ENERGY RESOURCES

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES RENEWABLE SOURCES

✓Coal ✓Solar
✓Oil ✓Wind
✓Natural Gas ✓Hydroelectric
✓Nuclear ✓Biomass
✓Geothermal

FOSSIL FUEL
Formed by natural processes COAL - a combustible black or brownish-black
Contains high percentages of carbon sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock
Includes: composed primarily of carbon along with
Coal variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen,
Oil sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen
Natural gas COALIFICATION - process of coal formation from
plant material

COAL FORMATION AND TYPES:

✓LIGNITE
65 to 70% carbon and 63 to 53% volatile matter ✓BITUMINOUS
low-grade fuel with a high moisture content that is used 70 to 86% carbon and 46 to 31% volatile matter
in industrial boilers It is used to make coke, used in metallurgy

✓SUB-BITUMINOUS ✓ANTHRACITE
70 to 76% carbon and 53 to 42% volatile matter 86 to 98% pure carbon and 8 to 3% volatile matter
It is burned in industrial boilers It is an excellent fuel that is still used to heat homes

OIL AND NATURAL GAS

derived from the remains of organisms (animals and planktons)

FOSSIL FUEL
CHALLENGES IN USING FOSSIL FUEL
 Surface mining/underground mining
 Air pollution
S2-SO2-SO4
 Carbon dioxide production
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AVAILABILITY OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
Energy that is harnessed from Earth’s internal heat and Heat varies in different areas
natural radioactivity Geothermal reservoirs –all sedimentary rocks
Came from the Greek words: Energy: 0.06 watts per sq. meter per year. (3500
‘Ge’ meaning ‘Earth’ times less than solar energy)
‘thermos’ meaning ‘heat’ High temperature geothermal energy-near
Aim: to recover heat in Earth’s subsurface particularly in volcanoes
rock reservoirs (aquifers) that contains groundwater Energy: can reach 1 watt per sq. meter
Geothermal Reservoirs tend to be depleted with use
THERMAL ENERGY

MECHANICAL OR ELECTRICAL ENERGY

TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 LOW-TEMPARATURE GEOTHERMAL HEATING

20°C to 90°C
used for geothermal heating

 MEDIUM-TEMPARATURE GEOTHERMAL HEATING

90°C to 160°C
Involves power plants that harness
groundwater via geothermal wells

 HIGH-TEMPARATURE GEOTHERMAL HEATING

Above 160°C
the water turns into steam when it reaches the
Earth’s surface. It drives turbines to generate power.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: GLOBAL RESOURCES

Areas characterized with VOLCANIC ACTIVITY:
Asia, the Pacific islands, the African Great Lakes
region, North America, the Andean countries of South
America, Central America and the Caribbean.
Philippines: 17%
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROPOWER PLANT: ADVANTAGES

 Renewable and storable

HYDROPOWER
Power generated from bodies of water-river, lakes,  Hydro plant can reach its maximum rated
oceans capacity in just a few minutes
Leading renewable energy producing 83% of renewable  90% of the water’s energy converted into
power electricity
16% of electricity worldwide  Does not generate greenhouse gases and other
Uses kinetic energy of moving water to produce emission
mechanical energy  While construction is a capital intensive,
operating and maintenance costs are low
HYDROPOWER PLANT: PARTS  Have an extremely long life and the technology
is highly reliable

HYDROPOWER PLANT: CHALLENGES

 Area should be near fast-flowing rivers and

mountainous countries
 Large and medium-size dams are very expensive to
build.
 payback period is seen as too long, hydropower
projects have difficulty attracting investors.

HYDROPOWER PLANT: TYPES

Depends on the following:

Site
Waterway
Intended use

 RUN-OF-RIVER PLANTS
uses flow of water in rivers
dams less than 25 meters
generates power continuously to meet daily
needs

 OFF-STREAM PLANTS
Uses lakes or locks
Lakes: over 300 meters dams
Locks: 20-30 meters dams
Modular operation (energy can be produced on
demand)

 PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS

Modular operation
Contains 2 reservoirs of different height
Movement of water from the reservoir
generates power