B Conjunctions (and prepositions) Most of the words in this table are conjunctions and join two clauses. The words marked (P), however, ate prepositions, and are followed by either a noun or a gerund (ing form), Linking words Time fier after which aud as fong.as fat which (point before! by the time arely* io sooner nove (that) the moment then atts until when whereupon while Result ‘and and so else orelse otherwise so that Contrast, Alternatives alihough apart from (P) hut despite (P) even if even though except that in spite of (P) much as not that though whereas white whilst yet Reason asa result of (P) heeanse Iecanse of (P) considering due to for in view of the fact that jst in ease v inch as fon account of (®) ——_omeondition that the way seeing as / that provided (that His Prooke ig ie) es Purpose genes 4s well as (P) unless ae incase orl ee besides (P) In order that besides which in order to Manner in addition to (2) x a not only® 50 a8 10 asif ne so that as though ape ens ‘for instance (P) Jor example (P) in particular (P) wo inaway Conditional inthe way as long as just as even if ae * Inversion note the word order after these words when they begin the sentence We had uavily lel the ground when the storm broke Hardly had we left the ground ichen the storm broke. The plane had no sooner taken off than L regretted not taking the train No sooner had the plane taken off than I regretted not taking the train These words can act as either prepositions or conjunctions. He went to bed after midnight. (preposition) He went 10 bed after he had finished his book. (conjunction) The santonces below illustrate many of the linking words in the table, Note that many conjunctions can be used a unpleasant) considering the ter either in the middle of a sentence My weeks in captivity weren't too le reputation of ny Lwouldn’t have told the poliee even if Lad known. b unpleasant once I got used to (sentences 1-9) at the beainning, © unpleasant, even if the owas terrible 8. The tigers ran away from the Been if U iad known, I wouldn't have told the polie. COBO ali ge Be (sentences 10-12), Complete the sentences by adding any appropriate word © Englishwoman the moment they saw or phrase: note which conjunctions are used with commas in the examples. 1 We are advised to do this exercise vory a carefully, otherwise we will make a lot of bi earefully(,) while our te though it looks — © carefully he b Englishwoman the way vain away from a 4 Her Olympic gold medal was a remarkable, though many people b remarkable, not that she didn’t deserve —_ © remarkable in piew of the fact that she had just ~ Writing sub-skils * 21Linking words Sentence adverbials Time After a while After that Afterwards (1,2, 4) As yet (1, 4) At frst (1,24) At last (1, 2,4) At once At present (1,8, 4) (F) AL the moment At the same time Before that /ihwn, te. Beforehand By then /that the (1, 3.4) Earlier (1,4) Bvontally® (1, 2.4) wor since (then) (1, 3,4) Finally (1,2) First From then on (1,4) Hitherto (1, 4) (P) Immediately (1,2. Initially (1, 2, 4) inno time Instantly (12,4) Inthe end (1, 3,4) In the meantine (1, 3,4) Lasily Later on (1,4) Meantuhile Nevt* Now* Previously (1,2, 4) Simultaneously Since then (1,3, 4) So far (1, 2,4) Soon (1, 2,4) Subsequently (1, 2, 4) Suddenly (1, 2) Then Until then (1, 3,4) Within minuces (days alternatives; Admittedly All the seme (1,3) | Alternatively Aud yet* At the same time Be that as it may Better still But? By comparison (1,3) By contrast (1,3) (F) By the same token Conversely (F) Despite this Equally (1, 2) Even so However (1, 3) In eomparison (1,3) In spite of this Inthe same way Instead (1, 4) Likewise (1, 2) Mind you (INF) Nevertheless (P) Nonetheless (I) Of course (1, 3) On the contrary On the one hand On the other handl (1,3) on Similarly (1, 2) Stil Then again Though (3, 4) Tne Yer Ordering points; adding information Abore all Additionally Again Also And* (INF) And then’ (INF) As we shall see later As well (4) Ag well as that Besides First(ly) / Secondily) ete First of all Finally For one f another thing Eurthermore (F) Tn addition In the first place Lastly) More most importantly Moreover (F) Next On top of that What is more Concluding, summarizing: generalizing Allin all Altogether Asarrile Basically (1,2) Broadly speaking (1. 8) By and large Essentially (1,2) Generally (1, 2) In brief (1, 3) In conclusion (1, 3) In general (1,3) In other words (1, 3) In short (1, 3) Mostly (1,2) On average (1,3) On balance (1, 3) On the whole (1, 3) Overall Sot ( ‘Then (3) To some extent (1, 3) To sum up Ultimately (1, 2) } Giving examples; focusing Among, others (1, 8) For example (1, 3,4) For instance (1, 3, 4) Inpartieutar (1, 2, Mainly (1, 2) Particularly (1, 2) Primarily (1 Principally (1, 2) Specifically (1, 2) Reformulating; clarifying Actually (1,4) Atleast Fmean (INE) Inileed In fact (1, 2,3) In other words (1,4 Rather / Or rathor That és (to say) To put another way Changing subject; referring to subject Anyhow (INF) Anyway (INE) Asfor.../Asto As regards Atany rote (1,3) INE By the way (1, 3) (INF) Incidentally (1,3) Now for Regarding Speaking of kre (INF) That brings me on to...(F) Tht reminds me (INF) To tur to With reference to... (F) Accordingly (F) As a result Because of this Consequently (F) For this [that reason Hence® (F) Ifnot Ifso in that case Otherwise So* (INF) That's why® Then* (1,3) Thus* (F) Therefore* (P) Writing sub-skils + 23Unit 3 + Norative 60 + Types of ving Connecting words This exercise looks at words that are useful for connecting sentences in a narrative, and aims to develop your range of linking words and practise the tenses that accompany them BoxA Earlier! ‘Meanwhile ‘Next Bufore that fthen Atthesametime After awhile Beforehand Inthe meantime After that Previously, Sirwultancously Afterwards? Atonee Bay tht time /by then Before long Later on Until tat time / until then Soon Innediately At tat moment Instantly Suddenly Then Within seconds /dlays / ete. The six words and phrases in this coluinn are often followed by the ast perfect te ‘She started work in Geneva yesterday. Preeionsly she had worked én Rome. Tfirst met him in ‘91. By then, he had already mastered the flute and piano, 2 After should not be used to mean next, Hhen or aftercare After can be used in the following structures: After + gerund (After meeting them, After + clause (Afier he had introduced himself...) fer + noun (After her birthday, ...) A Practice Starting with one of the sentencas given below, work with a partner 10 continue the narrative for as long as possible, Take it in tums to add one or more antancas to the story. Each time, use one of the linking words alven in Box A before adding your sentences, Example Soon after midnight, the sounel of gunfire echoed aoross the desert A Then we heard screams coming from the prisoner's tent. It sounded as if he was in terrible pain, B Until that moment, hic had been so quiet we hac been afraid he was dying. He hadn't even told us his name or what he had done with the steering wheel of our jeep. ‘AL once we run over to investigate, Within seconds, we realized it was a trap. ae Everything went well for the first 20 minntes, and even the tiger seemed friendly. Amy managed to eseupe, leaving her mechanie a prisoner on the island After 13 dys their rations were exhausted and they were dying of hunger. Ablaze with fiery emotions, Jane walked self-consciously avvay ‘The spacceralt vas immediately surrounded by small green creatures. Marvelling at her beauty, the prince kissed her sleeping face. Tas in the Tupinamba, having 2 bizeocho and coffee, when this gil eame inNarratives and connecting words * Module 3A, Bor B "To start with Now? Inthe end ALfirst!/ Bist present At lasts At the moment Eventually Initially, Forthetime being Intime In the beginning Nowadays Inthe end Right now These days 1 Pirsily / First emphasizes the sequence of events First. then... finally. At frst implies a contrast with what happens later. At first Iwas incompetent, but in the endl I hecame reasonably proficient 2 Actually means in fac; it never mieans now. 9 At Inst implies a fecling of relief, soit is not the usual partner to at first (use in tw end or eventually). B Practice Now, using ene of the new opening sentences below, start your continuation with word or phrase from Box B column 1 (@.9. at frst). Continue, using any ‘words from either box, especialy Box & column 2 (taking your narrative into the present) or Hox B column 3 (which brings your narrative to @ conclusion). This time, be especially careful with the tenses of your verbs. ‘ Iidreamed 1 was flying in a hot air balloon + Did Lever tell you about the time I was kidnapped by aliens? * Tthas been a fantastic holiday. + Harrison was beginning to wish he had never entered the jungle When Lost my job, I decided to become a criminal Thaven't enjoyed this party at all Writing practice Write a brief history of your town or region (160-200 words) for the English- language edition of a tourist guide, Use the text about Cambridge on page 69 as a model Types of writing + 61Argument + Module 44 4A Argumet Arguments for and against Here we look al tho type of writing where the writer araues a case, or expresses an opinion, by jooking at a problem from two sides. inthis type of wing, the way ideas are connected is very important; this is achieved by the use of connecting words, by the way the ideas are grouped together into paragraphs, ‘and by the way the paragraphs themselves are ordered. The folowing mi ‘composition is an example of the basic structure. ‘Telling the truth may be a virtue, hut isit not more important to know how to tll les? Obviously, modem civilized society couldn't exist ifeverybody lied all the time, But at the same time, would it not be equally disastrous if everybody always told the truth? So it seems fo me that lying isan essential skil, and that schools are quite right to teach children how to do it. This expresses the whole argument in four sentences. A longer piece of writing ‘woul develop the ideas in each af these sentences into four (or more) paragraphs, but the same basio structure would be retained. Use your imagination and creativity to complete the sentences in the mini- Compositions below, Note that A-E look at both sides of the argument, whereas F and G are one-sided and simaly lst reasons, A Students often wonder whether its worth going to Britain to study English Tyyould say it depends on Some students Others, however, Allinall, B This is only the third time T've ‘ancl 1 still don't know if really enjoy it. In some ways, Also, Butat the same By and large, [think G Tim often told I'm lucky to be a man / woman, but in fact it'sa mixed blessing. While it is time to say that __, [nevertheless _ mice, I suppose Types of witing © 69Unit 6 + Formal letters B Fill the gaps in these two letters with words from the list. claims sorry recowor returning Dear Sir or Madam, ‘On August 2nd I bought a tin of Miracle Oven Cleaner in (1)___ to your television advertisement, which (2)_____that this product will clean ‘all the stains that ordinary ‘oven cleaners leave behind’ and leave “even the dirtiest oven as clean as new" In the light of the @)____of the Miracle ‘Oyen Cleaner to clean my oven in anything resembling the manner you describe, Lam must convenience ‘ordered response hearing refund ensuring failure replace Dear Sir, Ireceived today the ‘Hendrix Junior’ guitar that | (8) from you on February 28th. tam (9) to have to tell you that when | opened the parcel | found the guitar broken. The neck was detached from the body, and the kody itself was shattered, 1(10) ask you, therefore, either to ) the damaged guitar — (4) it to you, and ask you 10 (12). the full cost price of £2.12 plus the o—_ postage of G4p. Look forward to (6), £2.76 from you at your earliest (7) ‘Yours faithfully, 90 + Task types: on this occasion, ite eafe delivery — or to refund the price | paid for It, £59.99. Should you wish to (13)_ the broken quttar. | will hold it at your disposal until the end of next: month, look forward to (14) Yours faithfully, a cheque for from you. © Many of the phrases needed for a wide range of letters of complaint appear in the letters you have read so far in this unit. Here are a few more. Beginning Lain writing to complain about Fusther 10 my letter of May 13th in connection with Tam writing to express my dissatisfaction with Demand Twould be grateful to receive a cheque for the outstanding sum without further delay Tinust insist that you deliver the piano with no further delay and ai no additional expense to myself . teoutld be appropriate compensation for the inconventonce caused to my feaily. In view of the many ways in which it did not match the elaims made for it in your publicity, Lexpect a substantial refund. Under the ctreunstances, 1 feel that an apology should be Threat (optional) T shall have no alternative but to put the matter in the hands of my saticitors should your cheque not be received by May Ist Unless I hear from you within ten days, I shall have to toke legal acleice on the matter. IFT do not hear from you before 3 May, 1 shall be obliged to take matters a step futher ed