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Copyright © 2008 Heikki Mäkinen
Information Society. Foundations. Slides Knowledge of Society Training Paper : 1
Heikki Mäkinen
Information Society. Foundations
Slides
Version 1.0
10.6.2009
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Information Society
Foundations
Version 1.0
10.6.2009
Heikki Mäkinen
YhteiskunnanTieto - Knowledge of Society

Information Society Concepts
Global, History and Social
Social is based on INTERACTION of conscious

humans. Its dimensions are developed on this
foundation.
MEANINGFUL ACTION consists of human orientation
according to other people. In general case this
means orientation to GLOBAL CONTINCENCY.
Social is based on management of global
contingency as RISKs.
This creates dimension HISTORY as a probability of
social relations
Social relations are based on KNOWLEDGE
RELATIONS
INFORMATION SECURITY builds the dimensions of
SOCIAL as continuum of global and history
Information Society in
Social Scientific Theory
Information Society (Umesao), Risk Society (Beck,

Giddens) and Network Society (Castells)
conceptualize the same change of social interaction.
’Society’ actually is the social form only in nation
state based social.
Information society features are global. Its
foundation is global communications network where
cannot be specified information security creating
’society-like’ social relations. Its form of social is
based on probability instead of social structures
The Social Change
The Social Change has several components

• Knowledge Relation. External form of
knowledge transferability and continuity
developing into Network Information
• Social Rationality. Continuity of social relations
based on probability
• Social Relations. Social structures are changing
into probable global relations in a contuity form
Risk Management and Information Security
as principal factors of social relations are not
supported by communication in immediate
experience or social structures
Development of Interaction I
Interaction Foundations in Sociology

Simmel: Investigation is directed on “Interactions,
sorts and forms of socialization” in “science whose
object is society and nothing else”
Weber: Subjectively meaningful action that is
rational according to meaningful orientation to
other people. Rationality presented in
‘valuerationality’ (Wertrationalität) and
instrumental rationality (Zweckrationalität)
Mead: Orientation to other people by means of
communication. Development of consiousness. ‘I’,
‘me’ and ‘Self’.
Development of Interaction II
Interaction in Information Society

Change in knowledge relation: Conceptual
knowledge may in general be transferred
independently of time and space. In information
society transferability is independent also of social
structures. This is based on role of risk.
Beck: Risk as a fundamental factor in social
Giddens: Social based on security as an equilibrium
of risk and trust
Castells: Development of social interaction into
network

Development of Interaction III
Globalnet and Information Society

Services
Social productive units are services. They are
global relations where several global dimensions
(’structures’) may exist in same process according
to variety of social welfare functions produced. On
the other hand one social relation may exist in
several processes
Social totality is build on global network, having no
special structure.
Social is totally distributed
Social and Risk Management
Historical Global
risk management risk management
History Global
0 1
Risk

Concepts, Risk Management
THREAT – undefined threat or vulnerability directed into

(instrumental) action
RISK – Threat defined in (instrumental) action by

PROBABILITY and consequences
GLOBAL – Event or phenomenon with risk probability = 1
HISTORY – Continuity of social action, probability of social
relation greater than 0 or risk probability smaller than 1.
In general framework THREAT is contingency of

GLOBAL events, RISK their specified probability
that creates by meaningful and managed
knowledge SOCIAL that has HISTORY
Social Continuity and Knowledge

Relation
Social is constituted when global risks are managed

and create probable, continuous social relations.
Singular event, act, selection or corresponding does
not build social, but only when they are continuing
in meaningful social action.
Continuity is mediated by knowledge relation
where knowledge exist in external, conceptual form
that is transferable
(Otherwise existence of social should presuppose
predetermined ’society’ and ’history’)

Social Continuity and Subjective
Meaning of Action
Subjective meaning of action is based only on

continuity and this on relation of history and global
mediated by knowledge relation.
Meaning is not a property of human action – such
phenomenon would not be finite on foundation of
risk management
Knowledge meaning consists on forms of knowledge
in social interaction and risk management process
Historically developed forms at global contingency
consists risk management environment. It changes
for example on technological basis. As social this
consists of knowledge development
Social Relation
The continuity of social relation means risk

probability smaller than 1. Social is finite, it exists
in historical meaningful action.
’In the long run’ exists only (unspecified) risks.
’Infinite’, global social risk management systems
exist not and social equilibrium cannot be supposed
without rational, on knowledge based action.
Social relation is based on probability developed on
rational risk management. It considers continuity of
social relation, where is based subjective meaning
of action. This is build on historical, individual
activity.
Risk, Knowledge and Interaction
Conceptual knowledge conceptualizes social values,

social structures and on probability, especially on
global network based interaction. Knowledge and
interaction do develop together
Risk does not increase in ‘history’ or complexity and
globalization of ‘society’. Risk considers that
environment for action is possible to manage by
probability of social relations. The extent of that
probability is meaningless; all relations of risk and
probability are rational foundations for meaningful
action.
Forms of rationality are different on foundation of
dominating dimension of social.
Information Society Services
Information society service is a service where

knowledge is transferred independently of
experienced time and space, usually in
communications network. It is determined by
rationality possible only in network. The rationality
form changes with risk management.
Service is the productive unit instead of social
institutions or structures (as domestic economy,
organization, enterprise).
Network is the basic form of interaction. Social in it
is build on knowledge mediated independently of
actual action, where it is connected, and
management of risks involved.
Knowledge Management
Knowledge management (KM) object is knowledge

creation and development (rather than processing)
Knowledge is analyzed in the forms of interaction
and creation and delivery conditions (environment,
’Ba’)
Central in KM is knowledge transformation in forms
of interaction and their mutual relationships
’Knowledge relation’ outlines knowledge mediation
in interaction and knowledge conditions
Knowledge management is an administrative
principle directed to continual development of
action and its results
Knowledge Forms
Knowledge – Tacit Knowledge – Interaction where

knowledge is mediated between humans
Conceptual Knowledge – Information – may be
delivered and transferred independently of time and
space and presented in external form. Knowledge is
based on social structures having presentation in
relation to action. Information processing considers
this form of knowledge
Risk Based Knowledge – Network Information
Knowledge management is based on information
security in network. Knowledge is managed by
formal measures
Information Security
Social is created in risk management. It is

implemented in information security relations.
These are dominated by history – global dimensions
of social and have different forms according to it.
Information security as information protection is
connected to instrumental rationality and its social
interaction forms.
Services on network are entirely dependent on
information security. They have no support from
social structures in organizations or institutions
Service development and knowledge governance in
network are based on information security.
Information Security Change
Information security is generally considered to be

build on confidentiality, availability and integrity of
knowledge and information
Availability and integrity are emphasized in global
environment.
Information security change: General functions of
knowledge continuity in mediation of social
relations. Development of rational social relations,
instead of ’chaotic’.
Information security based knowledge
development.

Social Welfare Function I
In information society service productive

organization is a service, a process, not any social
structure. In same historical continuity, as service,
may exist several global relations of social, as logical
networks and information security profiles, and on
the other hand a global relation may exist in several
processes.
The socially meaningful productive unit is
information society service. Its production may be
analyzed as a social welfare function.
As result of production welfare function is part of
reproduction of the social relations of production as
network for customer requirements.
Social Welfare Function II
Utility may be interpreted as a welfare function. It

is not connected with special needs, but may be
reached by combination of several products or
services. It is part of reproduction process of social
structure.
In production based on Gift (Le Don, Mauss)
continuity is based on history dimension of
exchange instead of market, social structure.
Rationality forms: on history based values, on
social structures based instrumentality and on
probablity based network rationality.

Knowledge Relation
Communication and Social Relations
Social is based on communication and risk

management. Mediated knowledge determines the
dimensions at experience, time and space. They are
never absolute.
Meaningful, rational action is created on orientation
to ’others’. This is determined as risk.
Weber: Subjective meaning of action, rationality
forms. Mead: ’I’, ’me’ and ’Self’ by communication
mediation. Habermas: Communicative action
Rationality or meaning are not only subjective, but
developed on risk management creating social
continuity at the global contingency.
Knowledge Relation
Communication mediates immediate social action.

It is not the general form of knowledge mediation.
Knowledge mediates social action also on
foundation of external presentation of knowledge in
social structures or global network.
Spatiotemporal specifications of action are
dependent of transferred knowledge form.
Conceptual knowledge is transferred and continual
independently of direct spatiotemporal dimensions
between humans.
Network information is conceptual knowledge
managed as risk
Global and History at Knowledge Relation I
Action is always mediated by knowledge; it is

never immediate
Action considers risk depending on form of
knowledge mediated
Knowledge relation is a global-history continuum
where neither historical certainty nor global
generality is ever reached
Certainty in knowledge relation equals to continuing
social action, managed risks and information
security
Truth requires additionally accepted information
gathering and testing procedures
Global and History at Knowledge Relation II
The continuity of knowledge relation depends

entirely on global and history relation at its
foundation, also on managed risks. This is basis for
rational action
Continuity of Knowledge and Action
• History Relations – Value conceptual
• ’Semi-global’ structures– Instrumental conceptual
• Global Network Relations – Probability conceptual
Knowledge Relation is always a continuum of
knowledge forms
Forms of Knowledge Relation
Forms of knowledge relations equal with forms of

knowledge: Knowledge, Information, Network
Information.
These are correspondent with knowledge creation
and transference environment (’Ba’)
Differences in knowledge creation environments
depend on Risk Management and Information
Security and vice versa
Social dimensions depend on certainty realized in
continuing action. This depends on security,
certainty of knowledge used. In general case this
denotes meaning, only specially protection of
information.
Social Rationality
Classical Concept of Rationality
Classical concept of social rationality is based on

meaningful orientation of acting human to action of
other people. Weber: Valuerational
(Wertrationalität), Instrumental rational
(Zweckrationalität) (Also Traditional and Affectual
action)
Value rational action: By means available is
selected some end
Instrumentally rational action: Set of means is
selected to reach a certain end
The form of instrumentally rational social institution
- Bureaucracy

Knowledge Relation and Rationality
Selection (as such) is coincidental, whether it is

directed to means or ends. It has meaning only
when continuing, mediated by knowledge relation.
Then it is rational and social.
In different relations of global and history
dimensions of social, knowledge relation is based
on continuity and transference of conceptual
relation in form depending on that relation.
Relation of global and history presupposes a ’large’
set of selections and spatiotemporal
communications relations creating knowledge
relation.
Conceptual Knowledge Relation
Type of conceptual knowledge is specified according

to the knowledge transference form (independence
of spatiotemporal dimensions in action)
Connection of selection and knowledge relation is
based on finite meaning – not on empirical
generalization
Meaning is based on continuity of social relation,
also risk management and information security

Rationality and Forms of Knowledge
Rationality is based on relation of risk and

probability, on history and global. Rationality is a
form of finite and meaning
• Value rationality – Historical conceptual ends
• Instrumental rationality – Means and ends
specified by conceptual knowledge determining
continuing structure
• Network rationality – Means and ends specified by
meaning at network information
All forms of knowledge are developed in risk
management environment
Rationality Change
Network rationality
• Continuity – relations to ends
• Global dimensions – relations to means
Rationality form is created in social acceptance
process based on information security
The form of rational social production: Information
society service.
Service is consituted of combinations of global and
history dimensions regarding the result, welfare
function.

Social Action on Foundation of Risk
Continuity of social action in global environment is

based on certainty created by risk evaluation and
information security measures based on this.
Direct interaction creates social proximity with
historical continuity, ’long lasting’ relations.
Social structures’ continuity in history create
relations considerable with experience and
continuing social norms and rules.
Risk based relations are based on reflexive
acceptance processes.
Rationality Foundation on Information

Security
Continuing knowledge relations implemented at

information security measures are creating social
relations
Social structures are social relations where
conceptual knowledge has global continuity in
relation to dimensions determined in action and
experience
’Deliverability’ of social relations: Several global
dimensions and service components based on
deliverable and interactive information may exists
in a service continuity
Ad hoc ’organizations’ in rational information
society services.
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Forms
Knowledge Forms are based on knowledge

continuity and transference. Any intrinsic properties
of knowledge exits not.
Tacit knowledge has continuity and transference in
connection to action. All knowledge is realized as
tacit knowledge and consciousness.
Conceptual knowledge is knowledge transferable
independently of spatiotemporal dimensions in
action.
Knowledge is ubiquitous. Its forms are changing to
each others regarding the form of interaction and
knowledge transfer in spatiotemporal.

Knowledge Management Enlarged
Social interaction forms diverge in forms of

continuity and tranference of conceptual
knowledge. Form of knowledge in action is
invariant, consciousness.
Forms of continuity and transference are based on
risk management environment and information
security.
Information Security creates the social relation as
probable continuity.
This is subjectively expressed as a meaning in
knowledge relation.
SECI-Model
Knowledge is analyzed as a dialectic process of tacit

– on action related knowledge –, and conceptual –
independently transferable and continuing -
knowledge
Socialization – Knowledge is accepted in social
relation
Externalization – Knowledge is conceptualized to be
transferred
Combination – Conceptual knowledge is developed
Internalization – Conceptual knowledge is adapded
in action
Contents of Knowledge
Tacit knowledge To Explicit knowledge
Socialization Externalization
Tacit
Knowledge Sympathized Conceptual
Knowledge Knowledge
From
Internalization Combination
Explicit
Knowledge Operational Systemic
Knowledge Knowledge
SECI-Model Enlarged
SECI-model is based on knowledge development in

organization
In network: Risk and information security are
working as dimensions of social action and
knowledge
Tacit knowledge: Use of knowledge regarding the
objectives of action
Conceptual knowledge: Different forms regarding
the forms of interaction
Network information specified as a risk based
knowledge form
Bureaucracy as Knowledge Management
Formation
Bureaucracy and organization are based on

instrumental rationality
There exists a special form of conceptual knowledge
mediating social structures. Conceptualization is
based on classification and generalization
Information processing is a central form of
knowledge management
Division of labour and hierarchy are based on very
limited knowledge forms
Bureaucracy works with instrumental rationality
knowledge relations
Process Organization as Knowledge

Management Formation
In process the form of conceptual knowledge is

changed from classification – generalization
paradigm.
Process presupposes knowledge development
regarding knowledge in interaction forms
Process is based on several global components of
social. This requires knowledge treatment in tacit,
conceptual and network forms
Process in organization is protected by social
structure. Protection is a special form of knowledge
continuity dominated by organization. Process in
service is managed only by information security
Network as Knowledge Management
Formation
In network exists same properties as on processes.

Network forming a service is based on several
global relations of social. On the other hand global
dimension may be used in several services. Service
elements are based on forms of knowledge
Network is determined only according to the result
of service and managed by information security
Division of labour, as foundations of organization, is
in secondary role.
Knowledge is managed regarding the creation of
continuity of network relations, and subjective
meaning in action
Scientific Knowledge
Weber: Ideal type - a pure type specified by

meaning of social action.
Whitehead: Mathematics as an empirical
generalization. Rather should be determined
’general’ laws in a finite world according to
continuity and meaning
Scientific determined by Global dimension of
Knowledge. Based on probability not by social
structures and rules, hierarchy or authorities
Information security is relevant on content
Scientific community – ’Discourse’ (Habermas)
Information Security and Information

Society Services
Information security, risk management, is always

the factor creating continuity of social action
Forms of interaction and forms of knowledge are
based on this. Knowledge and interaction are
individual. They create social forms only when they
are continuing on foundation of knowledge relation.
Information security is the determining factor in
information society. It supersedes social structures
Knowledge use is not differentiating factor but the
forms of interaction continuity knowledge relation
creates through risk management.
Knowledge Relation in Global network
Global systems are totally distributed

Global and historical components of social do not
have a priori connection or form in general fixed
structures. Same ’continuity’ may include several
’globals’ and a ’global’ may exist in several
’continuities’.
The knowledge relations mediating continuity of
global relations are continual risk and information
security evaluation processes
Services are constituted of deliverable and
interactive, global and historical components
Their dimension are created at information security
Network Rationality in Information

Society Services
Network is working ’over’ division of labour and the

result, welfare function, determines the networks
and relations of services
Continuity is based on probability of acceptance of
global dimensions, as networks and information
security profiles, in services
Knowledge is managed by information security. It
determines knowledge continuity, meaning, and the
process of knowledge development (instead of
information processing)
Network has no security of its own; such should be
an infinite system

Risk World of Communications
Processes Based on
Probability of Risks
Specified Probability of Risks
Contingency of Risks
Concepts, Service Structure of

Communications Network
Transmission path – Global communications
network where is not specified information security
or social relations.
Logical Network – A virtual view into transmission
path technically or on Bindings based (ad hoc)
network building components of global dimension of
social
Communications Service – used in several
processes or applications – and Communications
Applications – supporting specified social activity or
processes producing welfare functions
A dimension at all levels is information security
specifying continuity of a knowledge relation

Information Society Service and
Network
Information society service is based on network as

a general form of interaction
Network is determined by probable acceptance of
components of global and historical dimensions of
social. ’Structural’ networks based on organization
may work only as subsidiary forms
Network construction is based on management of
global risk.
The Structure of Network
Applications Services
Logical network environments
Transmission path

Information Society Service
Service required by Customer
Knowledge
Risk Processes
Management
Environ-
ments Information
Logical Networks
Information
Communications Transmission path
Concepts, Information Society Services
Knowledge – Conscious relation to service producing

welfare function at spatiotemporal action
Conceptual knowledge in two meanings:
• Information in management environments
meaningful in relation to spatiotemporal relations.
• Network Information meaningful based on
information security management in network and
substituting spatiotemporal relations.
Processes – The producing units at service building
with an environment a Network
Service Welfare Function determining the continuity
of service

Social Relations at
Social relation is a continuity of service, that has
several global dimensions. Process(es) are specified
in network, not in organization
Social structures, as organizations, enterprises or
classes, are not primary for econonomic functions.
Primary are service relations.
Their management is based on information
security.The general content of information security
is continuity of social relation creating a subjective
meaning of knowledge.
Information security means the determination of
dimensions of social.
Information Security Profiles in

Information security profile considers a set of

information security requirements independent of
specific security implementations. User can specify
information security requirements by referring to
the profile.
Profiles can be delivered in network.
A service constitutes of several profiles and a
profile may exist in several services.
Services information security solution is consituted
by participants’ probable acceptance for profiles.
This creates certainty required for service continuity

Globalnet
At social division of labour global system is market,

build on instrumental rationality and bureaucratic
organizations
In information society services global system is
constituted on foundation of networks. It is a
general system of social interaction, not ’economic’
system.
Totality of information society services is Globalnet.
Information protection on foundation of social
structures is not primary. Knowledge importance is
based on its use regarding the social welfare
functions.

Social Welfare Function
Service and Welfare Function
Service is a process or set of processes producing

Welfare Functions as its results
Process is the productive unit. It is specified
according to its result, not structure, division of
labour, hierarchy or organization, even when its
institutional frame is organization
Result of process or service should be evaluated
according to customer. It may consist of several
(tangible) products, services attached with them or
even values
Information society service is constituted in
network and may consist several global dimensions
and several organizations
Service and Commodity Production
Difference of service and commodity production at

objective of production is on customer or
productive organization, not at tangible-intangible
dimension.
Productive organization: Continuity based on
structure or network
Productive rationality: Instrumental or network
Both may be based on profit but differ according to
does it create social structures or not
Information security is certainty determining factor
in network and service organization.
General Welfare Function
Welfare function is a finite social form constituting

of social selections according to dominating social
dimension. Produced is a social result not fulfilment
of ’needs’
Utility is an abstraction; several commodities may
fulfil certain utility. Market is a presupposition of
exchange
History may be a presupposisition of exchange.
Reciprocity of Gift (Le Don) is based on this
Genuine welfare function is a product of network
and process.

The Change in Knowledge
Governance
Information Security Based Knowledge

Governance
Knowledge Governance supersedes Data

Administration as knowledge management form.
The emphasis is passed on the creation and
development of knowledge instead of its processing
Information Security Foundation
• The forms of knowledge differ on information
security foundation
• The process management at knowledge
development is based on information security – no
social structures supporting processes in network
environment

Forms of Knowledge and Processing
Tacit knowledge – Development of interactive

processes and knowledge integration
Conceptual knowledge - Development as processing
regarding social structures
Network information - Development by information
security determination of knowledge continuity and
meaning
–Management based on search engine
technologies and statistical methods
–Information security functions as a social relation
Conceptual Knowledge and Social

Structure
Database is based on conceptual knowledge

Knowledge has ’fixed’ content and fixed meaning
continuing as a social structure does. Knowledge is
’administered’ in a principally determined form.
Conceptual knowledge is dominating at
instrumental rationality. Its development is mainly
based on conceptual knowledge combination for
instrumental purposes.
Knowledge change and creation are based on
immediate interaction reflecting (external) network
environment or tacit knowledge

General Model of Knowledge
Governance
Development of (for example) SECI-model into a

general social knowledge model
Tacit knowledge and network information function
as material and result of knowledge
Conceptual knowledge has different forms,
including values and indeterminate ’raw data’ in
network. These must be evaluated according to
their meaning determided by risk management and
developed into service use.
Conceptual knowledge is an intermediate phase of
knowledge development. It makes possible the
managed delivery of knowledge forms

The Change in Information Security
Governance
Knowledge Meaning
Social relations are based on coincidental events

but they have on probability based continuity,
subjectively meaning.
Meaning: Global Risks are managed and social
relationships continuing with relevant probability.
They have certainty with a probability.
Information security defines a continuity that may
vary at spatiotemporal dimensions and interaction
This means information protection in a special case,
with instrumental rationality. Information society
service may presuppose information delivery

Information Security and Social Finite
Social forms based on risk management are not

absolutely general but social relations develop with
risk probability smaller than 1
Social structures do not determine ’social’ as
existence in absolute structure, but finite social forms
developed on historical risk management conditions
and knowledge relations
Conceptual knowledge may mediate a simple
spatiotemporal dimension of social structure. Social
continuity build on several global dimensions, does
not create simple spatiotemporal dimensions. It is
based on conceptual knowledge in network form and
specified by information security concepts
Information Security Management
Information Security Management Systems (ISO

27000, ISMS) are developed for organizations
General information security management
environment may consists of several global
dimensions, for example networks. They have no
other spatiotemporal dimensions than those based
on information security
All environments are principally constituted of
Bindings and their security solutions - or ’rules’ -
are Information Security Profiles.
General ISMS is based on distributed systems, as
directories

Binding
Users (persons, services, nodes) are connected with

network Objects by Subjects. This creates Binding
Bindings are based on identification and
authentication of users, and non-repudation of their
connections to objects
Bindings have functions for information protection
and its general specification of meaning depending
on risk management conditions
Binding may constitute of social or programmatic
connections but also on physical networks
Information Security Profile
Information security profile is constituted

independtly of information security requirements of
specific security implementations.
They constitute deliverable and on this sense
global components of service information security.
Services must also be defined by interactive and
management components building their continuity
Knowledge and information security must be
managed for both components

General Model of Information Security
Governance
Information security management is based on

general interaction, development and maintenance
of social continuity and knowledge meaning
Its main topic is management of dimensions of
social, also global and history
It may have different management forms: certainty
at action and communication on its basis, mediation
and protection of knowledge in social structures
and information security management based social
relations
These create several forms of security rules, as
values directing action, rules of social structures
and social profiles
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Copyright © 2008 Heikki Mäkinen

Information Society. Foundations. Slides Knowledge of Society Training Paper : 1

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YhteiskunnanTieto - Knowledge of Society

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Copyright © 2009 YhteiskunnanTieto

Copyright © 2009 YhteiskunnanTieto

Global, History and Social

Social is based on INTERACTION of conscious

Information Society (Umesao), Risk Society (Beck,

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The Social Change

The Social Change has several components

Interaction Foundations in Sociology

Interaction in Information Society

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Globalnet and Information Society

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Social and Risk Management

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THREAT – undefined threat or vulnerability directed into

RISK – Threat defined in (instrumental) action by

In general framework THREAT is contingency of

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Social Continuity and Knowledge

Social is constituted when global risks are managed

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Subjective meaning of action is based only on

Copyright © 2009 YhteiskunnanTieto

The continuity of social relation means risk

Conceptual knowledge conceptualizes social values,

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Information Society Services

Information society service is a service where

Knowledge management (KM) object is knowledge

Knowledge – Tacit Knowledge – Interaction where

Social is created in risk management. It is

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Information Security Change

Information security is generally considered to be

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In information society service productive

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Social Welfare Function II

Utility may be interpreted as a welfare function. It

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Communication and Social Relations

Social is based on communication and risk

Communication mediates immediate social action.

Global and History at Knowledge Relation I

Action is always mediated by knowledge; it is

The continuity of knowledge relation depends

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Forms of Knowledge Relation

Forms of knowledge relations equal with forms of

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Classical Concept of Rationality

Classical concept of social rationality is based on