.
One of the main challenge during the learning and teaching process in classroom, where the
student often turn to be sleepy in the classroom even in the morning session which is a beginning
of the lesson. Therefore, the emergent curriculum needs to be implemented through play based
learning as a one of the methods in learning and teaching process.

The involvement of the teachers in the activity with the student during teaching process were
encouraging the communication skills between student and teachers itself. Active and passive
student will actively involved in the activity when teachers carry out the learning and teaching
process in the play based learning. For example, teachers can create a games in math lessons for
preschool, teachers hiding numbers throughout the classroom. Students can play "find the object"
games. At the end of the lesson, students being able to recognize numbers through out the
activity.

Teachers were encouraged to do outdoor activity in learning and teaching process with ensuring
safety environment for the students. Teachers also can carry out the learning and teaching
process with a variety of situations and suitable for students. Through this, students will enjoy
the learning process in different places. For example, teachers organize a school trip to take the
students out to the zoo. Introducing the students to the animals and their habitat as a science
lesson. Through this trip, students was exposed to the real life situations of the animals and enjoy
the experience for the rest of their life .

An emergent curriculum can be implemented through appropriate teaching methods. As an

educators, teachers needs to plan their teaching thoroughly and choose the effective teaching
methods .In the past time, teachers only practiced learning and teaching using chalk and talk. The
"chalk and talk" method is also a good but less effective method. In the "chalk and talk" teachers
play as a main role and not be able to make an evaluation on their students. When teachers use
this methods ,a lot of energy wasted while student loss their interest in teaching and learning
process. This has led to decreasing student' academic progress. As a solution teachers need to
plan the appropriate methods of learning .For example, teachers create effective method to
attract students' interest in learning and teaching process.

The emergent curriculum is collaborative. According to Ted Panitz (1996) it is clear that
colloboration is a personal philosophy, not just a learning method in the classroom. He also said
that Collaboration is a philosophy of interaction and lifestyle that makes cooperation as a
structure of interaction designed in such a way as to facilitate collective efforts to achieve
common goals. In all situations, when multiple people are in a group, collaboration is a way of
relating to and respecting the ability and contribution of each family member. The emergent
curriculum emphasizes collaboration among students and focuses on their collaboration
products. For example, teachers divide students into groups and plan group activities such as
putting together puzzles While performing those activities students interact with each other and
work together to solve the puzzles. Passive pupils also participated in the activity. Emerging
curriculum also includes singing, play based learning, storytelling, discussion, performances ,
grouping and etc.

Teaching method become more fullest in the element of delivering the component of curriculum
in the preschool setting. Program plans inspired by emergent curriculum take many forms.
Specifically, emergent curriculum has been useful in ensuring the children’s interest serve as the
basis for learning program development.
Teachers as an educator play an important role in their commitment to the implementation of
emergent curriculum in classroom. Whereas, children construct their own knowledge through
carefully curriculum that engages and builds upon the children’s current knowledge ,recognizing
that knowledge cannot simply provided for the child. When learning is the product of the child’s
guided construction rather than simply the teachers transmission and the child’s absorption,
learning becomes individualized .Most important ,teaching becomes a two way relationship in
which the teachers understanding of the child is just as important as the child’s understanding of
the teacher.
Part B

Preschool : Prasekolah Bestari

Time : 9.30 pagi – 10.00 pagi (30 minutes)
Module : Teras Asas
Tunjang Utama : Bahasa dan Komunikasi (Bahasa Inggeris)

Focus : (BI 3.0) Reading Skills.

Contents Standard : (BI 3.1) Identify letters of the alphabet.

(BI 3.2) Read simple words with understanding.

Learning Standard : (BI 3.1.7) Sound out letters of the alphabet (basic phonics).
: (BI 3.2.1) Hear and pronounce simple words.

Learning Objectives : In the end of this learning course, students will be able to:-
1) Pronounce the sounds of letters and alphabets.
2) Imitate sounds with their voice and match these sounds to the
letters of alphabets.
3) Know basic phonics.
4) Pronounce simple words.

Knowledgeable : 1) Students already know on the names of animals and things in

the surrounding.
2) Students already know all the alphabets shape.

Thinking Skills : Identify the sounds of letters and alphabets by using the
phonetic sounds, state the names of the animals,

Moral : Confident, Brave, Pay attention, Follow instruction.

Teaching aids : Slideshow (the pictures of animals and things),

“ Song “Baba Black Sheep”
Focus MI : Verbal-linguistics, Kinestatic, Music, Intrapersonal.

Vocabulary : Wool,sheep,lane

Steps/ Time Contents Learning Activities Resources/Notes

Induction Test the knowledge. 1. Teacher will ask if the ABM : Pictures of
( 5 minute) students have ever seen the animals.
any kinds of animals. MI : Linguistics-
1. Teacher will ask the Verbal,
names of the animals in Intrapersonal
the pictures. Skills: state the
names of animals
Moral : Confident,
pay attention.
Step 1 Sing a song : ABM : Song “Baba
( 10 minute) 1. Teacher will show the Black Sheep”
“Baba Black Sheep” slideshow that contents MI : Music, Kin
the lyrics of the songs. static.
Baa, baa, black sheep, 2. Teacher will start to Skills : Identify.
have you any wool? sings the phrase by Moral : Follow
Yes sir, yes sir, three bags phrase and students will instruction, brave,
full! follow every phrase. confident.
One for the master, 3. Teacher and students
And one for the dame,
will sing together.
One for the little boy
Who lives down the lane
Baa, baa, black sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes sir, yes sir,
Three bags full...

Step 2 1. Teacher will show the ABM: the pictures

(10 minute) Phonetics sounds picture of animals and of animals and
things on the slideshow. things on the
2. Then teacher will helps slideshow.
to encourage the students MI : intrapersonal
to imitate sounds with Skills : Identify
their voice and match Moral : Follow
 these sounds to the letterinstruction, brave,
and alphabets. confident, pay
attention.
Ending Sing and rewind back all the 1.Teacher will ask the ABM : Song “Baba
( 5 minute) learning outputs. students to match the Black Sheep”
phonetics sounds with the MI : Intrapersonal,
Reinforcement sounds of letters and Music, Kinetstatic,
alphabets. Linguistic-Verbal
Skill : Confident,
2. Teacher will sing back Brave.
the song “Baba Black
Sheep” together with the
students.

Reflection

1) Student able to pronounce the sounds of letters and alphabets.

2)Student Imitate sounds with their voice and match these sounds to the letters of alphabets
during reinforcement.
3) Some of the student able to empower overall basic phonics.
4) Pronounce simple words
5)Identifies the animal

Overall, singing is one the method of emergent curriculum in teaching and learning process for
early childhood education. Through this activity student were exposed to the learning of phonic
sound of the letter and alphabet using ICT as teaching aid. This activity enhance student in
developing cognitive and reading skill through learning and teaching process. The activities that
has been created by the teacher involving the children’s to interact each others and promote
communication skill with showing their self confident along during reinforcement at the end of
the activity.

Total word 2703 not included reference.

REFERENCE

1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_curriculum
2. https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc /nov2015/emergent curriculum
3. http://www.niu.edu/ccc/curriculum/curriculum.shtml
4. The Emergent Curriculum ,Gail M. Inlow (1996)
5. Collaborative versus Cooperative Learning: A Comparison of the Two Concepts Which Will Help
Us Understand the Underlying Nature of Interactive Learning. Ted Panitz (1996)
6. https://elc.utoronto.ca/about-us/emergent-curriculum/
7. https://chiron.valdosta.edu.whuitt/CGIE/YULE.pdf
8. https://books.google.com.my/books?id=UurDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT311&dq=emergent+curriculum