REZEL SEVILLA

CIVIL SOCIETY AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

CIVIL SOCIETY
• Classical-- “state” -- a constitution that was created to protect the people through the creation
of an institution called the government
• Modern– a society where people meet and discuss how to accommodate the interests of one
against the others
• 20th Century– partnered with the government and the business sector in delivering basic
services to the public
CIVIL SOCIETY
• Individual liberty
• Social development
• Economic development
• One of the pillars of good governance
• Democratic participation and development
CIVIL SOCIETY AS A CONCEPT
Helmut Ankheier
-The sphere of institutions, organizations, and individuals located among the family, the state,
and the market, in which people associate voluntarily to advance common interests.

Ernest Gellner
-A set of institutions that is strong enough to counterbalance the state and, whilst not preventing
the state from fulfilling its role of keeper of peace and arbitrator between major interests, can
nevertheless prevent the state from dominating and atomizing the rest of the society.

- composed of a network of organizations that may provide the government the necessary
scrutiny in all of its actions, specifically in areas where it could be too dominating.

Objective
• Act as a “buffer zone” that reminds the government that it is constantly being checked.
• Critical of the policies while at the same time supportive of those policies that may benefit the
general public as a whole.

Jurgen Habermas
-An institution spontaneously created associations, organizations, and movements, which find,
take up, condense and amplify the resonance of social problems in private life and pass it on to
the political or public realm. Civil society brings problems/issues to the attention of the
government.

Ralf Dahrendorf
-Characterized by autonomous regions that are neither state-run nor directed from the center of
political power. It promotes democracy by either working against the government or with the
government.
CIVIL SOCIETY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE
- GOVERNMENT- CIVIL SOCIETY- BUSINESS SECTOR
CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVIL SOCIETY

1. Autonomy
-- Freedom and independence of civil organizations to set their agenda without direct
intervention or dictation from external forces, especially the state.
- Civil society will never be part of the government but a partner in the delivery of basic services
Civil society is not a puppet of the public sector.
2. Volunteerism
- lies at the center of non-governmental organizations
- a common attribute of most non-governmental organizations whose objective is to help the
general public
- this separates civil society organizations from other organizations.

Government
- Mandated by the Constitution to deliver basic services.

Civil Society
-Volunterism
3. Plurality
- not only the large number and types of associations and organizations occupying the sphere
but also the diversity of interests, objectives, organizational forms, and capacities.
-several social organizations exist whose nature is different from one another.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS
1. Formal and Structures Organizations
- advocacy and delivery of basic services
2. Grassroots or Community-based Organizations
- use collective action from the local level to effect change locally, nationally, or internationally.

3. Umbrella Organizations and Thematic Networks

- Maintain the cohesion of larger groups within the civil organizations.
- Defense of common interests and sharing of information among its member.

4. Trust and Solidarity

- refers to the reciprocal mutuality and confidence individual members place on the reliability of
the actions of the members.
-behavior and actions of fellow members without this the civil society disintegrates, and the
public will be placed at the losing end.
CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Pakikipagkapwa
-Holistic interaction with others “kapwa”- shared innerself
2. Damayan
-Assistance of peers in times of crisis
3.Pagtutulungan
-Mutual self-help
4. Kawanggawa
-- charity
-- introduced by the Catholic Church

CATEGORIES OF CIVIL SOCIETY

1. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO)
• non-state organizations which have been helping to fulfill humanitarian works and missions
• Referred to as institutions which may take the form of research organizations, professional
associations,
women’s organizations, and the different student organizations.
2. PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATION
• Described as membership-based organizations whose advocacies are to promote the
collective welfare of their
members but not the entire public in general
• Fill the gap which at times is left by the government, especially in areas where the presence of
the government is not found
e.g. Farmer organizations, cooperatives, community organizations, and women’s organizations

EXAMPLES OF NGOS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Political and social-related issues
• IBON Foundation
• Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
2. Poverty and Families
• ChildHope Aisa
• Habitat for Humanity Philippines (HFHP)
3. Upholding the value of life
•Pro-Life Philippines
•Philippine Red Cross
4. Protection of the Environment
•Haribon Foundation
•Society for the Conservation of the Philippine Wetlands
5. Welfare of Animals
•Philippine Animal Welfare Society
 Managing Financial Resources
in the Government
Fiscal Administration
• Deals with the financial resources of the government
• Activities and operations to generate revenue, make these available, and see to it that funds
are wisely, lawfully, effectively, and efficiently spent.
• Tackles the administration of government resources which at times are limited and could
hardly meet the demands of the general public.

Generation of resources- Distribution to government agencies- Accounting and auditing to

validate whether the funds benefited the public- Dispense funds through projects or programs.

Fiscal Administration
• It generally refers to the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of policies and
decisions on taxation and revenue administration; resource allocation, budgeting, and public
expenditure; public borrowing and debt management; and accounting and auditing. (Briones)

Financial Resources in the Government

1.Expenditures
• Fiscal arm of the government in the production, allocation, and distribution of social goods and
services
• Control factor for the government as to how national development goals should be achieved
Classifications of Expenditures
1. Level of Government
• National
• Local
2. Nature of Expense
• Operating expenditure
• Capital expenditure
3. Types of Funds
• General
• Special
• Bond Fund
4. Organizational Units
• Departments and other governmental agencies
5. Functional Categories
• Economic development or services
• Social development or services
• National Defense
• General services
• Debt services

2.Revenues
• Pertain to all incomes or receipts of the government usually from 5 main sources:
• Tax Revenues
• Capital Revenues
• Extraordinary Income
• Public Borrowings
• Grants
Tax Revenues
• Primary and traditional sources of income for the government.
• Compulsory contributions from the citizens that finance the activities of the government.
Capital Revenues
• Complements tax revenues in the sense that it gives the government additional income other
than the traditional sources.
• Includes sales of fixed capital assets and public domain and the gains on the sales of
government buildings, equipment and other properties
Extraordinary Income
• Provides the public sector with an alternative source of revenues on the part of the
government
• It includes payment of loans, advances made by the government, and the income generated
by the BSP.
• Covers the proceeds of the repayable obligations incurred by a particular government
Public Borrowing
• Resorted to in order to balance deficits and fluctuations in the economy
Grants
• Considered as a part of the income of the
government
• Cover voluntary contributions and aids from foreign government and institutions to address
specific purposes like governmental programs and even rehabilitation projects.
 Public Debt
Public Debts
•Incurred to finance the activities of the public sector either through the revenue streams
generated from taxation or through term loan facilities whereby a public institution borrows from
financial institutions directly.
• The government could also borrow directly from the private sector through its regular auctions
of government securities, or through the issuance of other sovereign debt papers.

International Monetary Fund

• Created out of the need to promote free international trade and facilitate the inflow and outflow
of goods, services, and currency among the major powers.
• As a rule, to the Least Developed Countries the International Monetary Fund gives loans to
help the Least Developed Countries with their balance of payment.
• The World Bank on the other hand grants loans that are directly applied to the development
projects.

World Bank
• Group of banks coming from the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD). This was brought about by the instance of the United States to assist on the recovery
and reconstruction of the countries devastated by World War II to help them to participate in free
trade. World Bank also includes International Development Association and International
Finance Corporation.
Current Public Debt Situation in the Philippines
-The National Government’s (NG) total outstanding debt stood at
₱13.5 trillion as of the end of November 2022.

Conclusion
-Countries borrow money because they do not have enough resources to support the economy.
Maynard Keynes would say that this is a way to augment what is lacking in the economy. What
happened is that most countries that are least developed tend to use borrowing more as the
main source of financing. This in turn can lead to countries being stuck in a rut and not being
able to pay their debt, our country the Republic of the Philippines, included.