Experiment No.

10
Objective:
To determine boiler efficiency without super heater and study the boiler
configuration, generation of steam

Apparatus:
Vertical Fire tube boiler

Figure:

Figure 1-Vertical fire tube boiler

Theory:

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does not
necessarily boil. (In North America the term "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is not
actually to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various
processes or heating applications including water heating, central heating, boiler-based power
generation, cooking, and sanitation.
Procedure:

1. Put the power plug in the Socket, switch it “ON” and Switch “ON” ELCB & CB
2. Open the tap water valve for opening the Condenser cooling water flow
3. Adjust the cooling water flow rate at 4 Lpm from cooling water flow meter regulator
4. Open and the LPG cylinder and adjust the cylinder pressure at 0.5 kg/cm2
5. Start the burner of boiler after a little opening the boiler LPG flow (less than 1Lpm) when
the burner is ignited then increase the boiler LPG flow to the 3Lpm
- Make sure that valves V1, V3, V4, V5, are closed and V2 is opened
6. Now, wait for 10 minuts so that boiler guage pressure increased to 5kg/cm2
7. When the boiler guage pressure become 4kg/cm2 then do purging of water/water vapours
by little opening the V5 and both pressure guages purging valves.
8. When boiler guage pressure become 5kg/cm2 then start opening of fow control valve slowly
to adjust the turbine inlet pressure at 0.6kg/cm2.
- If boiler guage pressure increases and become more than 5kg/cm2 , increase the turbine
inlet pressure from flow control valve V4 so that boiler pressure become 5kg/cm2
- If boiler pressure is not even controlled then open the V5 slowly to purge little steam so
that boiler pressure become 5kg/cm2
- Boiler pressure can also be control by slow down the LPG flow rate from flow meter
regulator, control the parameters and wait for stable condition
9. At steady operation, for No electrical load condition, note down the temperatures (T1, T2,
T10), observed fuel volume flow rate of the boiler (qfob)

Useful relations:
The heat input by LPG fuel to the boiler

𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓

Where

𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is Heat input by LPG fuel to the boiler

𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 is mass flow rate of LPG fuel to the boiler

𝑄𝑄𝑓𝑓 is low heating value of fuel

Boiler Efficiency (without Superheater)

ℎ2 − ℎ1
ή𝑏𝑏 = 𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐 × 100%
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

Where

ή𝑏𝑏 is boiler efficiency

𝑚𝑚𝑐𝑐 is condensate mass flow rate

ℎ2 is enthalpy of saturated steam
ℎ1 is enthalpy of feed water after feed pump and is calculated from the equation
ℎ1 = ℎ0 + (𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 ) × 𝑣𝑣0

𝑃𝑃1 is Pressure of steam leaving the boiler

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 is Atmospheric pressure of feed water
𝑉𝑉0 Specific volume of saturated liquid of feed water at T1
ℎ0 is Enthalpy of feed wate
Observation and calculations:

Atmospheric Pressure, 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = __________ Ambient temp, 𝑇𝑇10 = _______

LPG cylinder pressure : 0.5 kg/cm2 LPG mass flow rate: 3 Lpm
Condenser cooling water flow rate: 4 Lpm
Boiler guage pressure: 5kg/cm2 Turbine inlet pressure: 0.6 kg/cm2

Mass flow Feed Boiler Enthalpy of Enthalpy of Heat input Boiler

of water Saturated feed water saturated to boiler Efficiency
Sr. No condensate temp steam (ℎ1) steam (Qib) (ήb)
(𝑇𝑇1 ) (𝑇𝑇2 ) (ℎ2 )
mc=ms
1

2
Table 1- Experimental data to find the boiler efficiency

Specimen Calculations:
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Comments:
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Quiz:
1. Why do we need the boiler

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2. What are three States of water

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3. Define enthalpy

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4. What is the critical point

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5. Draw the Tv-diagram of boiler