Hadeel khalilia

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

DESIGNING
‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬

Chapter1

Computer architecture: refers to those attributes of a

system visible to a programmer and have a direct impact on
the logical execution of a program.

‫ ھﻲ اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﻣﺣﺳوﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب وﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﻣﺑرﻣﺞ رؤﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬: ‫ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬

‫وﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺎﺛﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ا َي ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻣﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﺗﻼ‬
hard desk, cpu,Screen….etc: ‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ‬

Computer organization:
refers to the operational units and their interconnections
that realize the architectural specifications.

ً ‫ ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت واﻟﺗداﺧﻼت ﺑﯾﻧﮭﺎ ا َي ﻛﯾف ﯾﺗم ﺷﺑﻛﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‬:‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬/ ‫ﺗﻧظﯾم‬

‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﺗواﺻل ﻣﻊ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬

Examples of architectural attributes:

1)the instruction set :number of bits used to represent
various data types(character,number,….).
 ‫وھﻲ‬،،.cpu ‫ا َي اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم او اﻷﻣر اﻟذي ﻧرﯾد اﻋطﺎءه اﻟﻰ وﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﮫ ﺑﺗﺎت ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘدﯾم أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

2) I/O mechanism and techniques for addressing memory.

Example of Organizitional attributes:

1) hardware details transparent to the programmer,such

as: control signals
.‫ وﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن رؤﯾﺗﮭﺎ‬،‫وھﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯾل اﻟﮭﺎرد وﯾر ﻣﺗل إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺗﺣﻛم‬

2) interfaces between the computer and peripherals

3) the memory technology used.

Structure &Function

v Structure >>> architecture

v Functiona>>>Organization

Computer 💻 :is a complex system

‫ھو ﻧظﺎم ﻣﻌﻘد‬

v contemporary computers contain millions of elementary

electronic components.
‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻرة ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﯾﯾن اﻟﻘطﻊ اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ‬

How, then, can one clearly describe them?

!‫ﻛﯾف اﺷرح واﻓﮭم ھذه اﻟﻘطﻊ اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ ؟‬
 The key 🔑 :
is to recognize the hierarchical nature of most complex
systems, including the computer

‫ﻓﮭم وﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ھرم ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت وطﺑﯾﻌﺔ ﻧظﺎم‬،‫ا َي ﯾﺗم ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﮭم ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻗراءة‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬

* A hierarchical system: is a set of interrelated

subsystems
.ً ‫ھو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ‬

v hierarchical in structure until we reach some lowest level

of elementary subsystem.
.‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ ﻣن ھرم ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت و أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬
.( ‫ﻧﺑدأ ﺑﺎﻟﮭرم ﺑﺎﻟﻧزول ﺑﺎﻟﺗدرج وﺻوﻻً ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﯾﺎت)اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻔرﻋﯾﺔ‬

v Structure: The way in which the components are

interrelated.
ً ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻛﯾف اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﺗرﺗﺑط ﻣﻌﺎ‬

•Function:The operation of each individual component as

part of the structure .
.(‫)ا َي ﻋﻣل ﻛل ﻣﻛون ﯾﺷﻛل اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬.‫ا َي اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت‬

Function>>>Operations

‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟوظﺎﺋف و اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت‬

There are 4 operations:
‫‪1) Data processing‬‬
‫‪2)Data storage‬‬
‫‪3)Data movement • 4)Control‬‬
‫ﻛل ھذه اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﻛم ا َي اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺣت ﺳﯾطرﺗﮫ وﻻ ﯾﺣدث ﺷﻲء‬
‫ﺑدون ﺗﺣﻛم )‪they are linked by control).‬‬

‫ﻛل ھذه اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﺗﺣدث ﻋن طرﯾق ال‪.control‬‬

‫‪*The computer must be able to process data.‬‬

‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب ﯾﺟب ان ﯾﻛون ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
 *It is also essential that a computer store data. Even if
the computer is processing and the data result go out
‫ﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﯾﺗم اﺧراج اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻻ‬،‫ﺑﻌد ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺟب ﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻧﮫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺧزﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣؤﻗت ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗظﮭر ﻋﻧد ﻋﻣﻠﮭﺎ‬

* the computer must temporarily store at least those

pieces of data that are being worked on at any given
moment.
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣؤﻗت ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻋﻧد اﺳﺗدﻋﺎؤھﺎ‬

* Thus, there is at least a short-term data storage function.

Equally important, the computer performs a long-term data
storage function.

*The computer must be able to move data between itself

and the outside world.
‫اﻟﻧﻘل ﻣن ﻣﻛﺎن ﻵﺧر ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ واﻟﺗﺣﻛم واﻟﺗﺧزﯾن)ﻓﺎﻟﺣﺎﺳوب ﯾرﺳل ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
.( ‫ﺑﯾن ﻗطﻌﮫ او ﻗطﻊ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬

*the process is known as input– output (I/O), and the

device is referred to as a peripheral.

*When data are received from or delivered to a device

that is directly connected to the computer, the process is
known as input– output (I/O).
* there must be control of these three functions.

this control is exercised by the individual(s) who

provides the computer with instructions.
‫اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻣﺛل ال‬Functions.

Structure

:‫ﻋﻧﺎ اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب ﻓﯾﮫ‬

1) Storage devices: RAM,Hard desk

2) Processing:CPU,GPU.
 3) Communication lines

4) Peripheral: I/O devices.

There are four main structural components:

1) Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation

of the computer and performs its data processing
functions; often simply referred to as processor.

‫ﺗﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت و اﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑوظﺎﺋف اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬، ‫ھﻲ ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬

2) Main memory: Stores data :RAM,ROM

3) • I/O: Moves data between the computer and its

external environment.

‫وﻛل اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺷﺑﻛﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬، ‫إﻟﺦ‬...‫ﻛﯾﺑورد‬،‫ﻣﺗل اﻟﻣﺎوس‬

.

4) • System interconnection: Some mechanism that

provides for communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O.

.ً ‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﺑك اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﺎ‬

common example of system interconnections by means of
a system bus.

(system bus: consisting of a number of conducting wires to

which all the other components attach.)
‫ا َي اﻷﺳﻼك اﻟﻲ ﺗﺷﺑك اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﺎ ً)ﺗﺷﺑك اﻟذاﻛرة و وﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ و ال‬
.(I/O
———————

** the most interesting and in some ways the most complex

component is the CPU.

CPU major structural components:

:‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت وﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬
v Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer.
‫وﺣدة اﻟﺗﺣﻛم وھﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟذي ﯾﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺟودة ﻓﻲ وﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ و ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب‬

• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the

computer’s data processing functions.

‫و ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﻧطق ﻣﺗل‬...‫طرح‬، ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾﺔ )ﺟﻣﻊ‬AND/ÖR).

• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU.

.( ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺧزﯾﻧﮭﺎ )ھﻲ أﻣﺎﻛن اﻟﺗﺧزﯾن‬

• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides

for communication among the control unit, ALU, and
registers.
 ‫اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﯾوﺿﺢ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب و ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﮫ و وﺣدة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ و‬
‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﮭﺎد اﻟﺷﻛل ﻧظرﻧﺎ اﻟﯾﮫ ﻣن اﻟﻧظرة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)اﻟﺣﺎﺳوب(‪،،‬اﻟﻰ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ)وﺣدة‬

‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ(‬

‫وﺗﺳﻣﻰ‪Top-Level Structure :‬‬

‫‪//////////////////////////////‬‬
‫‪Review Questions‬‬
‫‪1.1 What, in general terms, is the distinction between‬‬
‫?‪computer organization and com- puter architecture‬‬
 Soluation:
1) Computer organization deals with the operation units
and how they relate to specifications,

2) while computer architecture deals with the attributes

that deal with the execution of a program
————————-

1.2 What, in general terms, is the distinction between

computer structure and computer function?

1) Computer structure deals with the way the components

in the computer are interrelated

2) while computer function deals with the operation of the

individual components as part of the structure.

1.3 What are the four main functions of a computer?

Data processing, data storage, data movement, and control.

List and briefly define the main structural components

of a computer.

1) Central processing unit – also known as the

computer processor, it controls the operations of the
computer and performs data processing

2) Main memory – part of the computer that stores

data. (temporary storage)
 3) I/O: input and output – moving data between the
computer and external environment

4) System interconnection: system bus. Provides for

communication between the CPU, main memory, and
I/O.

Q1.5 List and briefly define the main structural components

of a processor.
Control Unit – Controls the operation of the CPU

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs data

processing functions

Registers: provides for storage internal to cpu

CPU interconnection – allows for communication

among control unit, ALU, and registers.