STUDY MATERIAL CLASS XII- CHEMISTRY

REAGENTS USED FOR ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

TERMS EXPLANATIONS/ANSWER

OXIDISING AGENTS-
Alcohols to carboxylic acids
1. Acidified KMnO4
Alkyl benzene to Benzoic acid

Primary alcohol to Aldehyde

2. CrO3/Pyridine
Secondary alcohol to Ketones

Primary alcohol to Aldehyde

3. PCC
Secondary alcohol to Ketones

4. CrO3/H2SO4 Alcohols to Caboxylic acids

5. K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Alcohols to carboxylic acids

6. CrO2Cl2, H3O+ Methyl benzene to Benzaldehyde

7. Fehling Solution Aliphatic Aldehyde to Carboxylate ion

8. Tollen’s Reagent Aldehyde to Carboxylate ion

9. Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4 Phenol to benzoquinone

Primary alcohol to Aldehyde

10. Cu/573K Secondary alcohol to Ketone

Tertiary alcohol to alkene

REDUCING AGENTS
1. Zn-Hg,HCl Aldehydes and ketones to alkanes

2. NH2NH2,KOH,ethylene
Aldehydes and ketones to alkanes
glycol

Ozonide to aldehyde or ketone or both

3. Zn
Phenol to benzene

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 4. Sn,HCl Nitro to Amine

5. Fe,HCl Nitro to Amine

6. H3PO2 Diazonium salt to Benzene

7. C2H5OH Diazonium salt to Benzene

i)Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, Carboxylic acids to Primary

8. LiAlH4/H2O
Alcohol

ii) Acid amide and nitrile to Amines

9. DIBAL-H Nitrile and Carboxylic acid to Aldehyde

10. H2/Pd-BaSO4 Acid chloride to Aldehyde

11. NaBH4 Aldehydes and Ketones to Alcohols

12. H2/Pd i)Nitro to Amine

ii) Aldehydes and Ketones to Alcohols

13. SnCl2+HCl, H2O Nitrile to aldehyde

14. B2H6 Carboxylic acid to Primary Alcohol

15. H2/Ni Nitrile to Amine

DEHYDRATING AGENTS
1. Conc. H2SO4, 443K Alcohol to alkene

2. H3PO4 Alcohol to alkene

3. P2O5 Carboxylic acid to Acid anhydride

HALOGENATING REAGENTS
Alcohol to Chloroalkane
1. PCl5
Carboxylic acid to Acid chloride

Alcohol to Chloroalkane
2. PCl3
Carboxylic acid to Acid chloride

3. SOCl2 Alcohol to Chloroalkane

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 Carboxylic acid to Acid chloride

4. SO2Cl2 Allylic chlorination

5. PBr3 Alcohol to Bromoalkane

6. Red P/I2 Alcohol to Iodoalkane

7. NBS Allylic bromination

8. AgF or Hg2F2 or CoF2 or SbF3 Chloroalkane and Bromoalkane to Fluoroalkane

OTHERS

1. NaOH +
Salt of carboxylic acid to alkane with one carbon less
CaO(Decarboxylation)

2. HNO2 Aromatic amines to Diazonium Salts

3. HBF4 Diazonium salt to Fluorobenzene

4. KI Diazonium salt to Iodobenzene

5. CuCl/HCl and Cu/HCl Diazonium salt to chlorobenzene

6. CuBr/HBr and Cu/HBr Diazonium salt to Bromobenzene

7. Benzenesulphonylchloride Distinction between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

(Hinsberg Reagent) Amines

With CO2/H3O+ gives Carboxylic acid

With Nitrile /H3O+ gives Ketones

Formaldehyde/H3O+ gives Primary alcohol

8. Grignard Reagent(RMgX)
Aldehyde other than formaldehyde/H3O+ gives secondary
alcohol

Ketones/H3O+ gives Tertiary alcohol

9. Mg Alkyl halide to Grignard Reagent

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