ENERGY SOURCES Tshuma E Compilation ©©©©©®®®®

Traditional energy sources

Wood, water, biogass

Charcoal, grass, cow dung,sun, wind

Modern energy sources

Nuclear, HEP, Tidal power, thermal power, wind, solar

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

are characteristically inexhaustible, infinite, replaceable and can replenish or regenerate themselves
naturally

NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

are characteristically exhaustible, finite, irreplaceable and getting used up and running out with

more exploitation.

RENEWABLE ENERGY NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

RESOURCES

Solar Thermal power

wind Nuclear - uranium

Water or HEP Oil.

Wood Coal

Crop residues Natural gas

Geothermal

Cowdung

HEP GENERATION
In Zimbabwe, HEP is produced @ Lake Kariba. Water leaves lake reservoir @ high speed and is pressure
channelled through the penstock or headrace [ made of concrete or steel ] to the turbines in a power
house underground.

Turbine starts spinning and rotating causing generator to generate electricity

Used water passes through the tail race back to the dam

ADVANTAGES OF HEP

~ is characteristically pollution free [ environmentally friendly ]

~ water is characteristically a renewable resource

~ HEP has low maintenance and running costs

~ HEP machinery lasts longer than thermal power machinery equipment with greater wear and tear

~ water moves on its own to the plant

~ HEP schemes can be multi-purpose eg tourism, recreational, irrigation, fishing

~ huge dams control flooding

~ huge dam cools and provides moisture to the local environment

DISADVANTAGES OF HEP

~ dam Construction Lea to the displacement of of people

~ dam Construction leads to loss of biodiversity

~ dam construction causes water borne diseases

~ dams are breeding grounds for water borne diseases

~ huge dams can cause Earth tremours

THERMAL POWER GENERATION

~ in Zimbabwe, thermal power is produced in Hwange and Munyati power stations

~ 4 natural inputs used in the plant are coal, oil, natural gas and water

~ baggasee can be used to boil water in the furnace

~ boiled water produces STEAM which is pressure channelled to the turbines

~ spinning and rotating of turbines causes generator to produce thermal power

~ used steam is cooled or changed into water in cooling towers

~ produced power is regulated by the transformer and is transmitted by characteristically high voltage
transmission lines

~ pylons support the transmission power lines

ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER

~ power is used in mining, industry, agriculture, transport and homes

~ leads to infrastructural development

~ creates employment opportunities for the people in mining coal, transporting , production of thermal
power

DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER

~ coal is characteristically non renewable

~ coal is characteristically or environmentally a pollutant

~ coal is characteristically the dirtiest fuel to handle

~ coal.is characteristically bulky and expensive to transport

~ thermal power machinery has characteristically greater wear and tear

~ coal mining results in Environmental degradation

~ thermal power is expensive to run

~ thermal power is environmentally unfriendly

GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION

~source is underground volcanic steam shooting rhythmically@ high pressure in the form.of geysers

~ pipes are installed collecting and directing steam to the turbines on the ground surface

~ ejected steam turns turbine

~ spinning and rotating turbines caduse generator to produce geothermal energy.

LOCATIONAL FACTORS
~ destructive plate margins eg Indo - Australian plate converging with the Pacific plate

~ USA, New Zealand produces geothermal energy

ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER

~ characteristically renewable

DISADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER

~ characteristically , environmentally , a pollutant [ steam with foul smelling gases, ammonia , sulphuric
gases

~ has little flexibility in it's location of geothermal power plant compared to fuel powered thermal power
[ ie geothermal power plant is located where volcanic activity is common

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION

~ source is uranium, plutonium or strontium are the sources of nuclear power

~ pellets of radioactive substances are placed in tubes in a nuclear reactor

~ an electric current is introduced and radioactivity is accelerated

~ heat is produced

~ heat is used to boil the water and convert it into steam

~ steam causes spinning and rotating of the turbines and the generator produces electricity.

~ nuclear power is produced in SA, USA, UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, Iran, Russia and Ukraine

2021 November

9a

ENERGY TYPES SOURCES

Solar Sun

HEP Water

Thermal Coal

Thermal Oil
Biogas Manure and organic wastes

bi.

1 cooling tower

2 Generator

3 Transmission lines

ii. Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

Transmission lines distribute electrical energy

iii. Inputs

Water

Coal

Wood/ charcoal

Baggasse

iv coal is used to boil water

Steam.produced ACTIVATES the turbines

Spinning and rotating turbines turn Generator

Generator convert mechanical energy into electrical energy

Ci deforestation, soil erosion

~ scars, pits, trenches

~ air pollution
~ greenhouse effect

di. Afforestation

~ use clean sources of energy

~ rehabilitation of mining areas

~ gully reclamation

~ use of catalytic converter

~ regrassing

~ imposition of fines or penalties

BIOGAS

is a Characteristically renewable energy. To install a biogas plant, a put is dug underground near to the
kitchen. Brick and mortar chamber is built or a used oil drum is inserted into the pit.

Three pipes are drilled into the underground out.

One pilpe is used for pouring a little water occasionally into the fermentation chamber. Second pipe is
for releasing gas into the air if it's not needed in the kitchen. The third one is to direct the gas to the
kitchen.

A kid is placed @ the top of the chamber. Raw cowdung, green foliage , vegetable choppings & left over
food is placed in the chamber. Lid is tightly sealed

Anaerobic decay occurs in the fermentation chamber to produce biogas.

Biogas is a simple and environmentally friendly energy source.

SOLAR ENERGY

~ a solar panel has glass lens placed on the photovoltaic cells all held together in an aluminum dish. Sun
rays hit the glass lens. Solar energy , through the cells is converted into electrical energy used for
lighting, cooking and powering radios, television etc

Panet placed on the roof clear of shadow trap maximum energy

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

~ characteristically renewable energy source

~ plentiful and inexhaustible

~ solar energy is very environmentally clean [ non pollutant ]

~ solar energy powers vehicles

~ suitable even in remote areas

~ has characteristically high energy output

DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

~ expensive for rural communities

~ affected by high incidence of cloud cover

~ difficult and expensive to store.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF ENERGY SOURCES

1. Coal

Has characteristically high energy output

Has many industrial uses

Employment opportunities creation in mine by, processing, burning and distribution

Relatively cheap energy source

Disadvantages of coal

Characteristically non renewable

Characteristically environmentally unfriendly

a health hazard

Expensive to run through mining and transportation to the plant

Characteristically bulky and dirty hence difficult to handle

Leads to quick wear and tear of machinery

Coal can not power vehicles unless luquifecation or gasification has been done

2. Oil

Characteristically has high energy output

Relatively cleaner compared to coal

Easy to mine if land based oilfields

Easy transportation through pipelines

Has a lot of industrial uses

Disadvantages of oil

Environmentally unfriendly - pollutant energy source

Has characteristically short life span due to a multifunctional uses

Overdependence on oil creates energy crisis

Leaks underground goes unnoticeable

Characteristically oil is inflammable

Used as a political weapon

Oil.is characteristically non renewable

3 Natural gas

Characteristically has high energy output

Characteristically cleaner and efficient

Easy to mine

Can power vehicles

Has other industrial uses

Disadvantages of natural gas

Environmentally unfriendly through air pollution

Characteristically non renewable

Characteristically inflammable

Difficult and expensive to store

4. Wood/ crop residue

Characteristically renewable energy source

Characteristically cheap.in rural areas

Easily accessible where forests or animals exist

Tsotso stoves conserve live trees

Characteristically cheap and readily available technology

Characteristically multifunctional energy source

Disadvantages of wood

Overexploitation of forests leads to loss of biodiversity, accelerated erosion, Environmental degradation,

siltation hence desertification occurs

Burning of wood causes air pollution

Use can destroy forests and homes through accidental fires

Country Sources of electricity

South Africa Thermal from coal 94%

HEP 2%

Nuclear 4%from uranium obtained from gold processing

Zimbabwe Thermal - Hwange& Munyati 61%

HEP from Kariba39%

Egypt Thermal from oilfields in the Niger Delta79%

HEP.frm Aswan dam21%

Nigeria Thermal from oilfields53%

HEP from Kainji.dam47%

Libya Thermal power 100%from oilfields

Cote d Ivoire thermal 24% from woodfuel and imported oil

HEP 76% from perrennial rivers

Kenya THERMAL28% from woodfuel

HEP72% from Galana- Athi rivers

Malawi Thermal from coal, woodfuel

HEP 80%From Shire river

Nov 2020

9. a Outline the benefits of rural electrification to local communities [ 7]

~ conservation of wood or live trees

~ use of electricity in schools

~ computer lessons commence

~ reduces deforestation

~ development of industry or investment

~ development of retail outlets or shops

~ improvement of living standards of locals

~ implementation of irrigation using electricity

~ improvement in telecommunication infrastructure

~ development of informal education or night schools

~ e- learning in rural areas

~ growth points become more functional

b names of HEP

Zimbabwe - Kariba

Victoria Falls

Thermal power stations

Hwange

Munyati

Bulawayo

Harare

HEP

Zambia

Kariba
Kafue

Thermal

Nkana

Maamba

Luanshaya

ii on which rivers are the dams for HEP generation built

Zambezi

Kafue

iii structure of HEP [ 6]

C.i how local communities around a dam BENEFIT

Fishing - fish resource obtained

Fishing farming / aquaculture develops

Canoeing

Provision of cool air

Provision of irrigation water

Traditional and religious ceremonies

Create employment opportunities

Tourism promoted

Crocodile farming practised

Sports or recreational

ii. Manage bilharzia

Education people about ways to reduce incidences of bilharzia

Spraying to kill snails

Boiling water

Draining swampy areas or water where snails breed

Wear protective clothing

Use of safe drinking water

November 2004

4aiii Zimbabwe faces a critical power shortage . What do you consider to be the main causes of this
shortage? [ 4 ]

~ insufficient foreign currency to import power

~ frequent breakdowns of outdated equipment

~ reoccurrence of successive droughts lower HEP output.

~ low levels of technology to boost power output